Loading...
The URL can be used to link to this page
Your browser does not support the video tag.
Home
My WebLink
About
PRC Staff Report 7B - July 9, 2008
CITY OF MOUNTAIN VIEW MEMORANDUM DATE: July 2, 2008 TO: . Parks and Recreation Commission FROM: Regina Maurantonio, Senior Administrative Analyst SUBJECT~ ELECTRO~IC PERSONAL ASSISTIVE MOTOR DEVICES (EP AMOs) ON TRAILS AND IN PARKS RECOMMENDA TION Forward a recommendation to the City Council concer~ing the use of Electronic Personal Assistive Motor Devices (EPAMDs) more popularly known as Segways on . bike/ pedestrian trails and in parks. ' FISCAL IMPACT None. Were the City Code to be amended, however, to limit the operation (time, place, manner) of Segways on park pathways and/ or trails the ordinance may be more time/labor intensive to enforce. BACKGROUND In May 2008, the City Council asked the Parks and Recreation Commission, B~cycle/Pedestrian Advisory Committee (B/P AC) and Council Transportation Committee (CTC) to comment on the use of Segways on bike/pedestrian trails, park pathways and sidewalks. Segways are self-balancing, two-wheel personal mobility devices with a rider-selectable maximum speed of either 6 mph or 12 mph. Segways can be used on paved and unpaved surfaces, weigh approximately ~OO pounds and have a footprint of 19" x 25u. A photo of Segways in use and specifications for the standard model is shown in Attachment 1. Parks and Recreation Commission July 2, 2008. I Page 2 This memorandum provides the Commission with information about: . California law and previous City deliberations regarding Segways. . Why the issue of Segways is being referred to the Commission. . Segway usage~ . Accident history. . Segway studies. . Segways compared to other mobility devices. . Segway use on park pathways. . Prohibitions in other jurisdictions. . Input from the Friends of Stevens Creek Trail. . Potential Commission recommendations. California Law and Previous City Deliberations on Segways In 2003, the State of California enacted legislation defining EP AMDs as pedestria.ns for purposes of the vehicle code and set the maximum speed for EP AMDs to be "less than 12.5 miles per hour". The legislation was scheduled to be repealed in January of 2008 but the le'gislature 'has extended the state laws regulating EP AMDs indefinitely and modified the,language regarding the. ffi.aximum speed to be "no more than 12.5 miles per hour", require EP AMDs to be no greater than 20 inches deep and 25 inches wide, . and imposed other safety requirements. When the State of California originally enacted laws concerning the use of EP AMDs, it delegated the ability to regulate the time, place and manner of the operation of EP AMDs on bike paths, pathways and trails in addition to other areas to the local jurisdictions such as the City of Mountain View. These regulations may limit or even prohibit the use of EP AMDs for the express purpose of assuring the safety of pedestrians. Recent changes to the State law did not impact the City's ability to regulate . the time, place and manner of.the operation of EP AMDs. Parks an~d Recreation Commission July 2, 2008 Page 3 In 2003, the CTC considered whether or not to prohibit the operation of S~gways on downtown sidewalks, but no action was taken by the Committee because the use of Segways in Mountain View was minimaL A copy of the CTC report is attached (Attachment 4). Currently, the City Code prohibits the use of motorized vehicles and scooters in City parks due to safety concerns for pedestrians on trails and on park pathways under Section 38.13 (see Attachment 5). While this prohibition is broad enough to encompass EP AMDs, the ordinance could be clarified to reflect recent changes in State law and specifically prohibit the operation of EP AMDs on trails and park pathways in Mountain View. . Current Referral Regarding EPAMDs (Segways) The current referral ~o consider Segway use in Mountain View was initiated by a resident who would like to use his Segway to commute to work on the Stevens Creek TraiL City practice has been to prohibit Segway~ on trails and park rangers have informed him th'at Segways are not allowed on Stevens Creek Trail. The resid~nt contacted the Mayor's Office seeking assistance in resolving this issue. A copy of the e-mail sent to the Mayor and the Mayorls Council report on the item are provided in Attachment 6. ANAL YSIS To help frame the Commissionls discussion regarding Segways in parks and on trails, the following information is provided: Segway Usage The Segway is marketed as a nonpolluting vehicle used to eliminate short car trips, reducing pollution and traffic congestion. The starting cost for a Segway is ' approximately $4,500. Perhaps for this reason their popularity is less for individual private owners than commercial users, such as tour operator~, as well'as private companies for travel around corporate campuses. Segways have also been used in pilot programs.by the United States Postal Service for mail delivery, utility companies for meter reading and by law enforcement agencies, including the City of Los Altos. Parks and Recreation Commission July 2, 2008 Page 4 Accident History Pedestrian advocacy groups, such as America Walks and' Walk San Francisco, have raised concerns about safety because they believe Segways present a danger to pedestrians who are sight impaired, disabled or elderly. According to the advocacy groups, these individuals do not have the mobility to avoid possible accidents with the device~ There have been n.D reported accidents in Mountain View involving Segways~ Verifiable information was found on six minor injury accidents involving Segway users outside the Bay Area. Five accidents occurred when the rider fell off the Segway when learning to ride and one happened when the rider hit a curb~ None of the.accidents involved anyone other than the Segway rider. Segway Stud~es Segway studies have been published by several government agencies in North America and ~urope to understand if and how they could be safely operated on pedestrian rights-af-way (traitls, sidewalks and pathways)~ Studies were produced by' the: · Federal Highway Administration (FHW A). · Canadian Transportation Development Center. · Victoria, British Columbia Transport Policy Institute. · German Road Traffic Board. The FHW A study focused on developing new engineering criteria for bike/ pedestrian facilities for new types of vehicles, including r~cumbent bicycles, bikes with bike trailers, tandem bikes and Segways. The report CODcluded the handling characteristics of Segways are similar to bikes, specifically their relatively low top speed (either 6 mph or 12'rnph), short stopping distance and turning radius, and are not a critical use to consider when examining new design criteria~ Parks and Recreation Commission July 2, 2008 Page 5 The studies conducted by the other three agencies focused on the appropriateness of Segways on pedestrian facilities, including sidewalks, pathways and trails.' All three reports concluded Segways are appropriate for use on pedestrian facilities, and pose no . greater risk to pedestrians than bicycles. The studies are available on.the City's web site in the folder for the July 9, 2008 Parks and Recreation Commission meeting. http:/ jlaserfiche.mountainview.gov /weblink7 /Browse.aspx Segways Compared to Mobility Devices for the Disabled The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires all pedestrian .rights-of-way have a minimum width of 48" to accommodate wheelchairs and mobility devices (Le., scooters) for the disabled. All of Mountain View's park pathways, sidewalks and trails have been designed to meet or exceed this standard~ Compared to a stand'ard electric wheelchair, Segways are somewhat smaller (1911 x 2511 versus 3611 x 2511) and weigh less (100 pounds versus 150 pounds or more). Segways h?ve a slightly faster top speed (6 mph or 12 mph) than wheelchairs which vary between 6 and 9 mph, depending on the modeL B~sed on this information, Segways are comparable to mobility devices for the.disabled. However, as with two electric wheelchairs/ scooters, two Segways or a Segway and a wheelchair/ scooter would not be able to pass each other simultaneously on a walkway with the minimum 48" width. Segways on Park Pathways Staff was not able to identify studies specifically about Segways in parks or on paths in parks; however, park pathways in Mountain View are generally six to eight feet wide, (wider tha~ a standard sidewalk) and, based on the above studies and low accident rate, Segways appear to be no more or less of a risk to pedestrians on a pathway than on a sidewalk. Staff is not aware of any Bay Area cities that have specifically banned Segways in public parks. In Seattle, Washington, Segways are prohibited in parks because the City believes Segways will conflict with bikes and pedestrians. They are allowed on sidewalks in the City of Seattle. Actions of Other Local lurisdictions Although no cities in the Bay Area have prohibited Segways in parks, two jurisdictions have restricted Segways: the City of San Francisco and the City of Campbell. San Francisco prohibited Segways on city sidewalks in 2002 at the request of pedestrian advocacy groups. According to the City of San Francisco, the narrowness and steepness of many sidewalks could be a safety risk for both Segway users and pedestrians. Parks and Recreation Commission July 2, 2008 Page 6 Segways are permitted on wide walkways (Le., near Fishermanrs Wharf). Private operators offer Segway tours along San Francisco1s waterfront, in Aquatic .Park and, for more experienced users, on city streets (not sidewalks). Campbell prohibited Segways on the Los Gatos Creek Trail in 2006 following a request from a Segway tour operator to run tours along the trail, similar to existing bicycle tours~ The Campbell City ~ouncil decided Segway. tours along Los Gatos Creek Trail would conflict with the existing user groups, cyclists and pedestrians. Segway.s are currently allowed on the County of Santa Clara's and Town of Los Gatost portion of the Los Gatos Creek Trail. The Tpwn'of Los Gatos discussed a Segway ban on their p.ortion of the trail in late 2006 but did not take action to prohibit their use. The County of Santa Clara has not considered banning Segways on trailst Input from the Friends of Stevens Creek Trail The Friends of Stevens Creek Trail (FOSCT) recently discussed the use of Segways on Stevens Creek Trail at a Board of Directors meeting~ The Board .chose not to take any position concerning Segways on Stevens Creek Trail and saw no need for the City to actively prohibit them on the trail for individual use. A copy of an e-mail from FOSCT regarding the Board's action is Attachment 7. Potential Recommendations Potential recommendations the Commission could forward to the City Council include: . Allow Segways on trails .and park pathways and provide instructions to park rangers accordingly. . Amend the City Code to specifically prohibit or limit the operation (time, place, manner) of Segways on park pathways and/ or trails~ This would enhance the rangers I authority to ask Segway riders to leave the Stevens Cree.k Trail and/ or .parks. Police Officers would also be able to cite people using Segways in parks and/ or on trails. However, limiting the operation of Segways to a particular time or place may make the ordinance more time/labor intensive to enforce. . Restrict Commercial Use. The Commission could consider a recommendation to limit Segways to personal use and prohibit commercial operations like the Segway tours in San Francisco. Prohibiting commercial use would give staff the authority to refuse requests from tour operators while allowing individual owners the opportunity to continue using their Segways. Parks and Recreation Commission July 2, 2008 Page 7 NEXT STEPS Following the Commission's discussion in July 2008, the B/P AC and the CTC will also consider recommendations to the City Council in August and September, respectively. All recommendations wilt.be forwarded to the City Council in September or October. PUBLIC NOTICING-Agenda posting, advertisement in the July 3 edition of the Mountain Vieiv Voice and notices posted on Stevens Creek Trail. Prepared by: ~ RegIna Maurantonio Senior Administrative Analyst Reviewed by: ~(lruiz Q~ Jannie L. Quinn Senior Assistant City Attorney cc: Mr.' Richard Roeder .Bicycle/Pedestrian Advisory Committee PWD, SACA-Quinn, ATCM- Woodhouse, TPM, SAA-Skinner Attaclunents: 1~ 2. 3~ 4~ 5. 6. 7. Segway Photo SB 1918 AB 470 2003 Council Transportation Committee Report City Code Section 38.13 2008 Letter and Council Report E-Mail from Friends of Stevens Creek Trail Attachment 1 SEGW A Y PHOTO. Speed Maximum speed: 12.5 mph /20 km/h Top speed can be set by rider. Range 16-24 miles / 26~39 km per chargerX. Payload Total capacity (rider & cargo): 260 Ibs / 118 kg Rider: 100~250 Ibs / 45..113 kg Power .Two Saphion@ lithium-ion battery packs: 92 Cells, 73.6 VDC, 5.3 Ah per pack Built-in charger accepts 100..240 VACf 50..60 Hz Recharge time: 8~10 hrs** Interaction Segway SmartMotion™ ~ Bala n ces the PT whi Ie e na b ling prec ise a tid 'responsive forward/reverse rider control Lea nStee r™ .. Differentiates turns from bumps .. Compensates for uneven terrain .. Zero turning radius Wireless InfoKeyTM Controller " Powers PT on/off .. Enables/disables security and beginner functions · Displays battery level. timet date, speed, average speedt odometer, trip odometer Configurations Individuals Business · i2 ~ i2 ~ i2 Commuter + i2 Cargo ~ i2 Cargo Police & Government · i2 ~ i2 Pol ice ~ i2 Cargo ~. f~ange may vary depending on t-!ctors such as terrain, WfntJ I temperature. WQight of r~der. r.md weight of cargo. ,~':t HoctL1rge time based on fl~lIy discharged b,lUery p?d\~j. Charge time for pc.utially charged uatt~ries wm bc loss. ~'d Fot' best performance. s.tore aml cr}~rge at rc<Hll ternpp.ratlln~. Segway@ i2 Specifications Terrain Varied: designed for both indoor & outdoor use Operating Temperature 140 to 1220 F /~10o to 500 C*** Size & Weight Footprint: 19 x 25 in / 48 x 64 em Ground clearance: 3.5 in / 9 em Platform height: 8.5 in / 22 em Weight: 1051bs / 48 kg Senate Bill No. 1918 CHAPTER 979 An act to amend, repeal, and add Sections 407.5 and 467 of, to add and repeal Section 313 of, and to add and repeal Article 6 (colnmencing with Section 21280) of Chapter 1 of Division 11 of, the Vehicle Code, relating to vehicles. - [Approved by Governor Septenlber 26, 2002. Filed \vith Secretary of State Septelnber 27, 2002.J LEGISLATIVE COUNSEVS DIGEST SB 1918, Torlakson.' Vehicles: electric personal assistive Inability devices. (1) Existing law regulates the use and operation of vehicles, including 2-wheeled, electric propelled devices such as scooters. Under existing law, alTIOng other require111ents, a lllotorized scooter is required to be equipped with a specified type of braking system and, if operated on a highway in darkness, with specified lalnps 'for visibility. This bill would establish regulations regarding the' use of electric personal assistive mobility devices. The term "electric personal assistive mobility device" . or "EPAMD" would be defined as a self-balancing, nOlltandem, 2-wheeled device,. that can turn in place, designed to transport only one person at. a maximU1U speed of less than 12.5 nIiles per hour, as specified. This bill would also specify that "pedestrian" includes a user of an electric personal assistive Inobility device~ An electric personal assistive mobility device would be required, alnong other things, to be equipped with front, rear, and side reflectors, a system that enables the driver to bring the device to a controlled stop, lamps for nighttime visibility, and a sound emitting device~ This bill would also provide that local autho!ities may adopt ordinances with respect to the time, place, and manner of operation of electric personal assistive mobility devices, as specified, and that state agencies Inay Ihnit or prohibit the time, place, and Inalmer of their use on state property. The. bill also Inakes findings regarding the advantages of electric personal assistive mobility devices in promoting productivity, minimizing environmental impacts, and facilitating better use of public ways~ The bill would provide that its provisions shall not become operative until March 1,2003, and shall remain in effect only until JanualY l~ 2008, and as of that date are repealed. Because a violation of these provisions would be a crime, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program. 92 I Attachment 2 Ch. 979 -2- (2) The Califolnia Constitution requires the state to reimburse .local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that rei mb urselnent . This bill would provide that no reiInbursement is required by this act for a specified reason. The people afthe State of California do enact asfollo)vs: SECtION 1. Section 313 is added to the Vehicle Code, to read: 313. (a) The tetID "electric personal as'sistive mobility device" or "EPAMD" means a self-balancing, nontandem two-wheeled device, that can tUtTI in place, designed to transport only one person, with an electric propulsion system averaging less than 750 watts (1 horsepower), the maximUlll speed of which, when powered solely by a propulsion system on a paved level surface, is less than 12.5 miles per hour. (b) This section shall becolne operative on March 1,2003, and remain in effect only until January 1, 2008, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January 1, 2008, deletes or extends that date. SEC~ 2. Section 407.5 of the Vehicle Code is amended to read: 407.5. (a) A Hmotorized scooter" is any two-wheeled device that has handlebars, is designed to be stood or sat upon by the operator, and is powered by an electric motor that is capabIe of propelling the device with or without hUlnan propulsion. For purposes of this section, an electric personal as~istive mobility device, as defined in Section 313, a motorcycle, as defined in Section 400, a motor-driven cycle, as defined in Section 405, a motorized bicycle or moped, as defined in Section 406, or a'toy, as defined in Section ]08550 of the Health and Safety Code, is not a motorized scooter. (b) .A device meeting the definition in subdivision (a) that is powered by a source other than electrical power is also a lTIotorized scooter. (c) (1) Every manufacturer of motorized scooters shall provide a disclosure to buyers that advi_ses buyers that th~ir existing insurance policies may not provide coverage for these scooters and that they should contact their insurance. company or insurance agent to determine if coverage is provided. (2) The disclosure required under paragraph (1) shall meet both of the fo~lowing requirements: (A) The disclosure shall be printed in not less than 14-point boldface type on a single sheet of p'aper that contains no infornlation other than the disclosure. 92 I Attachment 2 -3- Ch. 979 (B) The disclosure shall include' the following language in capital . letters: HYOUR INSURANCE POLICIES MAY NOT PROVIDE COVERAGE FOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING TI-IE USE OF THIS . SCOOTER. TO DETERMINE IF COVERAGE IS PROVIDED, YOU SHOULD CONTACT YOUR INSURANCE COMPANY'OR AGENT. H (d) The amendments made by this section shall becolne operative on March 1, 2003, and this section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2008, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January _1, 2008~ deletes or extends. that date. SEC. 3. Section 407.5 is added to the Vehicle Code, to read: 407.5. (a) A "motorized scooter" is any two-wheeled device that has handlebars, is designed to be stood or sat upon by the operator, and is powered by an electric motor that is capable of propelling the device with or without human propulsion. For purposes of this section, a -motorcycle, as defined in Section 400, a motor-driven cycle, as defined in Section 405, a lTIotolized bicycle or lTIoped, l@S defined in Section 406, or a toy, as defined in Section 108550 of the Health and Safety Code, is nbt a 111otorized scooter. (b) A device meeting the definition in subdivision (a) that is powered by a source other than electrical power is also a motorized scooter. (c) (1) Every manufacturer of motorized scooters shall provide a disclosure to buyers that advises buyers that their existing insurance policies Inay not provide coverage for these scooters and that they should contact their insurance company or insurance agent to determine if coverage is provided. (2) The disclosure required under paragraph (1) shalllneet both of the following requirements: (A) The disclosure shall be printed in not less than 14-point boldface type on a single sheet of paper that contains'no information other than the disclosure. (B) The disclosure shall include the following language in capital letters: . "YOUR INSURANCE POLICIES MAY 'NOT PROVIDE COVERAGE FOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING THE USE OF THIS SCOOTER. TO DETERMINE IF COVERAGE IS PROVIDED, YOU SHOULD CONTACT YOUR INSURANCE COMPANY OR AGENTA" 92 I Attachment 2 Ch. 979 -4- (d) This section shall become operative on January 1,2008. SEC. 4. Section 467 of the Vehicle Code is amended to read: 467. (a) A "pedestrian~' is any per$on who is afoot or who is using any of the following; (1) A means of conveyance propelled by human power other than a bicycle. (2) An electric personnel assistive mobility device as defined in Section 313. (b) "Pedestrian" includes any person who is operating a self-propelled wheelchair, invalid tricycle,' or motorized quadricycle and, by reason of physical disability, is otherwise unable to move about' as a pedestrian, as specified in subdivision (a). (c) The amendlnents made by this section shall becolne operative on March 1, 2003, and this section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2008, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before J an ualY 1, 2008, deletes or extends that date. SEC. 5. Section 467 is added to the Vehicle Code, to read: 467. (a) A "pedestrian" is any person who is afoot or who is using a means of conveyance propelled by human power other. than a bicycle~ (b) "Pedestrian" includes any person' who is operating a self-propelled wheelchair, invalid tricycle, or motorized quadrlcycle and, by reason of physical disability, is otherwise unable to move about as a pedestrian, as specified in subdivision (a). (c) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2008. SEC. 6. Article 6 (commencing with Section 21280) is added to Chapter 1 of Division 11 of the Vehicle Code, to read: Atticle 6. Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Devices 21280. (a) The Legislature finds and declares the following: (1) This state has severe traffic congestion and air pollution problems, palticularly in its cities, and finding ways to reduce these problelTIS is of paramount hnportance.. . (2)' Electric personal assistive mobility devices that meet the definition contained in Section 313 operate solely on electrlci ty and employ advances in technology to safely integrate the user in pedestrian transportation. . (3) Electric personal assistive mobility devices would enable California businesses, public officials, and individuals to travel farther and carry more without the use qf traditional vehicles, thereby prolnoting gains in productivity, ll1inirnizing environlnental impacts, and facilitating better use of public ways. 92 I Attachment 2 -5- eh. 979 (b) The Legislature is adding this article as pmt of its progralTI to promote the use of no-emission transportation~ 21280.5. For purposes of this article, an electric personal assistive Inability device is defined in Section 313. 21281. Every .electric personal assistive Inobility device, or EPAMD, shall be equipped with the following safety mechanis111s: (a) Front, rear, and side reflectors~ (b) A system that enables the operator to bring the device to 'a contra lied stop. (c) If the EPAMD is operated between one-half hour after sunset and one-half hour before sunrise, a lamp emitting a white light that, while the EPAMD is in motion, illuminates the area in front of the operator and is visible from a distance of 300 feet in front of the EPAMD. (d) A sound emitting device that can be activated from thne to tilDe by the operator, as appropriate, to alert nearby persons~ 21282. Notwithstanding Section 21966, for the purpose of assuring the safety of pedestrians, including seniors, persons with disabilities, and others using sidewalks, bike paths, pathways, trails, bike lanes, streets, roads, and highways, a city, county, or city and county may, by ordinance, regulate the tilne, place, and manner of the operation of electric pei.sonal assistive mobility devices as defined in Section 313, and their use as a pedestrian pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 467, including limiting, prohibiting entirely in the local jurisdiction} or prohibiting use in specified areas as deter111ine4 to be appropriate by local entities. State agencies Inay limit or prohibit the tinIe, place, and luanner of use on stat~ propeltYA 21283. This .article shall become operative on March 1, 2003, and shall remain in effect only Ulltil January 1, 2008, and as of that date is repealed, unless a later enacted statute, that is enacted before January, 1, 2008, deletes or extends that date. SEC~ 7. No reitnbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 <;If Article XIII B of the California Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, elili1inates a. criule or infraction) or changes the penalty for a critne or infracti 011, within the Ineaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a critne within the Ineaning of Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California Constitution. o 92 I Attachment 2 Attachment 3 Assembly Bill No. 470 CHAPTER 106 An act to amend Sections 313 and 21280 of, to amend and repeal Section 467 of, to add Section 21281.5 to, and-to repeal Section 21283 of, the Vehicle Code, relating to electric personal assistive ,mobility devices. [Approved by Governor July 20, 2007. Filed with Secretary of State July 20, 2007.) LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL)S DIGEST AB 470, DeSaulnier. Electric personal assistive mobility devices. (1) Existing law defines "pedestrian" for purposes. of the Vehicle Code to include a person who is using an electric personal assistive' mobility device (EPAMD), as that term is defined. The definition ofEPAMD, among other things, requires the maximum speed of the EPAMD to be less than 12.5 miles per hour. Existing law imposes safety specifications on EPAMDs, and authorizes a city, county, or city and county, to ensure the safety of pedestrians, to regulate the time, place, and manner of the operation of EPAMDs and their use as a pedestrian for purposes of the Vehicle Code. A .vidlation of those provisions is an infraction. State agencies are also authorized to limit or prohibit the time, place, and manner of EPAMD use on state property. Existing law repeals these provisions on January 1, 2008, unless a later enacted statute deletes or ex tends that date. This bill would delete the repeal of those' provisions, thereby extending them indefinitely. The bill also, would change the definition of EPAMD to require the maximum speed of an EPAMD to be no lTIore than 12.5 miles per hour, rather than less than 12~5 miles per hour, and to require an EPAMD to be no greater than 20 inches deep and 25 inches wide. The bill would itnpose additional safety requirements on the operation of an EPAMD. The bill would require a person operating an EPAMD on specified surfaces to yield the right-of-way to all pedestrians on foot. The. bill would impose a state-mandated local program by extending indefinitely the existing provisiolJ-s, the violation of which constitutes an infraction, and because a violation of the new provisions would be an infraction. (2) The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement. This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason. . 96 Ch. 106 -2- Attachment 3 The people of the State of California do enact as follows: SECTION 1. Section 313 of the Vehicle Code is amended to read: . 313. The term "electric personal assistive mobility device'~ or "EPAMDH means a self-balancing, nontandem two-wheeled device, that is not greater than 20 inches deep and 25 inches wide and can turn in place, designed to transport only one person, with an electric propulsion system averaging less than 750 watts (1 horsepower), the maximum speed of which, when powered solely by a propulsion system on a paved level surface, is no more than 12.5 miles per hour. SEC. 2~ Section 467 of the Vehicle Code, as amended by Section 3 of Chapter 40.4 of the Statutes of 2004, is amended to read: 467. (a) A "pedestrian" is a person who is afoot or who is using any of the following: (1) A means of conveyance propelled by human power other than a bicycle. (2) An'electric personal assistive mobility device. (b) "PedestrianH includes a person who is operating a self-propelled wheelchair, motorized tricycle, or motorized quadricycle and, by reason of physical disability, is othetwise unable to move about as a pedestrian, as specified in subdivision (a). SEC~ 3~ Section 467 of the Vehicle Code, as amended by Section 4 of Chapter 404 of the Statutes of 2004, -is repealed. SEC. 4. Section 21280 of the Vehicle Code is amended to read: 2.1280. (a) The Legislature finds and declares all of the following: (1) This state has severe traffic congestion and air pollution problems, particularly in its cities, and finding ways to reduce these problems is of paramount importance. (2) Reducing the millions of single passenger automobile trips of five miles or less that Californians take each year will significantly reduce the pollution caused by fuel emissions and aggravated by automobile congestion. (3) Electric personal assistive mobility devices that meet the definition in Section 313 operate so lel y on electricity and employ advances in technolo gy to safely integrate the user in pedestrian transportation. (4) Electric personal assistive mobility devices enable California businesses, public officials, and individuals to travel farther and carry more without the use of traditional vehicles, thereby promoting gains in pro ductivity, minimizing environmental impacts, and facilitating better use of public ways. (b) The Legislature is adding this article as part of its program to promote the use of no-emission transportation. SEC. 5. Section 21281.5 is added to the Vehicle Code, to read: 21281.5~ (a) A personshall.not operate an EPAMD on a sidewalk~ bike path, pathway,trail, bike lane, street, road, or highway at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, pedestrians, and other conveyance traffic 'on, and the surface, width, and 96 -3- Ch. 106 Attachment 3 condition of, the sidewalk, bike path, pathway, trail, bike lane, street, road, . or highway. (b) A person shall not operate an EPAMD at a speed that endangers the safety of persons or property. . (0) A person shall not operate an EPAMD on a sidewalk~ bike path, pathway, trail, bike lane, street, road, or highway with willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. (d) A person operating 'an EPAMD on a ~idewalk, bike path, pathway, trail, bike lane, street, road, or highway shall yield the right-of-way to all pedestrians on foot, including persons with.disabilities using assistive devices and service animals that are close enough to constitute a hazard. SEC. 6. Section 21283 of the Vehicle Code is repealed. SEC. 7. No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIII B of the Californi~ Constitution because the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California Constitution. o 96 Attachment 4 CITY OF MOUNTAIN VIEW MEMORANDUM DATE: October 15, 2003 .TO: Council Transportation Comnlittee FROM: Peter Skinner, Senior Administrative Analyst SUBJECT: SEGW A Y USE RESTRICTIONS RECOMMENDATION TO THE CITY COUNCIL Take no action at this time to.regulate the use of Segways in Mountain View. FISCAL IMPACT - There is no fiscal impact associated with this recommendation.. BACKGROUND The Segway is a battery-operated, self-balancing, two-wheel vehicle. A photo of the Segway is included as Attachment 1. It weighs approximately 80 pounds, c'an. travel 12 illiles per llour and up to 15 nliles on a single charge. Accordillg to the Segway Corporation, they are ideal for all pedestrian environments and the most appropriate location for their use is the sidewalk. After the Segway was inb~oduced to the public early last y~ar, the Segway Corporation sponsored legislation in a num.ber of states to allow its use on sidewalks. In California, legislation (SB 1918) was passed which changes the. definition of a pedestrian to include an individual using an electric personal mobility device (EPMD)~ Current1y the Segway is the only device to fall.under this category. The chaptered version of SB 1918 is included as Attachment 2. Before SB 1918 was signed into law, blind and pedestrian advocacy groups raised concerns about the safety. of the Segway. They believe Segways present a danger to pedestrians who are sight-impaired} disabled or elderly, as these indivi~uaIs do not have the mobility to avoid possible accidents with the device. Tlrree residents contacted the City expressing their concerns regarding SB 1918 and in September 2002 the City Council authorized the Mayor to send a letter to the Governor expressing the Cityls opposition of SB 1918. However, the Governor signed this bill into law but with a provision that allows cities to limit or ban the use of the Segway on Attachment 4 Council Transportation Committee October 15, 2003 Page 2 sidewalks. As a result, the Bicycle/Pedestrian Advisory COlnmittee (BjPAC) has requested the CTC to consider forwarding an ordinance to the City Council to prohibit Segways on sidewalks because they are concerned about pedestrian safety. A copy of the December 2002 B/PAC meeting minutes is included as Attachment 3. The Cities of San Francisco and Hong Kong have banned the use of the Segway and several other cities, such a's San Jose, Berkeley and Santa Cruz, are considering various options regarding the regulation of this device. However, no action has been taken .by these cities. ANALYSIS Although the B/PAC has recommended a complete ban, Public Works Department and' City Attorney's Office staff have discussed the issu'e and developed two alternatives the ere may want to consider. Regarding the concern that SegWays create a pedestrian hazard, no accidents between Segways and pedestrians have' been reported since their introduction to the public over a year ago. The San Jose Mercury "News has reporte.d accidents involving Segway users resulting from a software glitch when the device's charge-is low. All vehicles have been recalled and will be repaired. Alternative 1: Take No Actio~. (Recommended Alternative) One Segway device is known to be in use in Mountain View. Additionally, sales of the Segway have been slower than expected, according to an article in CNET News, due to the high price of the device, $5,000 per unit, and the long lead-time between purchase and delivery. The long lead'-time is due to a requirement to take a rraining class befoxe delivery of the device. Currently, training classes are only offered at a few locations across the country, the nearest to Mountain Vi~w being Los Angeles. It is unlikely Segways will have a significant presence on City sidewalks in the near future. Staff recommends taking no action at this time as it may be premature to regulate the use of a device based on currently unverified safety concerns. Staff can continue to monitor Segway usage closely and the CTC can take action at a later date when more information is available~ , This approach was taken by the City of San Mateo earlier this year" .Attachment 4 Council Transportation Committee October 15, 2003 Page 3 Alternative 2: Prohibit the Use of th~ Segway in Downtown Mountain. View and Other High-Density Pedestrian Areas Most sidewalks in Mountain View have very low volumes of pedes-rrian traffic. The 'pote.ntial for accidents between pedestrians and Segways on residential streets is limited due to the low pedestrian volume. However, downtown Mountain View has high levels of pedestrian traffic which may increase the. potential conflicts. Skateboards, roller skates and bicycles are prohibited on sidewalks in downtown for this reason but are not prohibited on sidewalks in other areas of the ,City. The City of San Carlos has taken this approach by prohibiting the use of the Segway on specified blocks in downtown. CONCLUSION Staff believes regulation of the Segway is premature. Segways may have the potential to cause accidents and injuries to pedestrians if allowed on some sidewalksj however, no data is available to substantiate this claim. Additionally, there are not a significant number of devices in Mountain View or surrounding cities to justify regulation of the device at this time. When Segways appear on City sidewalks or when data becomes Council Transportation Committee October 15, 2003 Page 4 Attachment 4 available to substantiate safety concerns, staff will bring the issue back to the CTC for futut'e consideration~ Prepared by: Peter Skinner . Senior Administrative Analyst Reviewed by: Joan Jenkins Transportation and Policy Manager PSj6jPWK 904-05-09-03~-E^ Attachments: 1~ 2. . 3. Segway Photo SB 1918 December 2002 BjPAC Minutes cc: Bicycle/Pedestrian Advisory Committee SACA - Emerson, APWD - Ko, TE, STE, F / c . Approved by: Ca thy R. Lazarus Public Works Director Nadine P. Levin Assistant City Manager Mountain View City Code ;~ &~ '.11 . T . if rn ~~~ T it '1::; ~ .s JI .:1 11 11 m ~~ . 1~ ~! w iF :~1 ~~ ~ -4 H ". ( . ff u .~ n 1~ ;;: + ~i iF m iF .tL ~. p ~ I I g J. H o f .i o . ft n i.::' .g 'K . . .k '.g H . :g :0 :E . :n ill :H if ;: 11 ~ ~l b . .~ rE iF iF 'lIT II, lii ~b m n; '. F: ~~: Attachment 5 c~ The service is primarily for adults~ d. The activity is essentially nonrecreational, or is limited to exclusive or private grqups. (Ord. No. 10.70,3/30/70; Ord. No~ 2 3 ~ 91, 12/1 0/91 .) SEC. 38.12. Pool rental. The rental fee for the pool shall be set by council resolution. (Ord. No. 1'0.70, 3/30/70; Ord~ No. 23.91, 12/10/91.) SEC. 38.13. Prohibited activities in parks or faci lities. The following activities are prohibited in any park or recreational faci Jity: a. Occupancy of any park or facility by a group larger than fifty (50) persons without a permit therefor. b. Commercial activities for private profit except when approved by the city manager in conjunction with a city-sponsored event. The fee for such activity shall be set by council' resolution pursuant to Sec. 38.3. c~ Playing golf on the turf of any park except in designated areas. d. Using motor-driven airplanes except in designated areas. e. Swimming orwading except in pools designated for that purpose. f~ To operate or ride a motorcycle, moped, motorbike, motorized bicycle, motorized scooter or any other vehicle on any path or walkway in a park. This section does not apply to wheelchairs and other devices for the disabled or vehicles in the service of the city parks. , g. To stop, park, ride, or drive any horse or other animal, or to propel or park any bicycle, unicycle, skateboard, roller skates, roller blades or other wheeled apparatus elsewhere than on the areas designated for those uses or upon the lawn or landscaped areas of a park. This section does not apply to wheelchairs and other devices for the disabled or ve~icles in the service of the city parks~ h~ To operate, ride or propel a vehicle, bicycle or other wheeled apparatus on a bike path or walkway at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions then existing. i. Remove any turf, soil, grass, tree, shrub, or portion thereofJ except as such work may be done by authorized city employees. l Possessing, dischargfng or shooting any firearm, air gun, slingshotJ bow and arrow, spear, crossbows, air or gas weapon, or any other dangerous weapon, except public officials acting within the scope of their duties. k~ Lighting or maintaining fires, except on places provided by the http://bpc.iserver.netlcodes/mtnview/index . htm (8 of 16)6/6/2008 10: 51: 18 AM I..... .. r .fM~__m Atta'chrrlenl6 '/'rl...... ,., A';~;E:Nr),A': .,' 1 ()'" . . . ) . . . .. . 41', '.':: ,'~. . ~. .. - . .... ~ ~ .. .. ,.: :" t . .. . ~. ~ ". ". . . ~ - ~ . . ... . ~: . ~ . ". . ~ . . .~<". .. . .; .. "... .. .... ~ ~ .. ~.: . M.. 13" , )jO" 'm'" ; >~ .:.ay ~. '.l A :J.ll'S . (JAT.EQl:,>1{ Y:.' Con.se_nt IIlE,PT~:: City"' 'C'Q.U.,h-C~U. .\,,~;11;:;~'~ft~I7~:8J~~\'~. T.lT.L.E~:' ~:_:~~;~~~j~;~:t~a;::~:~;$eMdPiliqr 1~E:C:.Q~MEN4~N:~A.TION. R-efe.r discUss"iort cotlc'erl1iltg ~poterltial use: of Electric. 'Personal Assistlv.e Mdbi:1ify;')Jevi.c(3^s: (e,.g-ai ' -. ::::~~Q~~~~~~. . . . <~I'~~l<n,~A;T;. 'T~M' ',' 'D>A,'rv;r 'NT. -n," ~ ..<~ t:kj' .. M'~" . ;:.'.; ':",:.',:<A;~.:'J):: ',.';l>~~\L.:~~'~J.'NQ.L::.:e:.aJ;" JT..s '~J':f",..e.", . , . ".~:~~~,~~~~~~~~~l;~\~~m, ~;NI~~X~~S: . ... .. . ~ .. . .... l~~~cet1tly) ..que$:tfoilS .con'cet.n:ing. the" US.e.' of 'Elect,pic Pers:oh'al' Assistlve. M'obility .lJ~vice~ ::(E,I?'~MlDs):~.0rltlle<Stevell$:"C:reek Trail were..tai$'e~d .'by .:a- "Mountatn' Vie-w 'resid'ent S.egw'ay" use..r. :(A,ttaql1m~nt 'l~E~mail frQm...'CQnqe~ne'd .Se.gw~y' Us er X, , . th~ "~ser- reJerxe.a, to: :an.. '~xrn~endJtlent' to. .:~aZ~~l~~:~::~t~:~~~:~:t::::~n::vi~:i::t~:;j,~:::~it~~~::~:~:4=:.'~ie .yehicle :.t~ti;tt1$pa~t.atlofi: :and:,'l\elle,v~'d: .::use. Qf'f}e,g;vvaye : is <a:. g(>t>:d.::;,~pt.iO'h; ::for,: th'~ :trait: . . . . "~L...,..~t :a.u:~'flQ.rl .,y.~ . . Mountain View CityCodei Section 3S.13(f)prohibitspersohsfrorn operating or riding a mQ,t~o:rcy:d~! .ltl(1jp'e.d.i :1X\o,tQrbike ~ ,ll\ 0t(:.Xti~ze.d; ":bicycle.,. ))lQtQl;iZ.~::clr.scO,Ol€ft' efr. ~~l)JY: t>':flter -velli:cile~. 'on .JEI?~AM.ID~r:ft0ttt trail$: amd..ln.:p.atkil~ ." . Use.. .~f.'EPA'Ml)s; o'n .trp.ils :b.as-.h'ecQme,:~n' issue:jn:.~other l.o.'qal.cin.os..: :'$anta':~.Clara C0unt~y; al1_ows . BJ:lA'MDs'. (1rt the/ COUhty.s'portio.rt ,of the', 'Lo$~'Gatos.~ Cr.eek: Tr~ail-(Vas.ona, Pfrrl<)' :and' .h~v'e. .'I;l.ot . .;::'~~~::~::;:e~f~:'::$L~~~~kt~:a~o:a~h~l1=~~~~t:e~r~~~~;~;.:;e~::;~h: the. Attachment 6 AGENDA: May 13, 2008 PAGE: 2 ordinance amendment. The Campbell City Council voted to prohibit EP AMDs from the city.s portion of the Los Gatos Creek Trail and an ordinance is in place. A discussion of the advantages and disadvantage$ of allowing EPAMDs on the Stevens Creek Trail and in parks in Mountain View would benefit from Parks and Recreation Commission review, with input, as necessary, from the Bicycle/Pedestrian Advisory Committee. SUMMARY Current interpretation of the Mountain View City Code prohibits the use of El' AMOs on trails and parks in Mountain View. A S'egway us~r has questioned the prohibition, citing environmental benefits and a change in State law to redefine EPAMDs as pedestrians for purposes of the vehicle code. The State law, however, allows cities to regulate and even prohibit the use of EPAMDs to address safety concerns. A ~eview of the issue by the Parks and Recreation Commission with input, as necessary, from the Bicycle/Pedestrian Advisory Committee is recommended. PUBLIC NOTICING-Agenda posting. Prepared by: _ ~~V Tom Means Mayor TM/PB/8/CAM 234-05-13-08~-E-l^ Attachment: 1. E-Mail from Concerned Segway User cc: Mr. Richard Roeder. Mr. Aaron Grossman, Executive Director The Friends of Stevens Creek Trail . Attachment 6 Attachment 1 On 4/4/08 3: 15 PM.) uRichard Roederu <richroed@lnicrosoft,conl> wrote~ Dear Mr. Means, My name is Richard Roeder and I have been a Mountain View resident for 3 IT years. I am writing you today to explore what opportunity exists to resolve a misunderstanding within City Hall about electric personal assistive mobility device (EPAMD) and their use on the Steven's Creek Trail. I am reaching out to you directly since my previous attempts to resolve this have got unanswered and/or have been met with prejudice. This letter is my fannal request to meet with you to mutually reso lye th is matter. . As you know Mountain View suffers severe traffic congestion and air pollution problems, particularly.around Castro Road/Central Expressway, and along Shorelin~ Road between Middlefield and Charleston Road. As an employee at Microsoft I felt the best way for me to help reverse my impact oil th~se traffic and pollution problems was to commute via a zero emission device~ Last year I purchased a Segway i2 EPAMD and very happy to report that I have saved over 400 miles of single passenger automobile trips in the last 3 months at the cost of 2-3 kWh of electricity. "In Ja~uary of this year Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed a bill into law that amends the vehicle code to include EP AMDs in the definition of a pedestrian (see attached). This same bill also confirms that EP AMDs ~'safely integrate the user in pedestrian transportationU and that EPAMDs "enable California businesses, public officials, and individuals to travel farther and carry more without the use of traditional vehicles, thereby promoting gains in productivity, minimizing environmental impacts, and facilitating better use of public ways.'~ In an effort to increase 'my safety and avoid the congestion of the 10 l/Shoreline interchange I use the Stevens Creek Trail pathway from Middlefield to La Avenida in my daily commute to/from Microsoft. Unfortun,ately the Rangers who patrol the Stevens Creek Trail insist that an EPAMD is a "motorized scooterH, as in a TANDEM two wheeled motorized device, and threaten to report me to the Mountain View police depa11ment. My calls to,the Mountain View police department regarding this matter have gone unanswered~ A lthough the Friends 0 f the Stevens Creek trai I state on their website that "[l'1he Stevens Creek Trail] is availab Ie for hiking) jogging, cycling, and other recreational activities which easily Jntegrate with the natural environmentU their trail patrol officers appear to disregard the facts that EP AMOs are NOT classified as scooters by the vehicle code and are safer, smaller) slower, and can stop faster than b~.cyc]es. Given the recent gang violence along the Stevens Creek Trail~ I believe our focus is best'directed on how we can leverage EP AMDs to "increase public safety along the Stevens Creek Trail~ I also believe our efforts are better directed towards campaigns that illustrate how increased adoption by local residents benefits both the environment and our local economy. Mountain View has an excellerit reputation in support of environmentally and traffic friendly forms of transportation. With your involvement} I'm confident we can extend that reputation to include EPAMDs and show our leadership in sustainable enVirOtllnental practices. Please' share with me the best time/place to meet with you to continue t'his discussion and explore a resolution to this Inattet. Regrettably, should I not hear ,from your office in 15 working days~ I will assume that your office has no interest in this matter leaving me to resolve this via a more formal me.ans. Sincere I y, Richard Roeder 800 High School.Way + 1 (650)641-1347 Attachment 7 --- On Fri, 5/23/08, Executive Director <ed@stevenscreektrai/~org> wrote: From: Executive Director <ed@stevenscreektrail.org> Subject: Segways on Trails part 2 To: jmeyer428@yahooacomJ tom~means@mountalnview.gov Cc: ulJohn Brazil". <j mbrazil@sbcglobal.net> Date: Friday, May 23, 2008, 9:05 AM Hi Jerri-Ann - . We had a very useful visit by Segway o~her/user/proponent Richard Roeder at last nighrs FOSCT board meeting, where we decided to take no position. What made a big differertce was Richard.s informing us that the Segway already has a unique legar cJassification in California (EPAMD), based on its small footprint. Essentially California law recognizes non-tandem two wheel electric vehicJes as a pedestrian and allows them to go anywhere a pedestrian is allowed to ga, UN LESS prohibited by rocal ordinance. While my personal position against all motorized vehicles on our trails remains unchanged, I see no need fo r M 0 u nta i n Vi ew to '"actively pro h i bit Segways. If Cal iforn ia I aw allows th e m to go wh e re pedestrians may go, then let's give it a try. I am speaking only for their individual use, not commercial' operations such as Segway tours. . To reiterate, the Fr[ends of Stevens Creek Trail do"es not take a position on Segways on the trail. My pe rsonal fee Ii ng is to I at the current po [icy allow j ng Se gways to con ti n u e t si n ce it does not a pp ear to open th e door to oth e r motorized ve hi cles 0 n th e tra i I. Hope this helps. Aaron Grossman, Executive Director Friends .of Stevens Creek Trail 22221 McClellan Road Cupertino, CA 95014 cell 408-202~2802 ùÔÛÊÛÙÈ×ÊÓÉÈÓÙÉ ÍÖ ÷Ï×ÊÕÓÎÕ êÍÛØ çÉ×ÊÉ ÛÎØ èÔ×ÓÊ éÛÖ×Èà ìçúðóùûèóíî îí öôåûôêè íùèíú÷ê ê×É×ÛÊÙÔ ø×Æ×ÐÍÌÏ×ÎÈ ÛÎØ è×ÙÔÎÍÐÍÕà èÇÊÎ×ÊöÛÓÊÚÛÎÑ ôÓÕÔÅÛà ê×É×ÛÊÙÔ ù×ÎÈ×Ê õ×ÍÊÕ×ÈÍÅÎ ìÓÑ× ïÙð×ÛÎ æû FOREWORD Throughout the United States, there has been a dramatic increase in the varieties and numbers of nonmotorized users on trail and roadway facilities. Kick scooters, inline skates, hand cycles, recumbent bicycles, and other emerging users are now commonly seen sharing space with bicycles and pedestrians on roadways and shared use paths. Urban trail operators are reporting operational and safety problems associated with the increasing number of emerging users and their operational needs. User groups are petitioning State legislatures and local governments to legally operate their nonmotorized vehicles on roadways. The guidelines provided in the Guide to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Development of Bicycle Facilities are based on the physical dimensions and operating characteristics of bicycles only and may not meet the needs of emerging trail users. To address these issues, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored this study to better understand the physical dimensions and operational characteristics of an increasingly diverse group of nonmotorized trail and roadway users. The results of this study can be used to help design professionals adequately design roadway and shared use path facilities to meet the operational and safety needs of a more diverse group of users. Michael Trentacoste Director, Office of Safety Research and Development NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the object of the document. QUALITY ASSURANCE STATEMENT The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and process to ensure continuous quality improvement. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-HRT-04-103 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Characteristics of Emerging Road and Trail Users and Their Safety October2004 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Bruce W. Landis, Theodore A. Petritsch, and Herman F. Huang 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Sprinkle Consulting, Inc. 18115 US Highway 41 North, Suite 600 11. Contract or Grant No. Lutz, FL 33549 DTFH61-02-C-00026 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Federal Highway Administration Final Report Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center January 2002–January 2004 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR): Ann Do, Office of Safety Research and Development, HRDS-06 16. Abstract This study was undertaken to clarify the operational characteristics of an increasingly diverse group of trail and other nonmotorized transportation users. Three “Ride for Science” data collection events were conducted to obtain the physical dimensions, turning capabilities, lateral operating space, acceleration, speed, and stopping sight distance of trail users. The results confirmed the great diversity in the operating characteristics of various road and trail user types. Some examples of findings include: th Sweep Width —The 85 percentile inline skater had a 1.5-meter (m) (4.9-foot (ft) sweep width, wider than the AASHTO recommended width for bike lanes. th Design Speed —Recumbent bicyclists had the highest observed 85 percentile speeds of 29 kilometers per hour (km/h) (18 miles per hour (mi/h)), less than AASHTO’s minimum design speed. Horizontal Alignment —Most users did not reduce their speeds for turning radii greater than 16 m (52.5 ft). th Stopping Sight Distance —A recumbent cyclist in the 85 percentile requires a stopping sight distance of 32.7 m (107.3 ft) on wet pavement, less than the AASHTO value. Vertical Alignment/Crest Vertical Curves —Recumbent bicyclists had a required length of a crest vertical curve of 46.7 m (153 ft), less than the AASHTO value. Signal Clearance Intervals —Five-second clearance intervals would provide insufficient time for most users th (85 percentile users) to clear a five-lane (18.3-m (60-ft) wide) intersection. Characteristics of Segway® Users —Many characteristics of Segway users were comparable with those of other emerging trail users. These findings suggest that design guidelines may need to be revised to incorporate the needs of emerging trail users. The results of this study can be used to help design professionals adequately design roadway and shared use path facilities to meet the operational and safety needs of this growing group of users. 17. Key Word 18. Distribution Statement Bicyclists, emerging users, AASHTO, operating No restrictions. characteristics, shared use paths 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 127 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA 22 insquare inches 645.2 square millimeters mm 22 ftsquare feet 0.093 square meters m 22 ydsquare yard 0.836 square meters m acacres0.405hectaresha 22 misquare miles 2.59 square kilometerskm VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L 33 ftcubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m 33 ydcubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m 3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m MASS ozounces28.35gramsg lbpounds 0.454kilogramskg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oo F Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius C or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fcfoot-candles10.76luxlx 22 flfoot-Lamberts3.426candela/mcd/m FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N 2 lbf/inpoundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You KnowMultiply ByTo Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yardsyd km kilometers0.621 miles mi AREA 22 mm square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in 22 m square meters 10.764 square feet ft 22 m square meters1.195square yards yd ha hectares 2.47acresac 22 kmsquare kilometers0.386 square miles mi VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal 33 mcubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft 33 mcubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd MASS ggrams0.035ouncesoz kgkilograms2.202poundslb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oo C Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit F ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc 22 cd/mcandela/m0.2919 foot-Lambertsfl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf 2 kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in *SI is the symbol for th International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM Ee380. ) (Revised March 2003 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................1 Organization of this Report.........................................................................................................2 Safety/Crash Data Availability...................................................................................................2 Field Data Collection..................................................................................................................3 Discussion...................................................................................................................................3 Sweep Width...............................................................................................................................4 Three-Point Turns.......................................................................................................................4 Design Speed..............................................................................................................................4 Horizontal Alignment.................................................................................................................5 Stopping Sight Distance..............................................................................................................5 Vertical Alignment—Crest Vertical Curves...............................................................................5 Refuge Islands.............................................................................................................................6 Signal Clearance Intervals..........................................................................................................6 Pedestrian Clearance Intervals....................................................................................................6 Minimum Green Times...............................................................................................................7 Characteristics of Segway Users.................................................................................................7 Recommendations.......................................................................................................................8 Marketing Plan............................................................................................................................9 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................11 DEFINITIONS AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD AND TRAIL USERS...............................................................................................13 Inline Skates..............................................................................................................................13 Skating Skill and Performance.................................................................................................14 Skateboards...............................................................................................................................14 Kick Scooters............................................................................................................................15 Nonmotorized Kick Scooters................................................................................................. 15 Motorized Kick Scooters....................................................................................................... 16 Baby Strollers...........................................................................................................................17 iii Conventional Strollers..............................................................................................................17 Jogging Strollers.......................................................................................................................17 Electric Bicycles.......................................................................................................................18 Tandem Bicycles.......................................................................................................................19 Recumbent Bicycles.................................................................................................................20 Recumbent Tricycles................................................................................................................20 Tandem Recumbent Bicycles...................................................................................................21 Bicycle Trailers.........................................................................................................................21 Trailers with Two Wheels.........................................................................................................21 Trailers with Single Wheel.......................................................................................................21 Trailer Bicycles.........................................................................................................................22 Segway Human Transporter.....................................................................................................22 Manual Wheelchairs.................................................................................................................23 Power Wheelchairs...................................................................................................................24 Assistive Powered Scooters......................................................................................................24 Adult Tricycles.........................................................................................................................25 Hand Cycles (Stand-Alone)......................................................................................................26 Hand Cycle Wheelchair Attachment........................................................................................26 Racing Wheelchairs..................................................................................................................27 Road Racing Wheelchairs..................................................................................................... 27 Off-Road Racing Wheelchairs.............................................................................................. 28 Other Road and Shared Use Path Users with Disabilities........................................................28 Individuals with Partial or Total Vision Loss....................................................................... 29 Individuals with Hearing Impairments or Deafness............................................................. 29 Individuals with Cognitive Limitations................................................................................. 29 Other Road and Shared Use Path Users....................................................................................30 SAFETY/CRASH DATA AVAILABILITY.............................................................................33 NEISS Data...............................................................................................................................33 Other Hospital-Based Sources of Data.....................................................................................35 State Motor Vehicle Crash Data...............................................................................................37 iv State Narrative Crash Data.......................................................................................................39 Summary...................................................................................................................................41 FIELD DATA COLLECTION PLAN......................................................................................43 Station 1—Physical Characteristics..........................................................................................49 Station 2—Three-Point Turn....................................................................................................51 Station 3—Turning Radii..........................................................................................................52 Station 4—Acceleration............................................................................................................55 Station 5—Lateral Operating Space (Sweep Width)................................................................57 Station 6—Speed......................................................................................................................59 Station 7—Stopping Sight Distance (Deceleration).................................................................60 REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA............................................................................65 Study Limitations......................................................................................................................66 Eye Height................................................................................................................................67 Length.......................................................................................................................................69 Width........................................................................................................................................70 Acceleration..............................................................................................................................72 Speed.........................................................................................................................................73 Stopping Distance.....................................................................................................................75 Sweep Width.............................................................................................................................79 Three-Point Turn.......................................................................................................................81 Turning Radius.........................................................................................................................82 DISCUSSION..............................................................................................................................85 Bike Lane Width.......................................................................................................................85 Path Width................................................................................................................................86 Design Speed............................................................................................................................87 Horizontal Alignment...............................................................................................................87 v Sight Distance...........................................................................................................................88 Stopping Sight Distance........................................................................................................ 88 Vertical Alignment—Crest Vertical Curves.......................................................................... 89 Horizontal Alignment............................................................................................................ 91 Refuge Islands...........................................................................................................................91 Signal Clearance Intervals........................................................................................................92 Pedestrian Clearance Intervals..................................................................................................93 Minimum Green Times.............................................................................................................94 SegwayHuman Transporter......................................................................................................94 RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................99 MARKETING PLAN...............................................................................................................101 Design of Shared Use Paths, Street Intersections, and Midblock Crossings..........................104 APPENDIX................................................................................................................................111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................................................................113 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................115 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. An inline skater.........................................................................................................13 Figure 2. Nonmotorized kick scooters......................................................................................16 Figure 3. Jogging stroller for two.............................................................................................18 Figure 4. Tandem bicycle.........................................................................................................19 Figure 5. Recumbent bicycle....................................................................................................20 Figure 6. A Segway user...........................................................................................................22 Figure 7. Manual wheelchair....................................................................................................23 Figure 8. Another manual wheelchair.......................................................................................23 Figure 9. Power wheelchair......................................................................................................24 Figure 10. Assistive powered scooter.........................................................................................25 Figure 11. Hand cycle.................................................................................................................26 Figure 12. Another hand cycle....................................................................................................26 Figure 13. Racing wheelchairs....................................................................................................27 Figure 14. Off-road racing wheelchair.......................................................................................28 Figure 15 Another off-road racing wheelchair..........................................................................28 Figure 16. Pinellas Trail, St. Petersburg, FL..............................................................................43 Figure 17. Paint Branch Trail, College Park, MD......................................................................43 Figure 18. San Lorenzo River Trail, Santa Cruz, CA.................................................................43 Figure 19. Typical layout of data collection stations (San Lorenzo River Trail).......................44 Figure 20. Trail users consisted of both active and in situ participants......................................45 Figure 21. Trail user intercept signage.......................................................................................45 Figure 22. Video cameras were setup to record participant movements at Stations 3 through 7...................................................................................................47 Figure 23. Equipment testing at data collection stations............................................................47 Figure 24. Temporary pavement markings were tested..............................................................48 Figure 25. Registration desk.......................................................................................................48 Figure 26. Physical measurements..............................................................................................49 Figure 27. Three-point turn.........................................................................................................51 Figure 28. Participant within turning radii station......................................................................52 vii Figure 29. Turning radius layout (not to scale)..........................................................................53 Figure 30. The participants were briefed at the turning radius station.......................................53 Figure 31. Research staff oversaw the turning radius station to ensure proper participant flow- through.......................................................................................................................54 Figure 32. A participant traveling through the largest radius path.............................................54 Figure 33. Participants traveling through progressively smaller turning radii...........................54 Figure 34. Participants accelerated along a 60-m (200-ft) section of the course........................55 Figure 35. Participants were asked to accelerate to their normal speed.....................................56 Figure 36. A skateboarder starting to accelerate.........................................................................56 Figure 37. Sweep width station...................................................................................................58 Figure 38. Sweep width and speed.............................................................................................59 Figure 39. Speed (and sweep width) station...............................................................................60 Figure 40. Stopping sight distance..............................................................................................61 Figure 41. Several video cameras were positioned at strategic points around the braking area...............................................................................................................61 Figure 42. STOP sign controller signaling a bicyclist to stop....................................................63 Figure 43. The study reveals important information on various users now common on shared use paths....................................................................................................................65 Figure 44. Thirty-two hand cyclists were active participants in this study................................66 Figure 45. Two tandem riders negotiating a curve at the turning radius station........................84 Figure 46. Trail users have diverse operating characteristics.....................................................85 Figure 47. AASHTO’s design bicyclist travels at 30 km/h (20 mi/h)........................................87 Figure 48. The longest users observed in this study exceeded 2.4 m (8 ft) in length and should be considered the critical users..................................................................................92 Figure 49. A hand cyclist............................................................................................................94 Figure 50. Segway users at the physical measurements station.................................................95 Figure 51. A Segway user on the Paint Branch Trail in Maryland.............................................95 Figure 52. Segway in the turning radius station.........................................................................95 Figure 53. Many users of various ages and abilities participated in each “Ride for Science”.105 Figure 54. Two “Ride for Science” participants.......................................................................105 Figure 55. Many volunteers assisted with the “Ride for Science” events................................113 Figure 56. Many volunteers participated in the “Ride for Science” events..............................113 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Characteristics of Segway users vs. AASHTO (bicycle) values......................................8 Table 2. Design criteria and potential design users........................................................................9 Table 3. User types that can be identified in State motor vehicle crash files..............................37 Table 4. Summary of advantages and disadvantages to the data sources reviewed....................42 Table 5. Active and in situ participants at each event..................................................................46 Table 6. Gender distribution and ages of active participants.......................................................46 Table 7. Eye height......................................................................................................................68 Table 8. Length............................................................................................................................70 Table 9. Width.............................................................................................................................71 th2 Table 10. 85 percentile acceleration rates (m/sec)...................................................................72 th Table 11. 85percentile elapsed time (sec)................................................................................73 Table 12. Speed............................................................................................................................74 Table 13. Speed—active vs. in situ participants..........................................................................75 Table 14. Perception-reaction time..............................................................................................76 Table 15. Braking distance and friction factor.............................................................................78 Table 16. Deceleration rate..........................................................................................................79 Table 17. Sweep width (lateral operating space).........................................................................80 Table 18. Three-point turn widths...............................................................................................81 th Table 19. Friction factors for different radii, based on 85 percentile speeds............................83 Table 20. Minimum length of crest vertical curve.......................................................................90 th Table 21. 85 percentile clearance intervals (sec).......................................................................93 Table 22. Physical dimensions and operational characteristics of Segway users vs. AASHTO (bicycle) values.............................................................................................................96 Table 23. Design criteria and potential design users...................................................................99 Table 24. Marketing plan...........................................................................................................103 ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The variety of users on the trails and roadways of the United States has increased dramatically over recent years. Devices such as kick scooters, inline skates, hand cycles, and recumbent bicycles that were rarely seen on shared use paths as recently as 10 years ago are now common. Among the reasons for this shift are the development of new technologies and changing ® demographics. For example, electric personal transporter devices (e.g., the Segway) are new technologies that are appearing on paths and roadways around the country. Additionally, coincident with the aging of the American population, the number of people using mobility assistive devices (such as manual wheelchairs, powered wheelchairs, and powered scooters) is increasing. With the increasing variety of emerging users comes the question of whether we are designing and building suitable facilities. Many jurisdictions throughout the United States have adopted Guide to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) the Development of Bicycle Facilities as a standard for shared use trail design and other facilities used by nonmotorized travelers. This guide is written with bicyclists in mind, so its recommendations are based on the physical dimensions and operating characteristics of bicyclists. Furthermore, some user groups are petitioning to legally operate on roadways and streets. As this report will document, some users have different characteristics from bicyclists, so facilities designed and built to accommodate bicyclists and/or motorists may not meet the needs of these users. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recognized this need to accommodate emerging trail users and sponsored this study to better understand their physical dimensions and operational characteristics. This research naturally links the existing capacity methodologies in Highway Capacity Manual the and the FHWA study on “Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared Use Paths” with the design professionals’ need for adequate information to design facilities to meet the operational and safety requirements of the increasingly diverse nonmotorized transportation users. It represents a very important step in providing crucial Policy on Geometric Design of Highways information for the future development of AASHTO’s 1 and StreetsGuide to the Development of Bicycle Facilities , the AASHTO , the AASHTO Pedestrian Facilities Guide , as well as other new design standards. This report describes the operational characteristics of bicycles and these emerging user types: Inline skates. Electric bicycles. Kick scooters. Tandems. Strollers.Segway. Recumbent bicycles. Manual wheelchairs. Bicycle trailers. Assistive power scooters. Power wheelchairs. Adult tricycles. Skateboards.Hand cycles. Organization of this Report This report begins with an introduction explaining why this research is needed. The next section discusses potential sources of safety and crash data. Details of the field data collection plan are provided in the third section. The results of the field data collection are then presented, followed by a discussion of the results and their implications for what the design user types should be for each of several design criteria. Next, recommendations regarding design criteria are given. The report concludes with a marketing plan. Safety/Crash Data Availability As part of this study, a variety of data sources were examined with regard to their potential for providing information on the safety of emerging road and trail users: Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Other hospital discharge, trauma registry, or ED data. State motor vehicle crash databases. State narrative crash data. These data sources were found to have limited usefulness in safety analysis for emerging user types. Of these sources, NEISS was the most useful data format for safety studies. 2 Field Data Collection In this study, data were obtained by observing shared use path users at seven types of observation stations to generate: 1. Physical dimensions: length, width, height, eye height, wheelbase, wheel spacing, wheel diameter, tire/wheel width, tire type. 2. Space required for three-point turn. 3. Lateral operating space (sweep width). 4. Turning radii. 5. Acceleration capabilities. 6. Speed. 7. Stopping sight distance: perception / reaction (time) and braking distance. Three data collection (“Ride for Science”) events were held in 2003: Pinellas Trail in St. Petersburg, FL (January 25, 2003); Paint Branch Trail in College Park, MD (May 3, 2003); and San Lorenzo River Trail in Santa Cruz, CA (June 13, 2003). The trail users consisted of both active and in situ (passive) participants. Active participants were those who either were intercepted on the shared use path (via event signage) or responded to the public outreach program and specifically traveled to the location to actively participate in the event. Active participants registered with the data collectors and were given a briefing on the purpose of the study, an overview of the event and course, and safety provisions. They generally progressed through all the data collection stations. In situ participants were those who were on the shared use path just “passing through” the event stations. Thus, at all seven stations, data were collected from active participants. At two stations, speed and lateral operating space, data were also collected on in situ participants. A total of 811 participants (551 in situ and 260 active) were observed at the three events. Discussion This research shows that there is a great diversity in the operating characteristics of various types of road and trail users. To ensure the safe accommodation of emerging road and trail users, their 3 operating characteristics must be considered in the development of design criteria; in some cases, it will be important to use an emerging user instead of the bicycle as the design user. Sweep Width th With respect to sweep width, the critical user is the inline skater, having an 85 percentile sweep widths of 1.5 meters (m) (5.0 feet (ft)). This research only addressed individual users. Users traveling abreast or passing each other may require additional space. Three-Point Turns For three-point turn widths, hand cyclists are the critical users, requiring 5.4 m (17.8 ft) (at the th 85 percentile level). Several other user types, including bicyclists and recumbent bicyclists, th required more than 3 m (10 ft) of width (at the 85 percentile level) to execute a three-point turn. Design Speed The design speed of a facility is that speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a facility. It influences many aspects of geometric design. Consequently, it can significantly impact the cost, operational safety, and constructability of a project. th Recumbent bicyclists had the highest observed 85 percentile speeds, 29 kilometers per hour (km/h) (18 miles per hour (mi/h)). This appears to suggest that they may be the appropriate user upon which to set a minimum design speed. However, before coming to such a conclusion, the additional design characteristics of the various users need to be evaluated. th At the other extreme, hand cyclists appear to have the lowest 15 percentile speed, 8 km/h (5 mi/h), of those users who would be expected to operate in the street. Among all user types, th strollers had the lowest 15 percentile speed (4 km/h (3 mi/h)). 4 Horizontal Alignment For horizontal alignment, the critical factor is the point at which users will instinctively decelerate to maintain a comfortable degree of lateral acceleration while traversing a curve. This point is represented by the coefficient of friction used in AASHTO’s minimum design radius equations. Most users did not appear to reduce their speeds for radii greater than 15.3 m (50 ft). The exception is recumbent bicyclists, who may have been constrained by even the 27.5-m (90- ft) radius. Stopping Sight Distance Adequate sight distance is required to provide path users ample opportunity to see and react to the unexpected. The distance required for a user to come to a complete stop, stopping sight distance, is a function of the user’s perception and brake reaction time, the initial speed of the user, the coefficient of friction between the user’s wheels and the pavement, the braking ability of the user’s device, and the grade (all the observations of this research were conduced on flat grades). The critical trail user for stopping sight distance is the recumbent bicyclist, with a calculated stopping sight distance on wet pavement of 32.7 m (107 ft). Vertical Alignment—Crest Vertical Curves The minimum length for a crest vertical curve is a function of the stopping sight distance, the algebraic difference in the upgrade and downgrade grades, the assumed height of an object on the pavement, and the user’s eye height. recumbent bicyclist The would be the critical user for determining the minimum length of a crest th vertical curve. Using the 85 percentile stopping distance and eye height, and assuming wet pavement conditions, the minimum length of a crest vertical curve with a difference in grade of 10 percent would be 46.7 m (153 ft) for recumbent bicyclists. 5 Refuge Islands When designing a path crossing of a roadway, refuge islands are frequently provided between opposing motor vehicle traffic flows to allow pathway users to cross only one direction of traffic at a time. The longest likely users, bicycles with trailers, exceeded 2.4 m (8 ft) in length and should be considered the critical users. Two other user groups, recumbent bicyclists and hand th cycles, both had 85 percentile lengths in excess of 1.8 m (6 ft). Signal Clearance Intervals Roadway users approaching a traffic signal that changes to yellow often cannot stop before the signal turns red; signal clearance intervals allow time to enter and clear the intersection before the cross-street traffic is given a green light. Signal clearance intervals include both the yellow interval and any all-red interval. Signal clearance intervals timed for motor vehicle traffic (typically a maximum of five seconds) provide insufficient time for most users to clear a five- lane (18.3-m (60-ft) wide) intersection. For intersections wider than 8.1 m (24 ft), the kick scooter appears to be the critical user. Pedestrian Clearance Intervals Pedestrian clearance intervals allow pedestrians who begin crossing a signalized intersection before the beginning of the flashing DON’T WALK phase to completely cross the street before crossing traffic enters the intersection. Typically, pedestrian signals are timed for walking speeds of 1.2 m/second (sec) (4 ft/sec). The manual wheelchair users evaluated were able to cross intersections within the time provided for an assumed 1.2 m/sec (4 ft/sec) walking speed. A walking speed of less than 1.2 m/sec (4 ft/sec) should be considered in determining the pedestrian clearance time at crosswalks that are routinely used by slower pedestrians, including those who use wheelchairs. 6 Minimum Green Times Another signalization criterion is minimum green time. The AASHTO equation addresses three factors in its calculation of minimum green time for signalized intersections: perception-reaction time, acceleration time, and travel time at the design speed. Perception-reaction time is assumed to be 2.5 sec. The AASHTO equation assumes a constant acceleration rate; however, this research shows that the assumption is not accurate. After an initial increase to the acceleration rate, the rate decreases with increasing speed. Rather than produce an equation that compensates for the change in acceleration as speed increases, a table format has been used to represent the distance traveled as a function of time. Further, as many users were on “long” devices (for th example, recumbent bicycles had an 85 percentile length of 208 centimeters (cm) (82 inches)), the length of the device is included in the travel distances in table 21 so that the times shown include the time that it takes for the user to accelerate from a stop and completely clear the length of his/her device from the intersection. Hand cyclists are the critical users to consider when determining the appropriate minimum green times for vehicular devices (table 11, figure 49). Characteristics of Segway Users The data from this study provide information on the performance and maneuverability of the Segway and how it might function within shared use paths, sidewalks, and streets.Table 1 shows how the Segway characteristics compare with the design values (for bicyclists) in the Guide AASHTO . The Segway was not found to be the critical user for any design criteria. 7 Table 1. Characteristics of Segway users vs. AASHTO (bicycle) values. CHARACTERISTIC SEGWAY AASHTO (MIN-MAX(BICYCLE) VALUES) VALUE Eye height (cm) 175–204 140 Length (cm) 56 180 Width (cm) 64 120 Acceleration rate from 0 to 12.2 m 0.29–0.36 0.46–0.92 2 (m/sec) Acceleration rate from 12.2 to 24.4 m 0.49–0.98 0.46–0.92 2 (m/sec) Acceleration rate from 24.4 to 36.6 m 0.05–0.12 0.46–0.92 2 (m/sec) Acceleration rate from 36.6 to 48.8 m 0.03–0.95 0.46–0.92 2 (m/sec) Time to travel 12.2 m (sec) 4.1–4.6 5.2 Time to travel 24.4 m (sec) 6.6–7.8 9.8 Time to travel 36.6 m (sec) 8.7–11.1 11.4 Time to travel 48.8 m (sec) 10.9–14.7 12.8 Speed (km/h) 14–18 30 Perception-reaction time (sec) 0.6–2.0 1.5 Sweep width (m) 0.9–1.7 1.0 Three-point turn (cm) 97–102 300 1 cm = 0.39 inches 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 km = 0.621 mi Recommendations Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO is the primary reference for designers of shared use facilities and has been adopted as the standard for shared use path design by many jurisdictions around the country. Its standards were developed using the operational characteristics of the bicycle to determine design criteria. While this research is not intended to validate or discredit the AASHTO criteria, comparisons to AASHTO are appropriate because of its status as a national guide. The data collected for this study reveal that the appropriate design user for shared use paths may vary with respect to design criteria or a facility design element. Table 2 shows design features, 8 th AASHTO design values for bicyclists, potential design users, and 85 percentile performance values. Table 2. Design criteria and potential design users. DESIGNFEATURE AASHTODESIGNPOTENTIALDESIGNPERFORMANCE TH VALUE(FORUSERVALUE(85 BICYCLISTS) PERCENTILE) Sweep width 1.2 m Inline skaters 1.5 m Horizontal alignment 27 m Recumbent bicyclists 26.8 m Stopping sight distance 38.7 m Recumbent bicyclists 32.7 m (wet pavement) Vertical alignment—49.8 m Recumbent bicyclists 46.7 m crest (5% grades) Refuge islands 2.5 m Bicycles with trailers 3.0 m Signal clearance 7.5 sec for a Kick scooters 10.6 sec for a intervalsdistance of 24.4 m distance of 24.4 m Minimum green times 12.8 sec for a Hand cyclists 17.9 sec for a distance of 24.4 m distance of 24.4 m Pedestrian clearance 20.0 sec for a Manual wheelchairs 15.4 sec for a intervalsdistance of 24.4 m distance of 24.4 m 1 m = 3.28 ft It is worth noting that bicyclists (without trailers) do not appear as critical users for any design features. This is a major finding that may have a significant effect on how shared use paths and other components of the U.S. transportation system are designed, constructed, controlled, and maintained. While additional research is needed to determine which user type should be the basis for specific design criteria, the findings suggest that design guidelines may need to be revised to incorporate the needs of emerging trail users. The results of this study can be used to help design professionals adequately design roadway and shared use path facilities to meet the operational and safety needs of a more diverse group of user types. Marketing Plan The goal of the marketing plan is to outline how to disseminate the information in this report to transportation professionals, trail designers/coordinators, landscape architects, engineers, public works officials, and other professionals and policymakers. The results of this study are being 9 publicized through numerous venues and using different methods. These include slide presentations to Transportation Research Board (TRB) committees and at the Midwest Regional Bike/Ped Conference; a poster session at the TRB 2004 Annual Meeting; new National Highway Institute (NHI) course development (or modifications to existing bicycle and pedestrian facility design courses); and others. Much of this marketing plan has already been implemented. 10 INTRODUCTION The varieties of equipment on our trails and roadways has increased dramatically over recent years: Kick scooters, inline skates, hand cycles, and recumbent bicycles were uncommon on shared use paths as recently as 10 years ago; now they are common. Among the reasons for this shift are the development of new technologies and changing demographics. For example, with the aging of the American population, the number of people using mobility assistive devices (1) (such as manual wheelchairs, powered wheelchairs, and powered scooters) is increasing. Additionally, electric personal transporter devices (e.g., the Segway) are new technologies that are appearing on paths and roadways around the country. With increases in the number of emerging users comes a greater need to design and build suitable facilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) set minimum standards for constructing and altering pedestrian facilities, including shared use paths, sidewalks, and crosswalks. By law, States and local jurisdictions are required to follow ADAAG when constructing or altering any pedestrian facility. Many jurisdictions throughout the United Guide to the Development of Bicycle Facilities States have adopted the AASHTO as a standard (2) for the design of shared use trails and other facilities for nonmotorized transportation users. As its title implies, the guide is written with bicyclists in mind, so its recommendations are based on the physical dimensions and operating characteristics of bicyclists. As this report will document, emerging users have different characteristics from bicyclists, thus trails (and other transportation facilities) designed and built to accommodate bicyclists may not meet their needs. Indeed, both formal and informal surveys of operators of shared paths (urban trails) reveal increasing problems with their facilities due to the increasing number of emerging users, their space requirements, and operational needs. The growing need to accommodate emerging users is not restricted to off-street shared use paths. For example, many inline skaters believe that they should be allowed access to the roadway with the same rights as bicyclists. In fact, numerous initiatives throughout the United States range from local ordinances allowing inline skating on local streets to pending laws in State legislatures. In New York State for example, inline skating is now legally allowed on roads, with skaters subject to the same rules and laws as bicyclists. 11 FHWA recognized this need to accommodate emerging trail users and sponsored this study to better understand their physical dimensions and operational characteristics. To get this information, field data collection was performed on bicyclists and emerging users on three paths: the San Lorenzo River Trail in California, the Pinellas Trail in Florida, and the Paint Branch Trail in Maryland. This research naturally links the existing capacity methodologies in the Highway Capacity Manual and the FHWA study on “Evaluation of Safety, Design, and Operation of Shared Use Paths” with design professionals’ need for adequate information to design roadway and shared use path facilities to meet the operational and safety needs of the increasingly diverse trail and other nonmotorized transportation users. It represents an important Policy on step in providing crucial information for the future development of AASHTO’s Geometric Design of Highways and StreetsGuide to the Development of Bicycle , the AASHTO FacilitiesPedestrian Facilities Guide , the AASHTO , as well as other new design standards. This report begins with definitions and operational characteristics of these emerging user types: Inline skates.Electric bicycles. Kick scooters.Tandems. Strollers.Segway. Recumbent bicycles.Manual wheelchairs. Bicycle trailers.Assistive power scooters. Power wheelchairs.Adult tricycles. Skateboards.Hand cycles. The next section discusses potential sources of safety and crash data. Details of the field data collection plan are given in the third section. The results of the field data collection are then presented, followed by a discussion of the results and their implications for who the design users should be for each of several design criteria. Recommendations follow regarding design criteria and dissemination of these results. The report concludes with a marketing plan. 12 DEFINITIONS AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD AND TRAIL USERS This section provides a working definition of each user group. The basic characteristics of the vehicles or devices used by each group are described, as are the users’ varying abilities. Earlier studies of inline skates, scooters, strollers, electric bicycles, adult tricycles, recumbents, tandems, bicycle trailers, golf carts, and assistive technologies are referenced and are listed in the appropriate sections. Other sources are included, such as articles in academic journals, conference proceedings, manufacturers’ Web sites, public health and advocacy Web sites, and retailer Web sites. Inline Skates Inline skates, like their predecessors, quad-wheel skates, are used extensively throughout the United States for recreational and transportation purposes by people of all ages and athletic abilities (figure 1). They typically have three to five wheels of about 75 to 100 millimeters (mm) (3 to 4 inches) diameter in a straight line. The wheels are attached (Unless otherwise noted, all photos are by Bruce W. Landis.) with a single frame to a shoe or boot that is usually Figure 1. An inline skater. fairly stiff, providing good support and control. Unlike roller skates with two sets of wheels side by side (quad skates), inline skates can be used in much the same way as ice skates, resulting in more efficiency and higher speeds. Few quad skates are now in use, so this study focused on inline skates. Inline roller skates were first developed in the 18th century, preceding the quad skate design invented in the late 19th century; however, the technology then available, quad skates offered more control and became the standard for many years. In the early 1980s, inline skates were reborn based on modern technology, ultimately resulting in the remarkable increase in usage 13 (3,4,5) experienced in the 1990s. With smooth street surfaces and the introduction of polyurethane wheels, inline skates have become very useful devices for transportation and recreation on public ways. Inline skating grew rapidly as a sport through the 1990s, stabilizing in recent years with about 29 (6) million users in the United States. This represents primarily recreational users, but the growth in recreational users translates to growth in transportation use; many skaters soon realize the (7) transportation potential of skates. As a result, skating is emerging as a mode of transportation. Skating Skill and Performance According to recent research, differences in skaters’ skill levels can result in significant differences in operational characteristics. For example, novice skaters typically travel more (8) slowly and have a narrower sweep width than advanced skaters. Skaters choose among several different techniques to stop, often based loosely on their general skating ability. The more basic stopping techniques used by novice skaters require longer time and distance to stop from a given speed. Novice skaters have difficulty making sharp turns and stopping quickly, especially on (9) downhill grades. Skaters with more practice and experience typically travel at higher speed, (8) which corresponds with a wider sweep width. These skaters also have much more maneuverability and control. Some techniques employed by advanced skaters can stop them in a very short distance when necessary. Skateboards Skateboards have a platform attached to sets of small wheels (usually four), but do not have steering handles. Each set of wheels is attached to the platform with a pivoting “truck,” which allows the board to turn when the user leans his or her body and/or feet. Skateboards are available in many different shapes and sizes, and with different wheel diameters. The variation in sizes results in potential differences in speed, turning radius, and other operational characteristics. Traditional skateboards are under 84 cm (33 inches) long, but “long boards” over 89 cm (35 inches) are used for “cruising.” Skateboard decks are normally about 19 cm to 21 cm (7.5 to 14 8.25 inches) wide. Skateboard wheels are normally 52 mm to 60 mm (2.05 to 2.36 inches) in diameter. Larger wheels are often used on long boards. Motorized skateboards are also available, but have diminished in popularity in part due to the increased popularity of motorized kick scooters as described below. In addition, motorized skateboards are specifically prohibited from the public right-of-way in many jurisdictions. Kick Scooters This group includes users of kick scooters that typically have two inline wheels connected by a platform that is large enough for a user to stand on with one or two feet. Steering handles are attached to the platform, allowing users an additional point of contact with the board to steer the device and maintain an upright position. This user group includes two subgroups: foot powered kick scooters, and similar standup devices with attached motors. Sit-down 3- or 4-wheel assistive powered scooters used by individuals with disabilities are not included in this user group, but are described later in this document. This user group also does not include the sit- down vehicles also referred to as scooters that are in effect small motorcycles (e.g., Vespas™) intended primarily for roadway use. Nonmotorized Kick Scooters The most common nonmotorized kick scooters have approximately 100-mm (4-inch) diameter polyurethane wheels like those on inline skates (figure 2). The platform is usually relatively short and too narrow (100 mm (4 inches)) for two feet side by side. Larger nonmotorized scooters with bigger platforms and 150-mm to 300-mm (6- to 12-inch) wheels with polyurethane or rubber tires are also available. These larger scooters are currently less prevalent, but because they provide more utility due to improved efficiency, several manufacturers are developing and promoting larger models. Two braking systems are common. Smaller, less expensive scooters have an articulated fender over the rear wheel that can be stepped on to create friction with the wheel. Larger models have a hand brake much like the brakes used on bicycles. A few inexpensive models have no brakes; users simply step on the rear wheel with their shoes or skid their feet on the ground. 15 Nonmotorized kick scooter use in the United States has increased phenomenally in the past several years. Although very few were sold in 1999, it was estimated that approximately 5 million scooters were sold in the United States in (10) 2000. As expected, scooter crashes have increased significantly as well. The U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) reported a 13-fold increase in emergency-room- treated scooter injuries between the first and (11) second half of 2000, from 2,820 to 37,750. Operational characteristics for nonmotorized scooters depend on many factors, including the abilities of the user and the design of the scooter. For example, a nonmotorized scooter with large aluminum wheels has lower rolling resistance than a scooter with small inline skate-type wheels, potentially resulting in faster acceleration rates and higher speeds. It is likely that the different braking systems result in different stopping distances and deceleration rates. Scooters likely Figure 2. Nonmotorized kick scooters. have varying maneuverability, as well. Motorized Kick Scooters Motorized kick scooters are usually larger than nonmotorized ones. Because the user does not normally need to push, these scooters often have a platform wide enough for two adult feet side by side. Motorized scooters can be either gasoline or electric powered.There are many different manufactures and styles of scooters with different characteristics.Due in part to legislation in some States, most scooters are governed to speeds below 32 km/h (20 mi/h). However, many owners of powered scooters customize their scooters, often removing or modifying the governors. Motorized scooters usually have hand brakes and often have larger, pneumatic rubber tires; and some have pedestal seats. 16 Baby Strollers This user group includes a variety of wheeled devices pushed by adults to transport babies or small children. Some stroller models can accommodate up to three children; a few models for four or more are also available on a limited basis. Stroller size varies greatly depending on the number of children to be carried and the type of stroller. The operational characteristics for all types of strollers depend on the wheel size, stroller geometry, and the physical ability of the adult who is pushing the stroller. On most strollers, the babies sit in a partially prone position facing away from the person pushing the device. Larger strollers (often called “baby carriages”) where babies lie totally prone are relatively rare in the public right-of-way. Limited research has been conducted on the use of strollers on public streets and shared use paths. However, two sources discuss stroller safety; one of the main stroller safety concerns is (12,13) lateral overturning. Conventional Strollers These devices typically have four wheels or four pairs of wheels; the wheels are generally small, about 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter. Strollers for one or two children are common, but strollers that carry three or four children are available as well. The small pivoting front wheels on these strollers make them fairly easy to maneuver, but limit their use on unpaved surfaces or rough pavement. These strollers are fairly difficult to maneuver over curbs, so the installation of curb ramps in the public right of way is valuable to these users. Umbrella strollers are foldable, lightweight versions of conventional strollers. Jogging Strollers In recent years, large-wheeled jogging strollers have become increasingly popular, especially for longer distance use on paths and roads (figure 3).These strollers usually have spoked wheels of about 300 to 500 mm (12 to 20 inches) diameter with pneumatic rubber tires allowing use at higher speeds and over more varied terrain. Jogging strollers that carry one or two children typically have three wheels, two in the back and one in the front; those for three children are 17 more rare and typically have narrowly spaced front wheels and two rear wheels with wider spacing. The wheels of jogging strollers do not pivot, so steering is accomplished by unweighting the front wheel or wheels and rotating the stroller on the rear axle. Some jogging strollers have hand brakes similar to bicycle brakes, improving stopping capabilities at higher speeds. Electric Bicycles Electric bicycles are similar in geometry to human-powered bikes but have a motor that provides pedal assistance and allows riders to accelerate, climb hills, and overcome wind resistance more easily than manually powered bikes. Depending on the rider’s weight, the terrain, and wind conditions, the average rider who travels a distance of 16 km (10 miles) at 16 km/hr (10 mi/h) under manual power can travel at 24 to 32 km/h (15 to 20 mi/h) with the same Figure 3. Jogging stroller for two. (14) effort when assisted by electric power.Electric bicycles can be obtained as stand-alone products or by adding an electric assist unit to an existing bicycle. Many States have addressed electric bicycles through legislation. Often the legislation allows electric assisted bikes on bike lanes and shared use paths. For example, an electric bicycle is (14) legally a “bicycle” in California, according to California Vehicle Code CVC 406(b). In (15) Florida, electric bicycles that travel under 32 km/h (20 mi/h) are considered “bicycles.” Because many State statutes limit speeds to 32 km/h (20 mi/h), manufacturers generally design and govern their electric bicycles to match this speed. This speed is not much different from that of a normal bicycle, so many operational characteristics are anticipated to be similar to those for bicycles. 18 It should be noted that there are also recumbent bicycles, tandem bicycles, and adult tricycles with electric-assisted power. Because these vehicles are relatively rare, they will probably not be evaluated independently, but some operational characteristics will likely be similar to their nonelectric equivalents. Tandem Bicycles Tandem bicycles (often called tandems) have positions for two cyclists; typically, the front rider (the “captain”) is responsible for steering, balance, shifting, braking, and pedaling, while the back rider (the “stoker”) adds pedaling power (figure 4). Due to the significant increase in pedaling energy without much additional wind resistance, tandems allow riders to travel faster and farther with the same Figure 4. Tandem bicycle. effort. The greater mass of a tandem means that tandem bicycles are generally slower traveling uphill and faster traveling downhill than single bikes. Tandem bicycles are typically equipped with multiple gears, including higher gears to accommodate the additional power. Most tandem bicycles are similar to upright single bikes where riders sit on a small saddle and reach forward to handlebars that are typically at or slightly above or below the seat height. Tandem bicycles are also available in recumbent versions. See below for a more detailed description of recumbent bicycles. 19 Recumbent Bicycles Recumbent bicycles, often simply called recumbents (or bents), are bicycles that allow riders to sit in a broad seat, usually with a backrest, potentially reducing neck and wrist pain. Recumbent handlebars are either in front of the rider at shoulder level above the seat or below the seat where (16) the user’s arms hang naturally. The pedals on recumbent bicycles are usually well forward of the seat (figure 5). Two-wheeled recumbents can be difficult to learn to balance, especially those with under-seat steering. As a result of the seated position, dismounting is more difficult on a recumbent as well. With pedals in front of the seat, riders cannot take advantage of their weight as on a standard bike. This typically results in slower acceleration from stops and the need for lower gears on hills, resulting in slower climbing speeds. The reduced wind resistance of recumbent bicycles provides for increased efficiency, resulting in higher speeds. Recumbents are generally longer and wider than upright bicycles, but they are available in many different shapes and sizes so length and operating width vary greatly. Their low profile results in decreased visibility by other road users, so many recumbent cyclists attach tall flags to increase their visibility. Figure 5. Recumbent bicycle. Recumbent Tricycles Some recumbents are tricycles, most often with two wheels in the front (sometimes two in the rear). These vehicles are wider and more stable at low speed than two-wheeled recumbent bicycles. However, when turning at higher speeds, these vehicles can be unstable. Manufacturers strive to maintain a low center of gravity and use high-tech steering mechanisms to overcome turning instability problems. Simpler, less efficient tricycles used by riders who have mobility impairments are discussed later in this report. 20 Tandem Recumbent Bicycles Recumbent bicycles are also available in tandem versions. Tandem recumbent bicycles have the potential for fairly high cruising speeds due to the lower wind resistance of a recumbent combined with the additional energy output of a tandem. These vehicles are uncommon. Bicycle Trailers Bicycle trailers are often used to carry children and to transport cargo. Trailers add to the total vehicle length and weight, which may decrease speed and maneuverability, while increasing turning radius and stopping distance. Trailers come in many different shapes and sizes, and are generally low to the ground, so other users may not see the additional length added to a bicycle. Trailer visibility is of increased importance when carrying children. Safety recommendations in several sources include installing a highflying fluorescent warning flag to increase visibility, allowing plenty of stopping distance, and using caution when maneuvering through tight (17,18) areas. Trailers with Two Wheels Many two-wheeled trailers are available for carrying children and cargo. Width and length vary, although the majority are relatively small trailers used for carrying children. A single design “vehicle” using the specifications of one of these trailers was used for evaluation. These trailers do not track behind the bicycle well, resulting in reduced maneuverability, especially at higher speeds. Trailers with Single Wheel A few single-wheeled trailers are available. These tend to be relatively compact and follow the bicycle very well. Maneuverability of the bicycle is not generally affected, but stopping distances are naturally increased due to the excess weight. These trailers are less common and they have much more maneuverability than two-wheeled trailers. 21 Trailer Bicycles Several models of trailer bicycles or “trailercycles” are available and used by many families on roads and shared use paths. These devices consist of a single-wheel “half bike” in a child’s size that can be attached to the back of a standard adult bicycle (or a tandem). These devices are relatively rare. Segway Human Transporter The Segway Human Transporter (HT) is a self-balancing, electric-powered transportation device (figure 6). Its footprint is not much larger than the human body’s and has a handlebar and platform similar to a scooter, but with two wheels side by side. The Segway uses gyroscopes and tilt sensors to monitor the body’s movements and balance the device on the single axle. When a person leans forward, the Segway HT moves forward; leaning backward causes it to move back. The Segway has no brakes; to stop the device, users simply straighten up from their leaning position. Turning is accomplished with a twisting motion on the handlebar. Because both wheels are on one axle, (19) it can turn in place with no turning radius. The Segway HT easily can be governed to travel at various (19) speeds up to a maximum of 12.5 mi/h (20 km/h). The manufacturer has been actively pursuing legislation throughout the United States to allow the Segway on sidewalks and paths. In some cases, requirements for different speeds on roads and sidewalks are being considered. Figure 6. A Segway user. 22 Manual Wheelchairs The manual wheelchair user group are individuals who use wheelchairs that are propelled by their own muscular strength and endurance (figures 7 and 8). Manual wheelchairs have a seat between two rear wheels usually about 600 mm (24 inches) in diameter. The 75-mm to 200- mm (3- to 8-inch) front wheels swivel to allow for easy steering. Users can propel themselves using push rims attached to the rear wheels. Braking is accomplished by resisting wheel movement with the hands or arms. Alternatively, another individual can control the wheelchair using handles attached to the back of (Photo by Peter Axelson.) Figure 7. Manual wheelchair.the chair. There are two general types of manual wheelchair: standard and lightweight; their performance characteristics are significantly different. Standard wheelchairs are typically used by individuals living in institutions, those who lack the financial resources for the purchase of a lightweight model, or those who simply prefer them. Lightweight wheelchairs are often referred to as “sports chairs” or “ultralights.” Their design is based on the types of wheelchairs developed by athletes with disabilities over the past 20 years. They usually feature a lighter weight frame, smaller footrests, smaller front caster wheels, lower back support only, and no arm rests in comparison to the standard models. They are also much more expensive than a standard manual wheelchair. Power-assist wheels are devices that can be attached to Figure 8. Another manual either a standard or lightweight manual wheelchair. They wheelchair. 23 provide propulsion via an electric motor to assist individuals with more limited arm strength who wish to travel over longer distances. A power unit with pneumatic tires and a steering tiller can also be attached to the front of a manual chair. There are several different categories of users of manual wheelchairs ranging from those with full upper body function to those with no independent mobility. Manual wheelchair users with limited or no independent mobility are generally pushed by another person, and may be trail users too. Power Wheelchairs Power wheelchairs utilize battery power to move the wheelchair (figure 9). Power wheelchairs are expensive relative to manual wheelchairs and typically weigh up to 115 kilograms (kg) (250 pounds). They often cannot be folded or disassembled for transport, (Photo by Peter Axelson.) so a ramp or lift-equipped van is required. The Figure 9. Power wheelchair. weight and bulk of a power wheelchair severely limits the size of obstacles—usually less than 50 mm (2 inches) in height—that can be negotiated without a ramp or bevel. Braking is usually passive; it occurs with deceleration when the power is turned off. Power wheelchairs are available in many different shapes and sizes. Many different wheel sizes are available as well. Individuals who use power wheelchairs typically have conditions that significantly limit their upper and lower body movement, strength, coordination, or endurance. Various control units are available that enable individuals to control the movement of their power wheelchair with very limited independent movements (e.g., a puff of breath). Assistive Powered Scooters Assistive powered scooters are three- or four-wheel devices designed to provide mobility for individuals with limited endurance for walking or using a manual wheelchair (figure 10). These 24 scooters have a tiller for steering and a comfortable seat, usually with a back and armrests. Standup two-wheel scooters used for recreation and transportation by primarily nondisabled users were described earlier in this report and are not included in this user group. These devices typically have a longer wheelbase than a power wheelchair, and are less expensive (costs are approximately comparable to lightweight manual wheelchairs). Power scooters rely on multiple batteries and can weigh up to 90 kg (200 pounds). Braking is provided via disk brakes or by a regenerative braking Figure 10. Assistive powered scooter. system utilizing the scooter’s motor. Transportation of the scooter requires partially disassembling the scooter (to fit it into a station wagon) or the use of a van or trunk-mounted lift. The tiller steering mechanism requires the user to physically turn the steering handle left and right to turn the vehicle. This requires substantially more strength and range of motion than the typical joystick control provided on powered wheelchairs. Adult Tricycles Adult tricycles are primarily used by older adults but may also be used by individuals with disabilities that affect balance or coordination, but who maintain the ability to perform the pedaling and braking motions required for using a tricycle. Adult tricycles generally have a comfortable, upright sitting position and three large wheels (approximately 650 mm (26 inches) in diameter), one in front and two in back. Typically, they do not have multiple gears, which limits their use on hilly or uneven terrain. Individuals who are unable to drive often use tricycles for local transportation, such as a short trip to the store. They can also be used for recreation in a manner similar to bicycles. 25 Hand Cycles (Stand-Alone) On stand-alone models of hand cycles, the pedaling motion is done with the arms (figures 11 and 12). Hand cycles are available with varying wheel sizes and with the single wheel in either the front or the rear. Hand cycles are also available that are designed with only two large wheels (one front and one back). Additional support, as Figure 11. Hand cycle. required, is provided by small caster wheels that are mounted on each side just behind the seat. The caster wheels do not touch the ground unless the rider leans the bicycle to one side or the other. Most stand-alone hand cycles have a relatively long, narrow wheelbase, which decreases the rider’s turning ability and increases the risk for capsize with sudden turning movements. Stand- alone models may offer a wide range of gearing and braking capabilities, depending on the type of use for which they are designed. Hand Cycle Wheelchair Attachment Hand cycle attachments that clip onto a manual wheelchair are an example of a propulsion method. Typically, these attachments include a front wheel and arm crank mechanism and incorporate a wide range of gearing options and hand brakes. These attachments offer an arm cycling option to manual wheelchair users but they do not Figure 12. Another hand cycle. offer the performance of a stand-alone hand cycle model. Hand cycle attachments are typically used for transportation or utilitarian purposes because the user can use the wheelchair in its normal manner when the destination is reached 26 (e.g., cycling to the store). Hand cycle attachments may also be used for recreational purposes, although most experienced cyclists would prefer a stand-alone model. Racing Wheelchairs Racing wheelchairs are specially modified manual wheelchairs that are designed to maximize their performance in specific activities. They are typically used by competitive athletes for training as well as competition and may be used on road or shared use path surfaces (figure 13). Given the amount of training time dedicated to a particular activity, individuals are usually (Photo by Peter Axelson.) Figure 13. Racing wheelchairs. very experienced and skilled in the use of a racing wheelchair. Road Racing Wheelchairs Road racing wheelchairs typically have a long wheelbase and fixed (nonsteerable) front wheels. The wheels consist of two large (approximately 700 mm (27.5 inches)) rear wheels with push rims for propulsion and braking. Most chairs also have hand brakes to assist in stopping at high speeds. A steering mechanism compensates for the crown of the road so that the athlete can push equally with both arms. Racers, even during training, will usually be traveling at a relatively high speed, particularly on downhill sections. Typically, a low seating position is preferred to increase stability and decrease resistance. The low seating position also reduces the user’s visibility by other road and shared use path users. Road racing wheelchairs are usually finely tuned for balance and use by one specific individual. 27 Off-Road Racing Wheelchairs Off-road racing wheelchairs typically are designed for recreational use on mountain bike or single-track trails (figures 14 and 15). They typically have all-terrain tires on four wheels with varying sizes from 400 mm to 650 mm (16 inches to 26 inches). They often utilize a more (Photo by Peter Axelson.) (Photo by Peter Axelson.) Figure 14. Off-road racing wheelchair. Figure 15. Another off-road racing wheelchair. rugged frame, incorporate a suspension system, and provide four-wheel braking systems actuated by hand brake levers. If used, gearing is accomplished through multiple push rims. A long and wide wheelbase with camber on the rear wheels is used to increase stability on a variety of terrains. Although they provide much more stability and control when traveling downhill (e.g., can be driven down a flight of stairs), they can be heavy and cumbersome for movement on level ground or going uphill. These devices are used infrequently on public roads and shared use paths, and were therefore beyond the scope of this study. Other Road and Shared Use Path Users with Disabilities A variety of road and shared use path users who do not, at first glance, appear to influence the characteristics of road and path use: (1) individuals with partial or total vision loss (who may not use a white cane or guide animal); (2) individuals with hearing impairments or deafness; (3) individuals with cognitive limitations; and (4) people who use other mobility devices, such as walkers, canes, prostheses, and crutches. While it was beyond the scope of this study to evaluate the characteristics of these groups, it is recommended that the needs of these road and shared use 28 path users be investigated and documented in a future study because their movement characteristics are known to differ from typical or expected patterns. Individuals with Partial or Total Vision Loss Individuals with vision loss usually will have independent mobility for use of roads and shared use paths as pedestrians. They often participate with another person (tandem bicycles are particularly popular for individuals with vision loss). Pedestrians with vision loss who use canes will follow edges to travel, while those who use dog guides typically use audible, tactile, and environmental cues in lieu of vision for obstacle detection and gap selection. In addition, their path of travel may be influenced by subtle changes in grade or cross slope that are not readily detected by others, or by overhead and overhanging branches, etc., and things that protrude into their travel paths. Individuals with Hearing Impairments or Deafness Individuals with limited hearing rely extensively on visual cues for safe and independent mobility. Unobstructed and well-lit sight lines along a facility and at intersections are needed. They may not respond as expected to the presence of auditory stimuli (e.g., the sound of approaching traffic or cyclists ringing a bell). Individuals with Cognitive Limitations For individuals with cognitive limitations, the additional information processing time required to acquire and understand external stimuli may significantly affect their movement and vehicle or device operational characteristics. Stopping times may be increased because of an increase in the time required to understand and interpret the stopping cue. Decisionmaking and purposeful movement may be compromised in complex situations or rapidly changing environments. The consequences of passing, acceleration, or sudden changes in movement pattern of other road and shared use path users may not be understood or considered. 29 Other Road and Shared Use Path Users Although the above summary of user groups is long, other devices and vehicles are occasionally used on roads and streets that have not been listed above. A full evaluation of these devices and vehicles as part of this study was either not possible or unnecessary for one of the following reasons: They are used very infrequently so a reasonable sample size could not be obtained. They are so small or are used at such slow speeds that their operational characteristics are less important because roads, shared use paths, and other public ways will necessarily be designed for the critical operational characteristics of larger and/or faster users. Although these user groups will not be described in detail, it is important to mention their existence, in the event that their use grows significantly and results in the need for evaluation as part of a future study: Unicycles—Devices with a single wheel, pedals, and a seat. Bicycle rickshaws and pedal carriages—Pedal vehicles with three or four wheels that are intended to carry one or more passengers in addition to the person pedaling the vehicle. Electric toys for children—Small electric devices, usually with four wheels, often designed to emulate full size adult motor vehicles. Child tricycles—Small, three-wheeled pedal devices used by small children. Bicycles with training wheels. “Low rider” bicycles—Bicycles that have been customized for aesthetics to be low to the ground and often longer than standard bicycles. In addition, mopeds and small motorcycles (scooters) are used on roads and in some places on shared use paths. However, these vehicles have been in use on public rights-of-way for a long time and most States specifically regulate them as motorized vehicles. As regulations already 30 exist and this study was conducted on shared use paths that are closed to these vehicles, they were not evaluated as part of this study. 31 SAFETY/CRASH DATA AVAILABILITY As part of this study, potential sources of information regarding the safety of emerging road and trail users were identified. The primary data sources examined were: Data from the NEISS. Other hospital discharge, trauma registry, or emergency department (ED) data. State motor vehicle crash databases. State narrative crash data. This section presents relevant information on each of these sources and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) contains information on motor vehicle crashes that result in a fatality to either a vehicle occupant or a nonoccupant (such as a pedestrian) within 30 days of the crash. However, the majority of crashes are not fatal and thus are not included in FARS. Moreover, FARS does not indicate whether a person was using a wheelchair, inline skates, or another emerging user device. Therefore, FARS was not considered to be a potential source of information and is not discussed in this section. NEISS Data NEISS was felt to be by far the most useful data source available for studying the safety of the identified emerging road and trail users. NEISS is an injury surveillance data collection system that is operated by the U.S. CPSC. It is currently based on a statistically valid sample of 100 hospital EDs nationwide. NEISS has been operational for 30 years, and recently (in 2000) expanded its scope to collect data on all injuries, rather than just those related to consumer products. Reported cases (generally between 200,000 and 300,000 a year before the recent expansion) are weighted to provide overall national estimates of injuries serious enough to require ED treatment. 33 Data are collected electronically at participating hospitals and immediately forwarded to CPSC. The data collection protocol includes information on the injury victim’s age, gender, race, injury diagnosis, ED disposition (treated and released, or admitted to the hospital), and the locale of the accident (home, farm/ranch, street or highway, school, place of recreation or sports, etc.). While the latter does not specifically include off-road trails, communication with CPSC revealed that this information might be captured in the 144-character narrative descriptions accompanying the reports. What makes the NEISS data especially valuable is the level of detail captured with regard to involved products. Currently, more than 900 different products can be identified. From the coding manual, it is not clear how some of the newer assistive vehicle types such as powered scooters, hand cycles, and powered wheelchairs would be identified, or how bicycle trailers are coded. Also, jogging strollers are not differentiated from conventional strollers. As in the case of location information, further detail may be available in the report narratives. Bicycle trailers (20) have been studied retrospectively using NEISS data. Additionally, if a subject was not using a device, but rather was injured by someone else using the device, that information might not be coded in the database; a review of narratives would be required to obtain this data. NEISS data are publicly available, and CPSC has a long history of cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and other Government agencies in using the data for research purposes other than identifying potential product hazards. In addition to reports taken from the computerized database, the CPSC regularly conducts special “follow-back” studies in which it contacts the victim, the victim’s parent, or a witness (usually by telephone, but sometimes involving on-site investigations) for more detailed information. Generally, these contacts can be made within a few weeks of the occurrence of the injury. This approach was used for an in-depth study of (21) bicycle-related injuries occurring in 1991. In reviewing the literature on the safety of the various emerging road and trail users being (10,22,23) examined in the current study, NEISS data were frequently cited. 34 Wheelchair-related injuries and deaths may also be reported in greater detail to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as required under its Medical Device Reporting program (data available at http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/mdrfile.html), or as part of its voluntary MedWatch (23) program. For example, FDA data served as the basis for a study on wheelchair safety. Devices examined in this study included manual wheelchairs, powered wheelchairs, and assistive scooters. In summary, the NEISS data appear to be an especially rich source of information on the safety of many emerging vehicle types targeted in this study. Because its basis is in hospital EDs, it incorporates data on injury events occurring on and off public roadways, and regardless of whether or not a motor vehicle was involved. The data constitute a statistically valid national sample, and CPSC has a long tradition of working cooperatively with researchers and other Government agencies interested in accessing the data. In addition, opportunities exist for further expanding the available data by incorporating follow-back telephone interviews into the data collection process. Other Hospital-Based Sources of Data Literally hundreds of studies in the published literature deal with skateboard and skating injuries, and a rapidly growing body of literature addresses nonmotorized and motorized scooter injuries; a few specialized studies consider bike trailers, golf carts, and racing wheelchairs. The primary source of data for these studies has been hospital ED data—either individual case series from a single hospital, or local or regional trauma registry data. Studies have involved both retrospective examination of ED records and prospective case identification, and have most often targeted a single user category (e.g., inline skate injuries in children). In addition to studies conducted here in the United States, a significant number of studies have been conducted in Australia, Great Britain, and the Scandinavian countries. While much can be learned from these studies, they generally do not represent viable data sources for further study. The data are typically not publicly available, and often involve some level of specialized data collection. They are also relatively small-scale studies that may not be generalizable to larger populations. 35 An exception would be studies based on data from a population-based trauma registry, such as a State, regional (multihospital), or national registry. Trauma registries most often capture information on hospitalized patients, but in some cases collect information on those treated in the ED, as well. An example of a large, publicly available trauma registry database is the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), established by the American College of Surgeons in 1997 (with data extending back to 1994). As of 2001, the NTDB contained data from four State registries and from 67 hospitals in 29 States, representing all regions of the United States. Still, overall (24) case numbers were relatively small, at slightly more than 181,000 cases (1994–1999 data). Another example of a national trauma registry is the National Pediatric Trauma Registry, a voluntary system of reporting of pediatric trauma patients ages 0 to 19 years that was operational until February 2002. Although no new data are being added to the system, researchers can still access the available data, including a total of more than 43,000 submitted cases from 1994– (25) 2001. A major disadvantage of trauma registry and most other routinely collected hospital-based data is that it is not sufficiently detailed with respect to the cause of injury, and in particular the involvement of specific equipment such as inline skates, scooters, and motorized wheelchairs. Most rely on standardized E-Codes for coding the cause of injury. But while E-Codes differentiate among pedestrians and bicyclists being struck by motor vehicles on and off public roadways, they do not identify the specific equipment being used at the time, or the specific location of the user if not in the roadway. Neither is it possible to obtain this information through special follow-up studies because the identity of subjects is generally stripped from the files. Thus, existing hospital-based data sources would appear to be of limited usefulness for studying the safety characteristics of emerging road and trail users. Such limitations could, of course, be overcome by implementing a hospital-based data collection system specifically designed to gather information on the safety of the various user groups of interest. One could also attempt to modify a data collection system or trauma registry already in place. Both are likely to be costly undertakings, especially in light of the large number of hospitals that would need to participate to generate a sufficient number of cases with respect to the “rarer” user groups, including adult tricycles, tandem bicycles, and racing wheelchairs. 36 State Motor Vehicle Crash Data State motor vehicle crash files are another potential source of information on the safety of emerging road and trail users. To determine whether States collect information on the various user groups identified, the researchers sent a brief e-mail survey (included in the appendix) to the crash form coordinator in each State. The names of the crash form coordinators and their e-mail addresses were obtained from NHTSA’s Traffic Records System Inventory Web site (http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people /perform/trafrecords/crash/Pages/coordinators.htm). The site also provides telephone numbers and downloadable copies of State crash report forms. Surveys were initially sent to the 40 States with available e-mail addresses. Of these 40, however, only 22 proved to be viable (i.e., deliverable) addresses, and only 15 responded. Researchers continued to follow up with nonrespondents, and also began trying to contact persons by telephone to obtain updated e-mail addresses. Eventually, researchers were able to identify e-mail addresses for all but a few States, and obtained completed surveys for 35. The results are not especially encouraging. In response to the question about whether specific user groups could be identified on their computerized crash database, the number of “yes” responses (out of 35) is shown in table 3. Table 3. User types that can be identified in State motor vehicle crash files. NUMBER OF “YES” USER TYPE STATES RESPONSES Inline skates 4 NV, NY, NC, OH Skateboards 2 NV, NC Nonmotorized scooter 0 Motorized scooter 7 AZ, AR, GA, KS, KY, NV, VT Nonstandard bicycle 0 Adult tricycle 0 Hand cycle 0 Bicycle trailer 2 OR, WY Golf cart 0 Wheelchair 2 NV, OR Assistive powered scooter 0 Racing wheelchair 1 OR 37 Four States indicated that they could identify inline skaters (or rollerbladers), but in two of these States (Nevada and North Carolina), inline skaters were coded together with skateboards. Seven States indicated that they could identify motorized scooters; however, we believe that in most if not all of these cases, the motorized scooter that the respondent was referring to was the larger powered motorbike similar to a motorcycle, and not the small, motorized stand-on scooter that we had intended by our question. The exception may be Nevada, which indicated that it had begun collecting data on motorized scooters in November 2001. The only other special use groups identified by any of the States were bicycle trailers (two States), wheelchairs (two States), and racing wheelchairs (one State). In the case of wheelchairs, Oregon indicated that although they had been coded separately since 1998, they were not differentiated by type. This may also be the case in Nevada (i.e., Nevada may code racing wheelchairs along with regular wheelchairs). Thus, there appears to be few data available on emerging road and trail users from computerized State motor vehicle crash databases. Anticipating this might be the case, we also asked the coordinators whether their State computerized the narrative descriptions of crashes, either full descriptions or key words, and if they did, whether this data could be electronically searched. Five States (Arkansas, Delaware (under development), North Carolina, Oregon, and Rhode Island) indicated that they did computerize some or all of their crash narratives, and three of these (North Carolina, Oregon, and Rhode Island) indicated that these data could be searched using key words to identify potentially relevant crash reports for the various identified user groups. A final question asked respondents whether there had been any efforts in their State to use available crash data to study the safety of any of the identified emerging user groups (not including standard bicycles). Florida indicated that its department of transportation had studied inline skaters, and Vermont that pedestrians had been studied (although without reference to any of the identified user groups). In North Carolina, the crash data have been queried in response to requests from the public, but no formal studies have been carried out on any of the identified user groups. Several respondents indicated that these user groups were not felt to constitute a safety problem in their State. 38 As a side task, we searched the North Carolina crash data to identify all crashes in which “Person Type” was coded as “roller skater, roller blader, etc.” Over a period of approximately 2.5 years (2000, 2001, and through about August 2002), only 17 such cases were coded. However, it was clear that the coding was not entirely accurate, since when we examined the hard copies of the crash reports for these cases, 9 of the 17 did not appear to involve skaters. In addition, there were cases that we had identified from our narrative search (see following section) that should have been coded in this category but were not. This admittedly limited pilot effort suggests that routinely coded crash data may not be the most complete or reliable source of information on emerging road users. Based on these results, it does not appear that State motor vehicle crash databases are especially useful sources of information on the safety of the emerging road and trail users that are the focus of the current study. Although this is primarily because only a few States are collecting data on only a few of the user categories, it is also because the data that are collected are limited almost entirely to crashes involving motor vehicles and occurring on public roadways. Recognizing these limitations, it may still be useful to pool available information from selected States to study the characteristics of, for example, crashes involving inline skaters or skateboard users. While sample sizes are likely to be too small for a statistical analysis of the data, the identified crash reports could be accessed and reviewed as a case series to identify potentially important characteristics, such as involved age groups and factors contributing to the crash. State Narrative Crash Data As noted above, at least three States—Oregon, Rhode Island, and North Carolina—computerize some or all of the narrative descriptions contained on their crash reports, and are able to conduct key word searches of these data. Theoretically, at least, this should make it possible to identify crashes involving any road user group desired, regardless of whether they are coded elsewhere on the form. In practice, narrative searches always underestimate the occurrence of a particular crash type, because (1) officers do not always report the information, (2) if they do report the information, they may use words, or spellings of words, that do not coincide with any of the key search terms chosen, and/or (3) there may be omissions or other errors in entering the narrative 39 data into the computerized database. For example, an officer may fail to notice that a child struck by a car was riding a scooter at the time, or may refer to the scooter in his report as a “push bike” or “skooter.” In North Carolina, narrative searches have been used to study a wide array of topics that otherwise could not have been studied from the computerized crash data alone. Examples include post-crash fires, deer crashes, cellular phone use and crashes, driver distractions, billboards, hydroplaning in wet weather crashes, and road debris as a causative factor in crashes. To explore the potential usefulness of narrative searches for identifying crashes involving emerging road and trail users, we used the following search words to identify crashes potentially involving inline skates, roller blades, or skateboards: inline, skate, roller, blade. This list generated 43 narratives for crashes occurring between January and some time in August 2002. However, upon reading the printed narratives, many of these were found to be false hits: for rollerroller example, reference to a tape used in taking measurements, an asphalt used in road blade repair, or a snow plow . Eight narratives were true “hits.” Examples of these appear below: “Vehicle 1 made a right turn onto Hillburn Street from Chapel Road. Pedestrian child rollerskate wasblading across Hillburn Street. Driver 1 stated that child d from his blind spot directly in front of vehicle. Driver 1 stated he did not see the child until the collision.” roller “After interviewing witnesses and subjects involved it was determined that ped was blading in roadway and attempted to cross roadway making contact with the vehicle 2 on the front left quarter panel and then rolling up onto the windshield and was thrown off the front into the roadway.” skate “Driver Vehicle 1 stated he had just about passed the child on a board when the child moved back into the street and hit [his truck].” skate “Driver of Vehicle 1 stated she was going straight ahead and the child was riding a board and came out of side street and struck her vehicle. Pedestrian’s mother stated that her son told her he couldn’t stop in time and struck vehicle 1 in the side.” 40 While these are only a few example cases, they illustrate how narrative searches can be used to identify crashes of interest that otherwise might go undetected on the computerized crash database. In addition to underestimating the occurrence of a particular type crash, data resulting from computerized narrative searches will suffer from the same limitations as the computerized report data, namely, a restriction to crashes involving motor vehicles and occurring on public roadways. This data source is again likely to be most useful when used as a basis for a case series study to provide guidance to a larger data collection and analysis activity. Summary In summary, a variety of data sources were examined for their potential for providing information on the safety of the emerging road and trail users that are the focus of this FHWA study. While there are advantages and disadvantages to each of the sources, the data available through the NEISS system operated by the CPSC appears to present the greatest advantages (see table 4). It is recommended that FHWA, NHTSA, and the CDC jointly sponsor a study using NEISS data and incorporating follow-back telephone interviews to gather comparative data on the crashes and injuries associated with these various user groups. 41 Table 4. Summary of advantages and disadvantages to the data sources reviewed. DATA ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES SOURCE NEISS Nationally representative data. Some limitations on data items routinely coded (e.g., insufficient Publicly available. detail on location of injury event, Ongoing, routine data collection. user experience). Current data. All types crashes, all locations. Special studies option. Relatively inexpensive. Other Hospital-Good for studying specific Generally not representative sample Based Data populations and specific problems. of cases (except in larger trauma registries). Many excellent studies already conducted.Can be expensive. Data may not be publicly available. No opportunities to “customize” data collection elements; may not include desired data items. Computerized Potentially large number of cases, at Specific user categories generally Crash Data no additional cost. not identified. Wealth of additional crash event Limited to injuries resulting from information available for analysis. collisions with motor vehicles on public roadways. Computerized Viable alternative for accessing Few States maintain searchable Crashrelevant crash reports when user narrative databases. Narrativesgroups are not routinely coded. Will underreport number of events. Provides case series descriptive data Limited to injuries resulting from to help guide future research. collisions with motor vehicles on public roadways. 42 FIELD DATA COLLECTION PLAN This study evaluated the following characteristics of emerging road and trail users: Physical dimensions: length, width, height, eye height, wheelbase, wheel spacing, wheel diameter, tire/wheel width, tire type. Space required for three-point turn. Lateral operating space (sweep width). Turning radii. Acceleration capabilities. Speed. Stopping sight distance: perception / reaction (time) and braking distance. Data were collected at three data collection (“Ride for Science”) events held in 2003: Pinellas Trail in St. Petersburg, FL (January 25, 2003); Paint Branch Trail in College Park, MD (May 3, 2003); and San Lorenzo River Trail in Santa Cruz, CA (June 13, 2003) (figures 16–18). Figure 16. Pinellas Trail, St. Petersburg, FL. Figure 17. Paint Branch Trail, College Figure 18. San Lorenzo River Trail, Park, MD. Santa Cruz, CA 43 In addition to being geographically dispersed, the event sites met several other criteria including: Portions of the trails functioned at unconstrained levels of operation. The trails were relatively flat and the observation stations were not influenced by grades. There was sufficient space along the sides of the trails to set up observation stations. The trails were within metropolitan areas. The event sites were located adjacent to large, flat, smooth paved surfaces that could accommodate the turning radius station. Parking Registration • Station #1 - Physical Characteristics • Station #4 – Acceleration Station Station #2 - Turning Station • Station #3 - Turning Radii • Station #5 - Sweep Width Station Station #6 - Speed Station Station # 7 – Deceleration Station End Event Figure 19. Typical layout of data collection stations (San Lorenzo River Trail). 44 Figure 20. Trail users consisted of both Figure 21. Trail user intercept signage. active and in situ participants. Data were collected by observing trail users at seven stations (figure 19). The trail users consisted of both active and in situ (passive) participants (figure 20). Active participants were those who either were intercepted on the shared use path (via event signage; see figure 21) or responded to the public outreach program and specifically traveled to the location to actively participate in the data collection event. They were recruited through contacts with mode specific clubs (inline skaters, skateboarders, Segway users), seniors’ centers, and schools. Flyers were placed in sporting goods stores and parks. Advocacy groups for disabled individuals were also contacted. Active participants registered with the data collection team and generally progressed through all the data collection stations. In situ participants were those who were on the shared use path just “passing through” the event stations. Thus, at all seven stations, data were collected from active participants. At two stations, speed and lateral operating space, data were also collected on in situ participants. A total of 551 in situ participants and 260 active participants were observed at the three events (table 5) for a total of 811 participants. 45 Table 5. Active and in situ participants at each event. CALIFORNIAFLORIDA MARYLAND TOTAL Active 95 81 84 260 In situ 193 210 148 551 Total 288 291 232 811 Age and gender were obtained for many of the active participants. The ages ranged from 5 to 88, and the breakdown by equipment type is shown in table 6. Table 6. Gender distribution and ages of active participants. MEAN AGE USER TYPE N (by gender)MALE FEMALE N (by age) (years) Bicycle 115 57% 43% 114 39 Hand cycle 21 52% 48% 20 33 Inline skates 20 65% 35% 21 37 Kick scooter 7 43% 57% 7 25 Manual wheelchair 7 86% 14% 7 46 Power wheelchair 5 80% 20% 6 48 Recumbent bicycle 6 100% 0% 5 52 Other 8 50% 50% 8 36 The physical characteristics (Station 1) and three-point turn widths (Station 2) were measured using tape measures. Synchronized video cameras were set up to record participant movements at the other stations (figure 22). Several types of video logging, including digital video, were employed to capture and document the operational characteristics of emerging road and trail users and their safety. The accurate and precise video documentation of the user groups was essential to the success of this study. As technology has advanced, digital data collection equipment has become more economical and productive. Thus digital technology was used at all stations to ensure optimized precise viewing, timing, and subsequently convenient downloading of data. Highly specialized audio-visual staff was directed by the Assistant Principal Investigator to provide the technical setup, supervision, and maintenance of the video-based stations to ensure 46 maximum efficiency. This decreased the margins for error, assuring a complete one-time setup (after the pilot testing, of course). Another important consideration in planning data collection was the methodology employed at each survey data station. Each station was preliminarily designed and extensively pilot tested, considering any earlier research and Figure 22. Video cameras were setup to record participant movements at Stations developing several options for data collection 3 through 7. techniques (figure 23).During the subsequent data reduction and analysis portions of the study, because all data had been collected digitally, the data could be computer interfaced to streamline the data reduction and analysis times. a. Bicyclist riding through b. Video camera. acceleration station. c. Video camera recorder and video monitor. d. Inline skater traveling e. Event staff checks through acceleration station. equipment. Figure 23. Equipment testing at data collection stations. 47 A precursor to determining equipment needs was an understanding of the objective (operational consideration) of each station, the station’s unique data objectives, and, ultimately, the design application of the information. Accordingly, the survey station designs, data collection, and analysis was planned in a comprehensive manner so that future facilities design can be done more accurately and that the safety of road and trail users will be enhanced. This applications-focused backdrop helped determine the specific equipment used at each station. Each station also required Figure 24. Temporary pavement markings were extensive pilot testing and technical tested. analysis of equipment options, from the video recording media to the quad synchronization communication devices. Various temporary pavement markings (for data reduction reference) were tested to maximize data reduction accuracy while minimizing effects to normal trail operations (figure 24). Following each data collection event, the videotapes were converted to digital format and subsequently viewed to reduce the data and determine operational characteristics, as described below for each of the seven stations. Registration desks were established for each data collection event (figure 25). Participants who responded to the outreach campaigns or trail intercept signage signed in and were given a briefing on the purpose of the study, an overview of the event and course, and Figure 25. Registration desk. safety provisions. 48 Station 1—Physical Characteristics At the first station, the physical characteristics of active participants and their equipment were measured (figure 26). These included: 1. Length—measured parallel to the direction of travel, including the user’s body, if applicable. 2. Width—measured perpendicular to the direction of travel, including the user’s a. Physical measurements of a body if it extends beyond the device or vehicle. wheelchair and rider. 3. Height—measured from the ground to the highest point on the device or vehicle or the top of the user’s head, whichever is higher. 4. Eye height—measured from the ground to the user’s eye location. 5. Wheelbase—measured between the front axle and the rear axle of the device or vehicle. b. Physical measurements of a bicycle and rider. 6. Wheel spacing—measured from the Figure 26. Physical measurements. center of one outside wheel to the center of the other outside wheel. 7. Wheel diameter—measured vertically from the point of contact with the ground to the highest point on the wheel. 49 8. Tire or wheel width. 9. Tire type (pneumatic, polyurethane, solid rubber, etc.) These physical dimensions can be used by practitioners to provide an assessment of users’ operational characteristics and facility design features that are critical to some user groups. For example, pavement condition requirements for a user group depend on the size and type of wheels and tires of the device or vehicle. Large-wheeled vehicles and devices like bicycles and jogging strollers can be used on a variety of pavements. Small-wheeled devices like skateboards, inline skates, and kick scooters are nearly impossible to use on unpaved surfaces and can be uncomfortable and difficult to operate on rough pavements such as chip seal and asphalt with large aggregate. Similarly, pavement condition is a factor in wheelchair travel. Manual and powered wheelchairs that are built to optimize indoor maneuvering will not be as usable in the outdoor environment. For motorized scooters, wheelchairs, and other assistive devices, the critical measurement is width, which is necessary to determine the minimum clear width for passage. Section 4.2.1 of the ADAAG requires a minimum clear width of 815 mm (32 inches) at a point, and 915 mm (36 inches) continuously, for single wheelchair passage. In addition, Section 4.2.2 of the ADAAG requires that the minimum width for two wheelchairs to pass is 1525 mm (60 inches). Maneuvering around a turn requires additional space for wheeled devices. Where bollards, fences, gates, or turnstiles restrict access to shared use paths, users may have difficulty getting their devices through the restricted area. The results of this research will help provide facility designers with the information needed to design for both accessibility and safe operation. 50 Station 2—Three-Point Turn A three-point turn is defined as a maneuver where the user starts at one edge of the shared use path, makes a forward turn toward the other side of the path, backs up while turning the device or vehicle in the other direction, and then makes a forward turn in the original direction to complete the 180-degree turn. Designers can use this information to select shared use path widths and, if necessary, build wider turnaround areas, so that users can execute U-turns within the confines of the path. To make a U-turn, bicyclists can dismount, pick up their bikes, turn them around, get back on, and ride off in the desired direction. This is often not possible for people with mobility impairments, or other users. Instead, they must be able to turn around in their manual or powered wheelchair, hand cycle, or other device within the confines of the traveled way. However, the turning radius of these devices can make it difficult or impossible for a user to make a U-turn on a narrow shared use path. For example, it was discovered in this research that a hand cyclist can require 4.5 m to 6 m (15 ft to 20 ft) to make a U-turn. In these situations, a multipoint turn is necessary. At this station, active participants were asked to make a three-point turn and the width that they required was measured (figure 27). (Illustration by Peter Axelson.) Figure 27. Three-point turn. 51 Station 3—Turning Radii Typical turning radii are critical in determining the horizontal alignment of roads and shared use paths. A bicyclist leans inward (toward the center of a curve) and is likely to slow down while rounding the curve so that he/she does not fall outward due to centrifugal force. The extent of the lean, as measured from the perpendicular, is the lean angle. As the turning radius increases, the bicyclist does not have to lean as much to overcome centrifugal force, holding speed constant. Alternatively, a higher turning radius means that the bicyclist can maintain the same lean angle and travel around the curve at a faster speed. For bicycles, AASHTO (p. 38) recommends a minimum radius of 12 m (36 ft) for a design speed of 20 km/h (12 mi/h), (2) increasing to a minimum radius of 74 m (225 ft) for a design speed of 50 km/h (30 mi/h). This recommendation is based on a 15-degree lean angle. Only active participants were used for the turning radius measurements. Turning paths with predetermined radii were delineated in a large paved area (figures 28 and 29). Careful briefing was done to ensure that participants understood the testing procedure (figure 30). Several research staff oversaw the Figure 28. Participant within turning radii station. stations at the various events to ensure proper participant flow-through (figure 31). The participants traveled through the largest radius path first (figure 32).They repeated the process on paths with progressively smaller radii (figure 33). The multiple-synchronized cameras enabled multiperspective time-stamped videoing of active participants as they went through each radius. The composite video was subsequently viewed to determine the times that participants entered and exited each radius. The 52 data entry spreadsheet was set up to calculate the average speeds, based on these recorded times, as participants traveled through each radius. observer/ elevated camera setup briefer / starter Figure 29. Turning radius layout (not to scale). Figure 30. The participants were briefed at the turning radius station. 53 Figure 31. Research staff oversaw the Figure 32. A participant traveling through turning radius station to ensure proper the largest radius path. participant flow-through. Figure 33. Participants traveling through progressively smaller turning radii. 54 Station 4—Acceleration The acceleration rate is defined as the time that it takes for a user to accelerate from a stopped position to a normal cruising speed. Practitioners use acceleration rates to calculate gap acceptance and the necessary intersection sight distance. This is especially important at intersections of shared use paths and roadways where path users are stopped and waiting to cross the roadway. Path users must correctly judge whether gaps in oncoming traffic provide sufficient time to cross the roadway safely, based on the speed of oncoming motor vehicles, their own acceleration capabilities, and the width of the roadway to be crossed. Acceleration capabilities were measured for active participants. The acceleration data were collected using time-stamped video to determine the elapsed time for the participants accelerating along a 61-m (200-ft) section of the course (figure 34). This section was further subdivided into lines at 12.2-m (40-ft) spacings. Participants were asked to accelerate to their normal running speed (figures 35 and 36). The time when each participant crossed each transverse line was recorded. Figure 34. Participants accelerated along a 60-m (200-ft) section of the course. 55 Figure 35. Participants were asked to accelerate to their normal speed. Figure 36. A skateboarder starting to accelerate. 56 Station 5—Lateral Operating Space (Sweep Width) Space requirements of transportation users are one of the essential inputs in facility design, Highway Capacity particularly in determining cross-sectional dimension needs of facilities. The (26) Manual outlines the levels of service for shared use paths from the perspective of bicyclists, (27) keying on the calculation of passing hindrance, an operational condition affected by relative speed differentials, acceleration rates, and physical space requirements among bicyclists and pedestrians. The proportion of inline skating and other emerging transportation and recreational modes is rapidly increasing on our Nation’s shared path facilities. Thus, over time, if the trend continues, the approach of using only bicyclist and pedestrian user groups, as outlined in chapter 2000 Highway Capacity Manual 11 and 19 of the (HCM), to determine a shared use path’s level of service (hence design width) may result in under-designed or undersized transportation facilities. User densities within a transportation facility can often influence the space occupied by the HCM 2000 various emerging users (Fruin, as referenced in the ). For example, for inline skaters and perhaps scooter operators, as the operating conditions become congested, people’s freedom to maneuver becomes constrained and speeds decrease, and the operational space occupied by the user may decrease. Accordingly, researchers focused the survey design, hence data collection, of space dimensions to actual occupied horizontal and vertical dimensions of users operating within uncrowded pathway operating sections of the shared use paths. Lateral operating space (or “sweep width”) is the width needed by the user to operate in a safe manner under normal conditions. In general, this width is much greater than the measured width of the user in a stopped position. This is especially the case for inline skaters. A person who swerves left and right (such as an inline skater) will occupy more lateral space, and have a wider sweep width, than a person whose movements are parallel to the edges of the trail (such as a bicyclist). Both the tread and max values of sweep width were recorded. The tread is the width of the contact(s) with the ground. For example, the tread of a bicycle is the width of its tires. The tread of a wheelchair is the width from the outer edge of the left tire to the outer edge of the right tire. The max includes the width of the user. For example, a young child bicyclist will have a narrower max than an overweight adult bicyclist. The tread and max values also vary 57 with the path that the participants follow while traveling through this station. A person has wider tread and max values if he/she travels diagonally from the left edge to the right edge of the trail than if he/she travels straight down the middle, parallel to the edges of the trail. Determining the lateral operating space of each user group at varying speeds is important for determining appropriate shared use path widths, given knowledge of trail user volumes and application of the Highway Capacity Manual level of service methodologies in the as calibrated in FHWA’s recent “Operation of Shared Use Paths” study. At each event, a section of trail was marked with longitudinal lines (figures 37 and 38). Both active and in situ participants were videotaped as they traveled through this section. The video was subsequently reviewed to determine the tread and max values for each participant. Figure 37. Sweep width station. 58 1 m = 3.28 ft Figure 38. Sweep width and speed. Station 6—Speed Speed is defined as the normal cruising speed of users on a flat, smooth section of a shared use path. The speed characteristics of emerging road and trail users are generally influenced by age, gender, experience, weather and pavement conditions, operating conditions, and facility (8) geometrics. Practitioners can use typical cruising speeds to develop design speeds for each user group. Design speed is critical in determining horizontal and vertical alignments. Speed is also used in calculating necessary sight distances. Time-stamped video was obtained of both active and in situ participants as they traversed the section of trail marked with lateral lines within Station 5 (figure 39). The video was subsequently reviewed to determine the times that participants crossed each of the two lines. The data entry spreadsheet was set up to calculate the average speeds based on these recorded times. 59 Figure 39. Speed (and sweep width) station. Station 7—Stopping Sight Distance (Deceleration) Stopping sight distance is the total distance traversed by a user between the point where he/she recognizes the existence of an object or situation that requires a stop and the point where he/she has come to a safe stop. This is perhaps one of the most widely used user characteristics in the design of transportation facilities. Stopping distance is based on two components: the distance plus traveled by the user during his/her perception and reaction time the distance required to physically brake to a stop. Accordingly, the stopping distance station was designed to capture both characteristics. The first, the distance traveled during the users’ perception and reaction time, was captured with a digital video log similar to the physical setup of the speed studies. Subjects were videoed (from multiple camera positions, see figure 40) within a segment of the shared path. The duration (using a synchronized time display on the video frames) and distance traveled from the “stop” signaling for our downstream-positioned staff to the users’ physical commencement of braking was captured on synchronized videos and later reduced by analysis of (8)(28) the video logs. This approach was different from that used by Birriel et al. and Brown, who documented only the braking component of the stopping distance action. 60 Figure 40. Stopping sight distance. The research team surveyed the second component of stopping sight distance, the actual braking distance, in the following manner. As shown in figure 41, several video cameras were positioned at strategic points around the braking test area. This portion of the camera setup was similar to (8) the methods pioneered by Birriel et al. Data reduction and calculations were done in a similar fashion to that for the perception-reaction component. Figure 41. Several video cameras were positioned at strategic points around the braking area. 61 AASHTO defines stopping sight distance as: 2 V dVt 02780039.. (1) a where: d = stopping sight distance t = brake reaction time, seconds V = design speed, km/h 2 (29) a = deceleration rate, m/sec The first term in the above equation is the distance traveled during the user’s brake reaction time. (2) AASHTO uses a brake reaction time of 2.5 seconds for bicyclists. It is entirely possible that other user groups have different brake reaction times. Of course some variation in brake reaction times is likely among the individuals within each user group. The second term in the equation is the braking distance, defined as the distance traveled once the user applies the brakes and before he/she comes to a stop. Only active participants were used for stopping sight distance. During the registration briefing, participants were told that at some point along the course they may be presented with a STOP sign, and if so, they were to stop as “quickly as is comfortable.” There were several points along the shared use path where the pavement was marked with a 1 m reference gridon the approach to a “dummy” STOP sign controller. This was done to minimize the participants’ anticipation of where the stopping maneuver was to occur. The layout of the actual stopping station is shown in figure 40. An orange cone was placed 30 m (100 ft) in advance of the STOP sign controller to mark the AASHTO stopping sight distance for a bicyclist traveling at 30 km/h (20 mi/h). At various points before the participant reached the cone, the STOP sign controller signaled for the participants to initiate their stop (figure 42). 62 Figure 42. STOP sign controller signaling a bicyclist to stop. 63 REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA The ADAAG set minimum criteria for accessibility of pedestrian facilities throughout the United States. By law, States and local jurisdictions are required to follow ADAAG when constructing and altering any pedestrian facility. In this study, we recognized ADAAG as rule and thus Guide focused on evaluating select design guidelines contained in the AASHTO , wherein discretion may be allowed by a designer. Consequently we have enumerated in this section of the report the applicable AASHTO criteria for each operational characteristic and compared the AASHTO values to the values that were observed for the participants. While the purpose of this Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities research was not to evaluate the AASHTO , that document is currently used throughout the United States to set operational criteria for shared use paths, and it considers the bicycle to be the design vehicle.The analyses reveal important information about the physical dimensions, speeds, etc. for various user types and, thus, how well those various users might be accommodated on facilities designed in accordance with the AASHTO bicycle criteria (figure 43). The implications of our findings are covered in the next section, “Discussion.” As that section will detail, the bicycle, in many cases, is not the critical design vehicle. The following discussion focuses on user types for which five or more users were observed in this study. Figure 43. The study reveals important information on various users now common on shared use paths. 65 Study Limitations This study contains some limitations. First, the distribution of participants by user type as shown in the following tables may not be representative of the overall user population on the three trails, nor of shared use paths throughout the United States. For example, the observed proportion of hand cyclists (32 out of 260) is likely higher than their incidence at other times (when promoted “Ride for Science” events were not taking place) (figure 44). Second, the active participants registered with the data collection team and were aware that they were being observed. Thus, they may have been motivated to perform differently than if they had been in situ participants. Third, measurements were taken on only individual users, not users traveling side-by-side or one in front of the other. Thus, the design implications discussed in this study pertain only to individual users. For instance, two hand cyclists traveling abreast will require more path width than a solo hand cyclist. Three inline skaters traveling one after the other may require more time to cross an intersection than a single inline skater. Moreover, individuals may behave differently when they are part of a group than when they are traveling alone. Fourth, the sample sizes by user type varied widely. Among the 260 active users, the largest user type was bicyclists (139). At the other end, twenty-two user types had one user each. Much of the following discussion focuses on user types for which five or more users were observed in this study. Figure 44. Thirty-two hand cyclists were active participants in this study. 66 Eye Height Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 40) assumes a bicyclist eye height of 140 cm (54 inches) in calculating the minimum length of vertical curve necessary to provide minimum stopping sight distance at various speeds on crest vertical curves or sag (2) vertical curves with overhead sight obstructions. Vertical curves are described in more detail in the Discussion section of this report. Table 7 shows that the mean eye height for bicyclists in th this study was 157 cm (62 inches). The 85 percentile eye height for bicyclists was 150 cm (59 inches). In other words, 85 percent of bicyclists had eye heights of 150 cm (59 inches) or greater. Consequently, the AASHTO value seems conservative with the minimum values observed for bicyclists. Hand cyclists appear to be the critical user for shared use path design of vertical curves, as they th had the lowest mean (96 cm (38 inches)) and 85 percentile (85 cm (33 inches)) eye heights. th Among equipment types with five or more users, the 85 percentile eye heights were less than 140 cm (54 inches) for users of the following: hand cycles, kick scooters, manual wheelchairs, power wheelchairs, and recumbent bicycles. The low eye heights for scooters may have been due to the users’ ages. 67 Table 7. Eye height. THTHTH MEANSTD DEV15 PER85 PER 95 PER USER TYPE N (cm)(cm)(cm)(cm)(cm) Adult tricycle 2 157 10 162 152 151 Bicycle 139 157 12 167 150 133 Bicycle trailer 4 160 15 170 152 148 Hand cycle 32 96 11 105 85 78 Inline skates 26 168 13 181 164 157 Kick scooter 13 147 20 165 134 114 Manual wheelchair 7 121 6 126 116 113 Power scooter 1 132 NA 132 132 132 Power wheelchair 6 124 5 129 119 120 Power wheelchair + dog 2 117 11 122 112 110 Recumbent bicycle 6 126 11 133 118 110 Segway 4 188 12 196 179 177 Skateboard 3 155 13 164 146 144 Stroller 3 133 49 163 100 84 Other 12 148 16 162 132 121 NOTES: 1.This table includes only active participants. 2.AASHTO value for bicyclists = 140 cm (54 inches) 3.NA = Not applicable because N=1. 68 Length Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 65) incorporates a bicycle (2) length of 180 cm (72 inches) in its calculations for recommended traffic signal timing. Table 8 th shows that the mean length for bicycles was 168 cm (66 inches), and the 85 percentile, 178 cm (70 inches). In other words, 85 percent of observed bicycles had lengths of 178 cm (70 inches) or less. Thus, the values observed for bicycles in particular seem to be consistent with the AASHTO value. Among equipment types with five or more users, recumbent bicycles appear to be the critical th user, as they had the highest mean (190 cm (75 inches)) and 85 percentile (208 cm (82 inches)) th lengths. The 85 percentile length of hand cycles also exceeded 180 cm (72 inches). Although only four bicycles with trailers were observed in this study, they had a mean length of 290 cm th (114 inches) and an 85 percentile length of 296 cm (117 inches). Thus, the AASHTO value is not sufficiently long for these user types, with potentially serious consequences—see “Refuge Island” in the “Discussion” section of this report. 69 Table 8. Length. THTHTH MEANSTD DEV15 PER85 PER 95 PER USER TYPE N (cm)(cm)(cm)(cm)(cm) Adult tricycle 2 163 15 156 171 173 Bicycle 139 168 11 163 178 180 Bicycle trailer 4 290 9 283 296 299 Hand cycle 32 181 15 163 195 198 Inline skates 26 39 9 34 41 45 Kick scooter 13 68 5 63 74 76 Manual wheelchair 7 99 15 87 108 119 Power scooter 1 112 NA 112 112 112 Power wheelchair 6 123 13 108 134 138 Power wheelchair + dog 2 119 14 112 126 129 Recumbent bicycle 6 190 18 178 208 217 Segway 4 56 0 56 56 56 Skateboard 3 76 0 76 76 76 Stroller 3 124 40 100 151 164 Other 12 192 61 146 245 289 NOTES: 1.This table includes only active participants. 2.AASHTO value for bicyclists = 180 cm (72 inches) 3.The lengths for inline skaters are their rest lengths. Their lengths while in motion will vary depending on where they are in their stride. 4.NA = Not applicable because N=1. Width Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 5) recommends a minimum (2) width of 120 cm (48 inches) for any facility designed to be used by bicyclists. This is based on a typical bicyclist having a width of 75 cm (30 inches) and requiring a minimum of 100 cm (40 inches) of operating space. Table 9 shows that the mean width for bicyclists in this study was 61 th cm (24 inches), and the 85 percentile width was 69 cm (27 inches). Hence, the values observed for bicyclists seem consistent with the AASHTO value. 70 Among equipment types with five or more users, hand cyclists appear to be the critical user, as th they had the highest mean (65 cm (26 inches)) and 85 percentile (71 cm (28 inches)) widths. th For all user types with five or more users, the 85 percentile width was less than 75 cm (30 inches). Thus, the AASHTO value accommodates above 85 percent of the observed individuals within each user type. Section 4.2.1 of the ADAAG requires a minimum clear width of 81.5 cm (32 inches) at a point, and 91.5 cm (36 inches) continuously, for single wheelchair passage. All of the “solo” manual and power wheelchair users (i.e., not accompanied by a dog or pulling another wheelchair) had widths of 69 cm (27 inches) or less, and would therefore be accommodated by ADAAG. Table 9. Width. THTHTH MEANSTD DEV15 PER85 PER 95 PER (cm)(cm)(cm)(cm)(cm) USER TYPE N Adult tricycle 2 65 1 65 66 66 Bicycle 139 61 8 55 69 72 Bicycle trailer 4 66 11 59 74 80 Hand cycle 32 65 7 58 71 74 Inline skates 26 52 9 45 62 64 Kick scooter 13 39 6 34 45 46 Manual wheelchair 7 62 4 61 64 67 Power scooter 1 58 NA 58 58 58 Power wheelchair 6 65 4 62 68 68 Power wheelchair + dog 2 130 0 130 130 130 Recumbent bicycle 6 62 8 54 67 69 Segway 4 64 0 64 64 64 Skateboard 3 24 1 23 25 25 Stroller 3 51 6 47 55 57 Other 12 95 30 64 124 132 NOTES: 1.This table includes only active participants. 2.AASHTO value for a facility designed to be used by bicyclists = 120 cm (48 inches) 3. NA = Not applicable because N=1. 71 Acceleration Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 65) uses a bicycle 22 acceleration rate of 0.5 to 1 m/sec (1.5 to 3.0 ft/sec) in its equation to determine the minimum (2)th green time. Table 10 below shows the observed 85 percentile acceleration rates by user type and distance, in 6.1-m (20-ft) increments. Bicyclists met or exceeded the AASHTO range for distances of up to 12.2 m (40 ft). At greater distances, the acceleration rates were much lower and fell short of the value range. This is an important finding with its relevance explained in the “Discussion” section. th For all distances, recumbent bicyclists had the highest 85 percentile acceleration rates and th manual wheelchairs, as expected, had the lowest 85 percentile acceleration rates. For the initial distance traveled, 0 to 12.2 m (0 to 40 ft), hand cycles, manual wheelchairs, and Segways had acceleration rates slower than the lower end of the range used by AASHTO (i.e., slower than 0.5 22 m/sec (1.5 ft/sec)). th2 Table 10. 85 percentile acceleration rates (m/sec). DISTANCE TRAVELED (6.1-M INCREMENTS) 0-12.2 m 12.2-24.4 m24.4-36.6 m 36.6-48.8 m USER TYPE N Bicycle 122 0.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 Hand cycle 33 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.1 Inline skates 21 0.6 1.4 0.1 0.1 Kick scooter 11 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.1 Manual wheelchair 9 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Recumbent bicycle 6 1.0 1.7 0.3 0.4 Segway 4 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 Other 31 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.1 NOTE: This table includes only active participants. Table 11 shows the time required for various path users to cover a given distance. This affects calculations for both minimum green time for traffic signals and for pedestrian clearance intervals. The AASHTO minimum green time calculation was performed using the AASHTO 22 0.5-m/sec(1.5-ft/sec) acceleration rate. The values in the “Pedestrian Clearance” row were 72 calculated using a walking speed of a constant 1.2 m/sec (4 ft/sec). Again, recumbent bicyclists thth had the lowest 85 percentile elapsed times and manual wheelchair users had the highest 85 percentile elapsed times. At signalized crossings, pedestrian signals are needed to accommodate the slower travel speeds of manual wheelchair users and pedestrians. For users likely to be operating on the roadway, the critical users for minimum green time would be hand cyclists, as they had the highest elapsed time of the vehicular-type devices. For pedestrian clearance intervals, manual wheelchair users would be considered the critical users; compared to other users, manual wheelchair users take the longest time to cover any given distance. th Table 11. 85percentile elapsed time (sec). DISTANCE TRAVELED USER TYPE N 12.2 m 24.4 m 36.6 m 48.8 m Bicycle 122 4.8 7.7 10.3 12.7 Hand cycle 33 6.6 10.6 14.6 17.9 Inline skates 21 4.7 7.6 10.4 12.8 Kick scooter 11 4.7 8.0 11.4 14.8 Manual wheelchair 9 8.1 15.4 22.8 30.0 Recumbent bicycle 6 3.3 6.1 8.5 9.7 Segway 4 4.5 7.8 10.7 13.9 AASHTO calculation 5.2 9.8 11.4 12.8 Pedestrian clearance 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 NOTE: This table includes only active participants. Speed Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 36) recommends a minimum (2) design speed of 30 km/h (20 mi/h) for shared use paths. Table 12 shows that the mean speed th for bicyclists in this study was 17 km/h (11 mi/h), and the 85 percentile speed, 22 km/h (14 mi/h). Thus, the AASHTO value is higher than the speeds observed for most bicyclists. Recumbent bicyclists appear to be the critical user, as they had the highest mean (23 km/h (14 thth mi/h)) and 85 percentile (29 km/h (18 mi/h)) speeds. For all user types, the 85 percentile 73 speed was less than 30 km/h (20 mi/h). Thus, the AASHTO value is higher than the speeds observed for most recumbent bicyclists. The lowest mean speeds were observed for strollers (5 km/h (3 mi/h)) and manual wheelchairs (6 th km/h (4 mi/h)). These two user types also had the lowest 15 percentile speeds, 4 km/h (3 mi/h) and 5 km/h (3 mi/h), respectively. Table 12. Speed. THTH MEANSTD DEV15 PER 85 PER USER TYPE N (km/h)(km/h)(km/h)(km/h) Bicycle 367 17 6 11 22 Golf Cart 5 16 4 12 19 Hand Cycle 38 14 7 8 19 Inline Skates 53 16 5 12 23 Kick Scooter 22 12 3 9 15 Manual Wheelchair 6 6 2 5 8 Pedestrian 38 7 2 5 10 Power Wheelchair 12 9 5 5 11 Recumbent Bicycle 24 23 7 18 29 Segway 4 15 2 14 17 Skateboard 10 13 5 8 20 Stroller 7 5 3 4 6 Tandem 3 19 6 15 22 Other 7 14 4 11 17 NOTES: 1. This table includes both active and in situ participants. 2. AASHTO value for shared use paths = 30 km/h (20 mi/h) The speeds of active and in situ participants were compared for each user type. Active bicyclists traveled faster than in situ bicyclists, and this difference was statistically significant. On the other hand, active kick scooters and manual wheelchairs traveled slower than their in situ counterparts, and both differences were statistically significant. For other user types, the observed differences in speed between active and in situ participants were not statistically significant. 74 Table 13. Speed—active vs. in situ participants. ACTIVEIN SITU ACTIVEMEANIN SITUMEAN USER TYPE N(km/h)N(km/h) NOTE S Bicycle 114 19 235 16 Golf cart 0 – 1 20 NA Hand cycle 24 15 9 11 – Inline skates 24 17 25 16 – Kick scooter 11 12 5 15 S Manual wheelchair 6 6 6 11 S –NA Pedestrian 0 30 7 – Power wheelchair 8 10 2 7 Recumbent bicycle 9 21 12 25 – Segway 4 15 0 –NA Skateboard 4 13 6 13 – Stroller 2 3 5 6 – Tandem 2 17 1 23 NA Other 1 16 5 13 NA NOTES: This table includes both active and in situ participants. S = Significant at the 0.05 level. – = Not significant. Blank = Mean not calculated because N=0. NA = Statistical significance not tested because N<2. Stopping Distance The AASHTO Green Book (pp. 111-113) recommends a perception-reaction time of 2.5 seconds (29) for motorists. It cites research by Johansson and Rumar, who found a mean reaction time of (30) 0.66 seconds, after collecting data from 321 drivers who expected to apply their brakes. About 10 percent of drivers had reaction times of 1.5 seconds or longer. Also in that study, when drivers did not expect to apply their brakes, their reaction times increased by approximately 1.0 second. Based on that study and other research, the AASHTO Green Book th concluded that a value of 2.5 seconds exceeds the 90 percentile perception-reaction time of all drivers and takes into account the additional time required for unexpected braking vs. expected 75 (29) Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities braking. The AASHTO (pp. 40-42) uses a (2) perception-reaction time of 2.5 seconds. For this study, the perception-reaction time was measured from when the STOP sign was displayed to when the participant started braking. At the upstream acceleration station, participants were told in advance that at some point along the course they might be presented with a STOP sign, and if so, they were to stop as quickly as is comfortable. (In fact, all participants were asked to stop.) In addition, “dummy” stop stations were set up to reduce the anticipation at a particular location. Table 14 shows that the mean perception-reaction time for bicyclists was 0.9 seconds. This is consistent with the mean reaction time of 0.66 seconds for motorists, as reported by Johansson (30) and Rumar. Table 14. Perception-reaction time. TH MEANSTD DEV 85 PER USER TYPE N (sec)(sec)(sec) Bicycle 130 0.9 0.7 1.3 Hand cycle 32 0.9 0.6 1.2 Inline skates 20 1.2 0.5 1.4 Kick scooter 14 1.2 0.8 2.3 Manual wheelchair 8 1.1 0.3 1.5 Power wheelchair 6 0.8 0.5 1.3 Recumbent bicycle 6 0.8 0.3 1.0 Segway 5 1.1 0.6 1.5 Other 24 1.3 0.2 1.5 NOTES: 1.This table includes only active participants. 2.AASHTO value = 2.5 sec th The 85 percentile for bicyclists was 1.3 seconds.Adding 1.0 second to this value results in a value of 2.3 seconds for bicyclists who do not expect to stop. Consequently, the AASHTO value of 2.5 seconds seems adequate for the majority of bicyclists, including those who are not th expecting to stop. In fact, with the possible exception of kick scooters (whose riders had an 85 76 percentile perception-reaction time of 2.3 seconds), the AASHTO value of 2.5 seconds seems appropriate for the majority of other users, including those who are not expecting to stop. i.e. Table 15 shows the braking distance, the distance traveled from the time that the user initiated braking to the time that the user came to a complete stop, for user groups with five or more users. The calculated friction factor is also shown, using the following equation from the (2) Guide to the Development of Bicycle Facilities AASHTO (p. 42): 2 V SV 367. (2) fG 30() where: S = stopping sight distance, ft V = speed, mi/h f = coefficient of friction G = grade 2 V The first term , is the braking distance (denoted by d), and the second term, 3.67V, is fG 30() the distance traveled during the perception-reaction time. In this analysis, G has a value of zero because data were collected on level trail sections. The second term, 3.67V, is not part of the braking distance. Therefore, the preceding equation simplifies to a braking distance equation: 2 V d (3) f 30 where: d = braking distance, ft Rearranging the preceding equation gives: 2 V f (4) S 30 77 The friction factor shown in table 15 is that associated with the act of braking. It was calculated by using these values of V and S: th V = 85 percentile speed for that user type, from when the user entered the stopping sight distance station to when the STOP sign was displayed. th S = 85 percentile braking distance for that user type, as observed at the stopping sight distance station The deceleration rate was calculated as follows: d 2 a (5) 2 t 2 where: a = acceleration, ft/sec d = braking distance, ft t = braking time, sec and the negative sign denotes deceleration For each individual participant, his/her braking distance and braking time were used to calculate his/her deceleration rate. The aggregated deceleration rate for each user type is shown in table 16. Table 15. Braking distance and friction factor. FRICTION TH USER TYPE N MEAN (m) 85 PER (m) FACTOR Bicycle 130 4.8 7.0 0.32 Hand cycle 32 3.9 7.1 0.24 Inline skates 20 8.4 10.8 0.20 Kick scooter 14 4.9 8.9 0.09 Manual wheelchair 9 1.0 1.7 0.23 Power wheelchair 6 2.3 4.6 0.13 Recumbent bicycle 6 3.9 5.3 0.30 Segway 5 2.7 3.1 0.49 Other 24 3.7 6.6 0.28 NOTE: This table includes only active participants. 78 Table 16. Deceleration rate. TH MEAN85 PER 22 USER TYPE N (m/sec)(m/sec) Bicycle 130 2.3 3.3 Hand cycle 32 2.3 3.6 Inline skates 20 1.5 2.0 Kick scooter 14 2.4 2.6 Manual wheelchair 8 1.0 1.8 Power wheelchair 6 2.2 3.2 Recumbent bicycle 6 2.9 4.0 Segway 5 3.1 4.7 Other 24 1.9 2.4 NOTE: This table includes only active participants. The implications of these findings are covered in the “Discussion” section below, under the heading “Sight Distance.” Sweep Width Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (pg. 22) recommends a minimum (2) width for bike lanes as 1.2 m (4 ft). Additionally it recommends (pp. 35-36) a minimum width of 3 m (10 ft) for a two-way shared use path (and a wider path is desirable where there is Highway substantial use and/or a steep grade), notwithstanding the procedures given in the (26) Capacity Manual for calculatingthe number and effects of passing events. In other words, the AASHTO recommendation does not explicitly account for user volumes or passing hindrance resulting from user encounters or overtaking/passing events. The sweep width was measured as each user traveled through an 8-m (26-ft) section of the course (figure 32). Table 17 shows that the mean max sweep width for bicyclists is 1.0 m (3.3 th ft). The 85 percentile max sweep width was 1.2 m (4.0 ft). Hence, the AASHTO values of 1.2 m (4 ft) for bike lanes and 3 m (10 ft) for a two-way shared use path accommodates most users traveling single-file in opposite directions to pass each other, though some only barely. 79 Table 17. Sweep width (lateral operating space). STD DEV THTH MEAN85 PER95 PER MAX MAXMAXMAX (m) USER TYPE N (m)(m)(m) Adult tricycle 4 1.0 0.1 1.0 1.1 Bicycle 501 1.0 0.3 1.2 1.4 Bicycle trailer 6 1.1 0.2 1.2 1.3 Hand cycle 48 0.8 0.1 1.0 1.1 Inline skates 62 1.3 0.2 1.5 1.7 Kick scooter 28 0.9 0.2 1.1 1.2 Manual wheelchair 15 1.1 0.4 1.5 1.8 Pedestrian 63 1.0 0.5 1.3 1.7 Power scooter 1 0.7 NA 0.7 0.7 Power wheelchair 12 0.8 0.2 0.9 1.1 Recumbent bicycle 22 0.9 0.1 1.1 1.1 Segway 8 1.0 0.3 1.1 1.5 Skateboard 11 1.1 0.6 1.2 2.0 Stroller 10 1.0 0.4 1.1 1.6 Tandem 3 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.9 Other 17 1.2 0.3 1.5 1.7 NOTES: 1. This table includes both active and in situ participants. 2. AASHTO value for an on-street bike lane = 1.2 m (4 ft) 3. AASHTO value for a two-way shared use path = 3 m (10 ft) 4. NA = Not applicable because N=1. Among equipment types with five or more users, inline skates appear to be the critical user. th Their mean max sweep width was 1.3 m (4.1 ft), and 85 percentile, 1.5 m (5.0 ft). For all user th types, the 85 percentile width was 1.5 m (5 ft) or less. This width slightly exceeds the AASHTO value of 1.2 m (4 ft) for bike lanes.However, the recommended 3 m (10 ft) minimum width for shared use paths is sufficient to accommodate more than 85 percent of the observed individuals within each user type, assuming a two-directional steady linear flow of users traveling single-file on a shared use path. 80 Section 4.2.2 of the ADAAG requires that the minimum width for two wheelchairs to pass is 1.525 m (60 inches). This assumes that both wheelchair users are traveling in parallel paths to each other and to the edges of the path. Three-Point Turn Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (pp. 35-36) recommends a (2) minimum paved width of 300 cm (120 inches) for a two-way shared use path. Table 18 shows th that the mean three-point turn width required by bicyclists was 287 cm (113 inches). The 85 percentile turn width was 350 cm (138 inches). Consequently, the AASHTO paved width value accommodates fewer than 85 percent of bicyclists. Table 18. Three-point turn widths. THTH MEANSTD DEV85 PER 95 PER USER TYPE N (cm)(cm)(cm)(cm) Adult tricycle 2 267 75 265 315 Bicycle 50 287 84 350 371 Hand cycle 30 457 86 541 596 Inline skates 16 160 71 241 262 Kick scooter 12 178 61 210 273 Manual wheelchair 7 113 30 146 155 Power scooter 1 145 NA 145 145 Power wheelchair 8 138 20 152 167 Recumbent bicycle 6 306 36 339 357 Segway 3 98 3 100 101 Stroller 2 286 214 392 422 Other 7 471 221 681 787 NOTES: 1. This table includes only active participants. 2. NA = Not applicable because N=1. Among user types with five or more users, hand cyclists had the highest mean (457 cm (180 thth inches)) and 85 percentile (541 cm (213 inches)). The 85 percentile of recumbent bicyclists also exceeded 300 cm (120 inches). In fact, 29 out of the 30 observed hand 81 cyclists had three-point turn widths in excess of 300 cm (120 inches). Two of the six observed recumbent bicyclists also had three-point turn widths in excess of 300 cm (120 inches). Turning Radius Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities According to the AASHTO (p.37), the minimum design curve radius can be calculated by using the following formula: 2 V R (6) e f 15() 100 where: R = Curve radius (ft) V = Design speed (mi/h) e = Rate of superelevation (percent) f = Coefficient of friction In this study, the trails were flat, so the rate of superelevation was zero, and the formula simplifies to: 2 V R (7) f 15 This formula can be rearranged as 2 V f (8) R 15 to calculate friction factors given the speed of each user as he or she traverses curves with specified radii. It should be noted that what AASHTO refers to as a friction factor is not an actual measurement of the sliding friction of the pavement surface. What it truly represents is the amount of lateral acceleration a user is willing to accept before slowing to a more comfortable speed. 82 th Table 19 of this report shows the friction factors based on 85 percentile speeds. Additionally, the friction factors suggested by AASHTO are provided for comparison. There is a general downward trend in friction factors with increasing curve radii. However, for larger radii the friction factors may level off or even increase. This represents the fact that, at higher radii, users are not slowing substantially from their tangent travel speeds to negotiate the curves (figure 45). Thus, most users could comfortably travel around the larger curves at speeds higher than what was observed in this study. The implications of these results on horizontal alignment are given in the “Discussion” section. th Table 19. Friction factors for different radii, based on 85 percentile speeds. 3.1 m 6.1 m 9.2 m 15.3 m 25.4 m 27.5 m USER TYPE NRADIUS RADIUS RADIUS RADIUS RADIUS RADIUS Bicycle 142 0.610.520.360.260.18 0.20 Hand cycle 31 0.190.210.180.150.15 0.15 Inline skates 25 0.420.460.320.230.11 0.12 Kick scooter 13 0.270.210.160.120.07 0.08 Manual 7 0.050.070.050.030.02 0.04 wheelchair Motorized 4 0.120.090.070.120.06 0.07 wheelchair Recumbent 6 0.640.520.370.250.15 0.16 bicycle Segway 4 0.290.580.290.170.10 0.09 AASHTO values 0.320.300.290.260.24 0.23 NOTE: This table includes only active participants. 83 Figure 45. Two tandem riders negotiating a curve at the turning radius station. 84 DISCUSSION This research shows that there is a great diversity in the operating characteristics of various road and trail user types (figure 46). To ensure the safe accommodation of emerging types of road and trail users, their operating characteristics must be considered in the development of design criteria; in some cases, it may be prudent to use an emerging user instead of the bicycle as the design user. Guide for the Development The AASHTO of Bicycle Facilities is the primary reference for designers of shared use facilities and has been adopted as standard for shared use path design by many jurisdictions around Figure 46. Trail users have diverse operating (2) the United States. The standards characteristics. contained therein were developed using the operational characteristics of the bicycle to determine design criteria. While this research is not intended to validate or discredit the AASHTO criteria, comparisons to AASHTO are appropriate because of its status as a national guide. Bike Lane Width Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 22) recommends a minimum (2) width for bike lanes of 1.2 m (4 ft). While this dimension appears to be adequate to th accommodate most bicyclists, the 85 percentile sweep width for inline skaters exceeds this width. 85 Path Width AASHTO (pp. 35-36) recommends a minimum path width of 3 m (10 ft), notwithstanding the Highway Capacity Manual procedures given in the for calculatingthe number and effects of (26) passing events. The AASHTO recommendation does not explicitly account for user volumes and passing hindrance resulting from user encounters. AASHTO recommends a greater width if there is a substantial use by a mix of users. In a few instances, a lower width may be adequate. Section 4.2.1 of the ADAAG requires a minimum clear width of 0.815 m (32 inches) at a point, and 0.915 m (36 inches) continuously, for single wheelchair passage. All of the “solo” manual and power wheelchair users (i.e., not accompanied by a dog or pulling another wheelchair) had sweep widths of 0.69 m (27 inches) or less, and would therefore be accommodated by ADAAG. In addition, Section 4.2.2 of the ADAAG requires that the minimum width for two wheelchairs to pass is 1.525 m (60 inches). This assumes that both wheelchair users are traveling in parallel paths to each other and to the edges of the path. th With respect to sweep width, the critical user is the inline skater. With 85 percentile sweep widths of 1.51 m (4.96 ft), two individuals passing in opposite directions would only just fit a 3- m (10-foot) wide path. Additionally, this research only addressed individual users. Users traveling abreast in pairs or groups would likely require additional space. Examples of these include parents and children together, a wheelchair user with his/her dog, and a runner who is visually impaired with a lead. Several user types, including bicycles, recumbent bicycles, and hand cycles, required more than th 3 m (10 ft) of width (at the 85 percentile level) to execute a three-point turn. Hand cyclists are th the critical users, requiring 5.40 m (17.8 ft) (at the 85 percentile level) to perform a three-point turn and not having other options for completing a shorter radius turn. 86 Design Speed The selected design speed of a facility affects many aspects of geometric design. Consequently, it can significantly impact the cost, constructability, and operational Guide safety of a project. The AASHTO for the Development of Bicycle Facilities (p. 36) specifies 30 km/h (20 mi/h) as the (Photo by Dan Burden.) minimum design speed that should be used Figure 47. AASHTO’s design bicyclist travels at 30 km/h (20 mi/h). (2) on shared use paths (figure 47). It goes on to provide modifiers for grades and strong prevailing winds. Of the bicyclist participants in this research project, only four, or 1 percent, exceeded the th suggested 30-km/h (20-mi/h) design speed. The 85 percentile speed for bicyclists was 22 km/h (14 mi/h). This suggests that the 30-km/h (20-mi/h) design speed may be conservative; however, further research is needed. th Recumbent bicyclists had the highest observed 85 percentile speeds, 29 km/h (18 mi/h). This may suggest that they may be the appropriate user upon which to set a minimum design speed. However, as discussed in the following sections, the additional design characteristics of the various users need to be evaluated before such a conclusion can be drawn. th At the other extreme, hand cyclists appear to have the lowest 15 percentile speed, 8 km/h (5 th mi/h), of those users who would be expected to operate in the street. Strollers had the lowest 15 percentile speed, 4 km/h (3 mi/h) (table 12). Horizontal Alignment For horizontal alignment, the critical factor is the point at which users will instinctively decelerate to maintain a comfortable degree of lateral acceleration while traversing a curve. This point is represented by the coefficient of friction used in the minimum design radius equations of AASHTO. When evaluating the coefficient of friction, it is important to remember that it does 87 not truly represent the point at which a tire will slide out from under the path user, rather, it is a comfort factor. This is not to suggest that the coefficient of friction should be regarded lightly. Indeed, if a curve is so sharp as to make a path user uncomfortable, the user may understeer and run off the side of the path. As shown in table 19, users of manual wheelchairs tolerated the lowest degree of lateral th acceleration, “coefficients of friction.” However, given that their 85 percentile speed is 8 km/h (5 mi/h), the minimum radius required for manual wheelchair users would be 12.2 m (40 ft). Recumbent bicycles, though having the highest calculated tolerance for lateral acceleration th (coefficients of friction) for 3.1-m and 9.2-m (10- and 30-ft) radii, also have the highest 85 th percentile speeds. The minimum radius calculated for the 85 percentile recumbent bicycle is 26.8 m (88 ft). As a result, recumbent bicycles would be the critical design user for turning radii. Most users did not appear to reduce their speeds when entering radii greater than 15.8 m (50 ft). The exception is recumbent bicyclists, who may have been constrained by even the 27.5-m (90- ft) radius. AASHTO (p. 38) currently recommends a minimum radius of 27 m (90 ft) for cyclists traveling (2) at 30 km/h (20 mi/h) around a curve with a 2 percent superelevation. Sight Distance Stopping Sight Distance Adequate sight distance is required to provide path users ample opportunity to see and react to the unexpected. The distance required for a user to come to a complete stop, stopping sight distance, is a function of the user’s perception and brake reaction time, initial speed, the coefficient of friction between the user’s wheels and the pavement, and the braking ability of the user’s device. The critical trail user for stopping sight distance is the recumbent bicyclist. For wet pavement, AASHTO assumes the friction factor is half that of dry pavement. Although this would not 88 affect the reaction time, it would double the braking distance. The calculated stopping sight distance on wet pavement would be 32.7 m (107 ft). In comparison, AASHTO currently recommends a stopping sight distance of 38.7 m (127 ft) for a bicyclist traveling at the recommended design speed of 30 km/h (20 mi/h) in a wet pavement condition (i.e., coefficient of friction considered to be half of dry pavement). Vertical Alignment—Crest Vertical Curves A crest vertical curve is present when a shared use path (or a roadway) goes uphill and then goes downhill. The minimum length for a crest vertical curve is a function of the stopping sight distance, the algebraic difference in the upgrade and downgrade grades, the assumed height of an object on the pavement, and the user’s eye height. The AASHTO Green Book (p. 271) gives equations for calculating the minimum length of a crest vertical curve so that adequate sight (29) distance is available, as shown below. Case 1—Sight distance greater than length of vertical curve (S>L) 2 hh 200 12 LS 2 (9) A Case 2—Sight distance less than length of vertical curve (S<L) 2 AS L (10) 2 hh 10022 12 For both equations, L = length of vertical curve (ft) S = sight distance (ft) A = algebraic difference in grades (percent) h= height of eye (ft) 1 h= height of object (ft) 2 89 Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO (p. 36) recommends a maximum (2) grade of 5 percent. With higher grades, many bicyclists may have difficulty climbing and they may end up going downhill too fast for comfort or safe operation. A maximum grade of 5 percent also provides usable conditions for pedestrians in wheelchairs, whereas steeper grades do not. An uphill grade of 5 percent followed by a downhill grade of 5 percent results in a difference in grades of 10 percent. Table 20 shows the calculated minimum length of crest vertical curve for each user type, using the values of “A” (the algebraic difference in grades) as described above. In addition, the sight distance was obtained by calculating the distance traveled during the perception-reaction time th (using the 85 percentile observed speeds from the speed station) to the calculated braking distance under wet pavement conditions. Because the friction factor on wet pavement is one-half th that on dry pavement, the 85 percentile observed braking distances were doubled to obtain the th “wet” braking distances. The height of eye is the 85 percentile eye height for each user type. The height of object is zero. Table 20. Minimum length of crest vertical curve. THTH 85 PER 85 PER STOPPINGLENGTH OF SPEEDEYE HEIGHT DISTANCE VERTICAL USER TYPE (m/sec)(m)(m)CURVE (m) 6.1 1.5 25.2 20.4 Bicycle Hand cycle 5.2 0.8 19.2 21.7 Inline skates 6.4 1.6 35.6 38.5 Kick scooter 4.1 1.3 19.9 13.0 Manual wheelchair 2.3 1.2 8.5 0 Power wheelchair 3.1 1.2 10.2 0 Recumbent bicycle 8.2 1.2 33.2 46.7 Segway 4.6 1.8 16.1 0 8.9 1.5 38.7 49.8 AASHTO bicycle The recumbent bicyclist would be the critical user for determining the minimum length of a crest th vertical curve. For example, using the 85 percentile stopping distance and height of eye, the 90 minimum length of a crest vertical curve with an algebraic difference in percent grade of 10 would be 46.7 m (153 ft). In contrast, the AASHTO minimum length of a crest vertical curve for a bicycle with its presumed 38.6-m (127-ft) stopping sight distance is 49.8 m (163 ft). However, the FHWA study’s observed stopping sight distances for bicyclists yields a required length of a crest vertical curve of only 20.4 m (67 ft) (on wet pavement). Horizontal Alignment The minimum clearance to an obstruction that should be provided along a horizontal curve is a function of the stopping sight distance and radius of the curve. The critical user for this th dimension would be the inline skater. For example, using the 85 percentile stopping distance, the minimum offset required for a 15.8-m (50-ft) radius curve would be 3.4 m (11 ft). In contrast, the AASHTO minimum offset for a bicyclist with its presumed 38.7-m (127-ft) th stopping sight distance is 10.7 m (35 ft). However, using the observed 85 percentile stopping sight distance for bicyclists, 12.4 m (41 ft), yields a required length offset of only 1.3 m (4.1 ft). Refuge Islands When designing a path crossing of a roadway, refuge islands are frequently provided between opposing motor vehicle traffic flows to allow pathway users to cross only one direction of traffic at a time. AASHTO (p. 52) currently states that, with respect to this refuge, 2.0 m (6 ft) is (29) “poor,” 2.5 m (8 ft) is “satisfactory,” and 3.0 m (10 ft) is “good.” However, recumbent th bicycles, bicycles with trailers, and hand cycles all have 85 percentile lengths greater than 1.8 m (6 ft). The longest likely users, bicycles with trailers, exceeded 2.4 m (8 ft) in length and should be considered the critical users (figure 48). 91 a. Adult bicyclist and child on trailer b. Adult bicyclist and covered trailer. bicycle. Figure 48. The longest users observed in this study exceeded 2.4 m (8 ft) in length and should be considered the critical users. Signal Clearance Intervals Signal clearance intervals are intended to allow those roadway users who are approaching a traffic signal that changes to yellow, and cannot stop before the signal turns red, time to enter and clear the intersection before the cross-street traffic is given a green light. Signal clearance intervals include both the yellow interval and any all-red interval. For motor vehicles, clearance intervals are typically a maximum of five seconds. Table 21 shows the number of seconds th required for the 85 percentile user for various vehicular types to clear roadways of a given 2 width. Additionally, the AASHTO calculated values (assuming acceleration rates of 1.2 m/sec 2th (4 ft/sec)) are shown. Manual wheelchair users had the longest 85 percentile clearance intervals (greater than those provided by the AASHTO assumptions), indicating that they would need the most time to clear the intersection. 92 th Table 21. 85 percentile clearance intervals (sec). WIDTH OF DEVICE PLUS WIDTH OF ROADWAY USER TYPE 6.1 m 12.2 m 18.3 m 24.4 m Bicycle 4.85 5.53 6.21 6.89 Hand cycle 5.09 5.88 6.67 7.46 Inline skates 7.97 8.62 9.27 9.92 Kick scooter 7.53 8.55 9.56 10.58 Manual wheelchair 8.29 10.12 11.95 13.77 Power wheelchair 4.55 5.87 7.19 8.51 Recumbent bicycle 3.41 3.92 4.42 4.93 Segway 5.50 6.40 7.31 8.21 AASHTO signal 5.50 5.50 6.50 7.50 Pedestrian clearance 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 The kick scooter is the critical user with respect to clearance intervals for traffic signals if it is legal for kick scooters to operate on the street. Pedestrian Clearance Intervals Pedestrian clearance intervals are intended to allow pedestrians who begin crossing a signalized intersection before the beginning of the flashing DON’T WALK phase to completely cross the street before crossing traffic enters the intersection. Typically, pedestrian signals are timed for walking speeds of 1.2 m/sec (4 ft/sec). Manual wheelchair users are the critical users for pedestrian clearance intervals (table 21). A walking speed of less than 1.2 m/sec (4 ft/sec) should be considered in determining the pedestrian clearance time at crosswalks that are routinely used by slower pedestrians, including those who use wheelchairs. 93 Minimum Green Times The AASHTO equation addresses three factors in its calculation of minimum green time for signalized intersections: perception-reaction time, acceleration time, and travel time at the design speed. Perception-reaction time is assumed to be 2.5 seconds. The AASHTO equation assumes a constant acceleration rate; however, this research shows that the assumption is not accurate. After an initial increase to the acceleration rate, the rate decreases with increasing speed. Rather than produce an equation that compensates for the change in acceleration as speed increases, a table format has been used to represent the distance traveled as a function of time. Further, as th many users were on “long” devices (for example, recumbent bicycles had an 85 percentile length of 208 cm (82 inches)), the length of the device is included in the travel distances in table 21 so that the times shown include the time that it takes for the user to accelerate from a stop and completely clear the length of his/her device from the intersection. Hand cycles are the critical users to consider when determining the appropriate minimum green times for vehicular devices (table 11, figure 49). SegwayHuman Transporter FHWArecently purchased a Segway device, and it was used on the Paint Branch Trail in Maryland. Several other Segway owners brought theirs out, as well (figures 50–52). The physical dimensions and operational characteristics of Segway device users were measured and collected along with all the other trail users. Table 22 shows how the Segway Figure 49. A hand cyclist. characteristics compare with those values of the design vehicle, the bicycle, in the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle (2) Facilities . 94 Figure 50. Segway users at the physical measurements station. Figure 51. A Segway user on the Paint Branch Trail in Maryland. Figure 52. Segway in the turning radius station. 95 Table 22. Physical dimensions and operational characteristics of Segway users vs. AASHTO (bicycle) values. CHARACTERISTIC SEGWAY AASHTOCOMMENT (MIN-MAX(BICYCLE) VALUES) VALUE Eye height (cm) (N=4) 175–204 140 Length (cm) (N=4) 56 180 Width (cm) (N=4) 64 120 Acceleration rate from 0 0.29–0.36 0.46–0.92 2 to 12.2 m (m/sec) (N=4) Acceleration rate from 0.49–0.98 0.46–0.92 2 12.2 to 24.4m (m/sec) (N=4) Acceleration rate from 0.05–0.12 0.46–0.92 2 24.4 to 36.6 m (m/sec) (N=4) Acceleration rate from 0.03–0.95 0.46–0.92 2 36.6 to 48.8 m (m/sec) (N=4) Time to travel 12.2 m 4.1–4.6 5.2 AASHTO value calculated 2 (sec) (N=4) with acc. rate of 1.5 ft/sec Time to travel 24.4 m 6.6–7.8 9.8 AASHTO value calculated 2 (sec) (N=4) with acc. rate of 1.5 ft/sec Time to travel 36.6 m 8.7–11.1 11.4 AASHTO value calculated 2 (sec) (N=4) with acc. rate of 1.5 ft/sec Time to travel 48.8 m 10.9–14.7 12.8 AASHTO value calculated 2 (sec) (N=4) with acc. rate of 1.5 ft/sec Speed (km/h) (N=4) 14–18 30 Perception-reaction time 0.6–2.0 1.5 Research cited in AASHTO (sec) (N=5) Green Book Sweep width (m) (N=8)0.9–1.7 1.0 AASHTO assumed bicycle operating space Three-point turn (cm) 97–102 300 AASHTO value is for two- (N=3)directional trail Friction factor, 3.1-m 0.27–0.31 0.32 radius (N=5) Friction factor, 6.1-m 0.17–0.58 0.30 radius (N=5) Friction factor, 9.2-m 0.11–0.31 0.29 radius (N=5) Friction factor, 15.3-m 0.09–0.17 0.26 radius (N=5) Friction factor, 22.9-m 0.05–0.10 0.24 radius (N=5) Friction factor, 27.5-m 0.04–0.10 0.23 radius (N=5) 1 cm = 0.39 inches 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 km = 0.621 mi 96 Many characteristics of the Segway are comparable to those of other emerging trail devices. th Segways stand out with regard to a few characteristics, however. The following list gives 85 percentile values. 1.Segway users had higher eye heights (179 cm (71 inches)) than other user types. This is not surprising: Users are standing on the Segway itself while traveling. Inline skaters had the second highest eye height, 164 cm (65 inches) (table 7). 2.All four observed Segways had a length of 56 cm (22 inches). Compared to other devices, only inline skates had a shorter length (while at rest) (table 8). 3.All four observed Segways had a width of 64 cm (25 inches). This width is comparable to other devices (table 9). 4.The highest acceleration rates for Segways were measured between 12.2 and 24.4 m (40 22 and 80 ft); the value of 0.94 m/sec (3.09 ft/sec) was at the high end of the 0.5 to 1.0 22 m/sec (1.5 to 3 ft/sec) that AASHTO uses to calculate the minimum green time for bicyclists. For distances between 0 and 12.2 m (0 and 40 ft), and between 24.4 and 48.8 m (80 and 160 ft), Segways accelerated more slowly than the AASHTO values (table 10). 5.Segway users were most comparable to inline skaters and bicyclists in terms of the time required to travel distances of 12.2, 24.4 m, 36.6 m, and 48.8 m (40 ft, 80 ft, 120 ft, and 160 ft). They took roughly half the time of manual wheelchair users, but up to 43 percent more time than recumbent bicyclists (table 11). 6.The observed speed of 17 km/h (10 mi/h) was somewhat faster than kick scooters (15 km/h (9 mi/h)) and somewhat slower than golf carts (19 km/h (12 mi/h). It is also about half that of the 30 km/h (20 mi/h) design speed recommended by AASHTO (table 12). 7.The observed perception-reaction time was 1.5 seconds. This value is within 0.1 sec of the perception-reaction times for manual wheelchair users and inline skaters (table 14). 8.The Segway’s braking distance of 3.1 m (10 ft) was the second shortest among devices; only manual wheelchairs had a shorter braking distance (1.7 m (6 ft)). It was also about half that of bicycles and hand cycles (table 15). 97 22 9.Segways were observed to decelerate faster (4.7 m/sec (16 ft/sec)) than other user types. This is perhaps surprising, considering that Segways are not equipped with brakes; to stop the device, the user straightens up from the leaning position. Recumbent bicycles 22 had the second fastest deceleration rate, 4.0 m/sec (13 ft/sec) (table 16). 10.Sweep width (1.1 m (3.5 ft)) was most comparable to recumbent bicycles (1.1 m (3.5 ft)) and adult tricycles (1.0 m (3.4 ft)). It is less than half of AASHTO’s recommended width of 3 m (10 ft) for a two-way shared use path, which means that a 3-m (10-ft path) is wide enough for two Segway users (or most other users) to pass each other in opposing directions (table 17). 11.The Segway required the least space to make a three-point turn (100 cm (39 inches)). The second narrowest was manual wheelchairs (146 cm (58 in)) (table 18). 12.For 6.1-m (20-ft) turning radii, Segways had the highest calculated tolerance for lateral acceleration (friction factor = 0.58), compared to other devices. This friction factor was also nearly double that recommended by AASHTO. For other turning radii, the friction factors for Segways were lower than those for bicycles and recumbent bicycles. The lowest friction factor (0.09) was associated with a 27.5-m (90-ft) turning radius, a value less than half of that recommended by AASHTO (table 19). Time will tell whether the Segway catches on and becomes a common mode in transportation networks. The data from this study provide information into the performance and maneuverability of the Segway and how it might function within shared use paths, sidewalks, and streets. 98 RECOMMENDATIONS The data collected for this study reveals that the appropriate design user for shared use paths may vary with respect to design criteria or a facility design element. Table 23 shows design features, th AASHTO design values for bicyclists, potential design users, and 85 percentile performance values. Table 23. Design criteria and potential design users. DESIGNFEATURE AASHTODESIGNPOTENTIALDESIGNPERFORMANCE TH VALUE(FORUSERVALUE(85 BICYCLISTS) PERCENTILE) Sweep width 1.2 m Inline skaters 1.5 m Horizontal alignment 27 m Recumbent bicyclists 26.8 m Stopping sight distance 38.7 m Recumbent bicyclists 32.7 m (wet pavement) Vertical alignment—49.8 m Recumbent bicyclists 46.7 m crest Refuge islands 2.5 m Bicyclists with trailers 3.0 m Signal clearance 7.5 sec for a Kick scooters 10.6 sec for a intervalsdistance of 24.4 m distance of 24.4 m Minimum green times 12.8 sec for a Hand cyclists 17.9 sec for a distance of 24.4 m distance of 24.4 m Pedestrian clearance 20.0 sec for a Manual wheelchairs 15.4 sec for a intervalsdistance of 24.4 m distance of 24.4 m 1 m = 3.28 ft It is worth noting that bicyclists (without trailers) do not appear as critical users for any of the design criteria. This is a major finding that may have a significant effect on how shared use paths and other components of the U.S. transportation system are designed, constructed, controlled, and maintained. The data collected during this project suggest that several actions should be considered: The results of this study should be disseminated to design professionals and shared use path operators for their review and comments. A 1-day presentation should be made to, and discussed with, an expert panel of facility design engineers. 99 A new NHI course should be developed (or the existing courses should be significantly modified). An interim FHWA design guide for shared use paths should be developed. Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities The AASHTO should be updated to reflect this research’s findings on bicycles. An AASHTO document on shared use path design guidelines should be developed. For further details, see the following marketing plan. 100 MARKETING PLAN The effectiveness and value of this research is largely dependent on its use by practitioners and policymakers making decisions about roadway and shared use path design and safety programs, respectively. Thus the goal of the marketing plan is to outline how to disseminate the information to transportation professionals, trail designers/coordinators, landscape architects, engineers, public works officials, and other professionals and policymakers. Data from the summary charts and formulas can be incorporated into the existing formats of national guidelines Guide for the Development of such as the AASHTO Green Book, ADAAG, and the AASHTO Bicycle Facilities , and other appropriate documents. Since shared use paths, in particular, are designed by professionals from a variety of backgrounds, the marketing plan outlines methods of reaching various types of professionals through publications, journal articles, conference presentations, and other means. With that primary goal established, the first and foremost objective is to get the word out. Getting the word out on this study is important for several reasons: First, the data contain important information with myriad uses. The study provides immediately usable data by engineers who employ the various calculations to establish intersection sight triangles, vertical and horizontal curves, and numerous other features of the transportation environment. Second, as stated in the previous section, this FHWA study has revealed that although currently the bicycle is used as the design vehicle for shared use path design, in many cases, the bicycle is probably not the appropriate design vehicle for many elements of a shared use path facility, nor is it for signalized intersections of streets. The design of signalized intersections and midblock (pedestrian and/or trail) crossings (both signalized and unsignalized) will be affected by the new information and findings of this study. Consequently, and third, discussions of the results of this study with transportation professionals at the various recommended interactive marketing venues for this study (presentations, NHI courses, etc.) will create even more insight into what is the best way 101 for planners, designers, engineers, and operators of shared use paths, streets, bicycle and sidewalk facilities, and midblock crossings to more safely accommodate the myriad existing and emerging users. Either a consensus on the design user or a methodology for that determination needs to be established quickly. Finally, these important discussions and deliberations with practitioners will help clarify what is the most prudent way to modify the existing design guidebooks and/or create a separate one for shared use paths and related transportation facilities to help speed the process of ensuring that all designs will be safe and efficient for all users of transportation facilities. Accordingly, this section of the Final Report outlines both the recommended marketing plan (table 24) as well as the needed elements for either revisions to NHI’s bicycle and pedestrian facility design courses and the existing AASHTO design guidelines, or the creation of a totally new NHI course and a new AASHTO design guideline (for shared use paths). 102 Table 24. Marketing plan. DATE VENUE METHOD WITHIN COMPLETED? CURRENT SCOPE? Aug 2003 TRB Paper Technical paper Yes Yes ASAP NHI Course New NHI course development Yes / No In progress (or modification to both the bicycle and pedestrian facility design courses) (also incorporate results from the FHWA study “Operation of Shared Use Paths”) Jan 2004 TRB Committee on Slide presentation Yes Yes Pedestrians A3B04 Comm. Mtg. Jan 2004 TRB Committee on Slide presentation Yes Yes Bicycling A3B07 Comm. Mtg. Jan 2004 TRB paper Poster session Yes Yes Jan 2004 National Committee Presentation to subcommittee No Yes on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices Mar 2004 Midwest Regional Slide presentation Yes Yes Bike/Ped Conference Jun 2004 AASHTO Slide presentation No No Subcommittee on Design Aug 2004 Institute for Traffic Slide presentation No No Engineers (ITE) Annual Meeting Sept 2004 Nationwide State B/P Slide presentation No No Coordinators’ Meeting Sept 2004 Conference ProWalk Slide presentation No No / ProBike Sept 2004 Association of Short course No No Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals (APBP) Seminar Series 103 ®® The slide presentation, a Microsoft PowerPoint file, outlines how the study developed; how the data collection plan was designed; how well the events ran; the variety of users, abilities, and ages in attendance; and the results and implications. A paper describing the study and findings was submitted to TRB and was presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting. Finally, outlined below are the recommended elements for either revisions to NHI’s bicycle and pedestrian facility design courses and the existing AASHTO design guidelines, or the creation of a totally new NHI course and an AASHTO design guideline (for shared use paths). Examples of other venues through which this study can be publicized include: ITE Journal Publications—, ITE Ped/Bike Council Newsletter Web sites—www.walkinginfo.org, http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/fourthlevel/pedforum.htm (FHWA Office of Safety’s Pedestrian Forum Newsletter), http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/hep/index.htm (FHWA Office of Planning, Environment, and Realty). E-mails to listservs—State Ped/Bike Coordinators, TRB Pedestrian Research Committee, ITE Ped/Bike Council, Pedestrian Rights of Way and Accessibility Committee, APBP, FHWA Field Safety Specialists, etc. Design of Shared Use Paths, Street Intersections, and Midblock Crossings This federally sponsored research reveals that in many cases, neither the bicycle nor the pedestrian is the design “vehicle” or user for shared use paths, their intersections with roadways, or for a host of other features throughout the transportation system of the United States. This is an important discovery, confirming what some professionals have suspected: that a number of our design guidelines need to be changed or expanded, and/or new ones added. This is an urgently needed action. Hundreds, if not thousands, of transportation facilities and signals are being designed and built today that do not, or will not, in the very near future, safely accommodate a growing number of nonmotorized users. While the above outlined presentations may help bring about a general awareness within the professional community of bicycle and pedestrian mode planners, they represent a small portion of the design professionals preparing 104 designs and construction documents of signalized roadway and street intersections, midblock pedestrian signals, shared use paths, roads and streets, etc. These tens of thousands of design professionals need to be aware of the possible implications of this study on transportation system designs. Furthermore, they need training on the proper design to safely accommodate the growing array of users of transportation facilities (figures 53 and 54), and the operational characteristics of persons using the expanding array of assistive devices. Figure 53. Many users of various ages and abilities participated in each “Ride for Science.” Accordingly, either revisions are needed to NHI’s bicycle and pedestrian facility design courses, the A Policy on existing AASHTO design guidelines ( Geometric Design of Highways and StreetsGuide to , the Development of Bicycle Facilities and the Pedestrian Facilities Design Guide upcoming ) and Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices FHWA’s (MUTCD) , and/or the creation of a totally new NHI course and a new AASHTO design guideline (for shared use paths) should be created. The information could also be put into the revised Ped/Bike University Course. Regardless of the approach taken, certain Figure 54. Two “Ride for Science” recommended minimum elements are needed for participants. courses/design guidelines to ensure the safe design 105 and operation of transportation facilities serving nonmotorized users. The major sections that need to be included or referenced are: 1.Design Controls and Criteria. 2.Elements of Design. 3.Cross-sectional Elements. 4.At-grade Intersection Design. 5.Design of Grade-separated Crossings. 6.Sidewalks and “Sidepath” Design Guidance. These sections are further detailed below. 1.Section 1—Design Controls and Criteria A.Function and Purpose of Shared Use Paths, Street Intersections, and Midblock Crossings 1.History of the Facility Types 2.Expectations of the Users B.Design Users and Operational Characteristics 1.Population of Current and Emerging Users 2.Bicyclists 3.Pedestrians 4.Inline Skaters 5.Recumbents 6.Hand Cycles 7.Wheelchair Users 8.Canes, Walkers, and Related Ambulatory Devices 9.The Segway 10.Etc. C.Facility Operation and Level of Service Concepts 1.Homogenous User Operation 2.Bicycle and Pedestrian Users 3.Mixed Flow 106 4.Street Intersections 5.Midblock Crossings D.ADA Geometric Criteria E.Speed 1.Operating Speed 2.Running Speed 3.Design Speed 2.Section 2—Elements of Design A.Sight Distance 1.Stopping Sight Distance a.Reaction Time b.Braking Distance c.Design Values 2.Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance a.User Eye Heights b.Object Height B.Horizontal Alignment 1.General Considerations a.Superelevation b.Friction Factors 2.Design Considerations 3. Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves a.Stopping Sight Distance b.Passing Sight Distance C.Vertical Alignment 1.Grades 2.Vertical Curves a.General Considerations 1.)Population of Users 2.)Critical Design User b.Crest Vertical Curves 107 c.Sag Vertical Curves d.Sight Distance at Undercrossings (Grade Separated Intersections) 3.Section 3—Cross Section Elements A.Pavement B.Width C.Shoulders and Sideslopes 1.Width and Slope of Shoulders 2.Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions 3.Sideslopes D.(Traffic) Barriers and Railings E.Cross Sections through Grade Separated Intersections 4.Section 4—At-Grade Intersections A.General Design Considerations and Objectives B.Operational Capabilities of Users 1.Acceleration 2.Gap Acceptance 3.Future Trends in Capabilities C.Types and Examples of Intersections 1.Signalized Street Intersections 2.Midblock Crossings D.Assignment of Priority 1.Yield 2.Stop 3.Signalized Control E.Intersection Sight Distance 1.Path / Path intersections a.Sight Triangles 1.)Approach Sight Triangles 2.)Departure Sight Triangles b.Intersection Control 2.Roadway / Path (Midblock) Intersections 108 a.Sight Triangles 1.)Approach Sight Triangles 2.)Departure Sight Triangles b.Median Refuges c.Alternative Routing of Shared Use Path F.Ramps and Vertical Design Considerations G.Treatments through Interchange Areas H.Crossing Safety Intervention Measures 5.Section 5—Grade Separated Intersections A.Warrant Guidelines for Grade Separation B.Overpass versus Underpass Structures C.Lateral and Vertical Clearances D.Approaches (e.g., Ramps and Elevators) 6.Section 6—Sidewalks and Sidepaths A.Introduction and History B.Crash Statistics C.The Conflicts and Confusion D.The Limited Applications and Design Guidelines 109 APPENDIX State Crash Form Coordinator Survey FHWA has funded a research project to determine the safety and operational characteristics of newer or emerging users of our Nation’s roadways and trails. These include persons using inline skates, scooters, strollers, electric bicycles, adult tricycles, recumbents, tandems, trailers, golf carts, and assisting technologies such as electric scooters and motorized wheelchairs. As part of the project, we are trying to identify which States collect motor vehicle crash data on some or all of these various user groups. We obtained your name and contact information from NHTSA’s State Crash Forms Catalogue Web site: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/perform/trafrecords/crash/pages/coordinators.htm. We would very much appreciate your taking a few minutes to provide us updated information on crash data collected by your State. Responses can be entered directly into the e-mail using the “Reply” feature. Alternatively, the e-mail can be printed and responses faxed to [contractor fax], attention [contractor contact]. If someone else can better respond to this e-mail, please forward it to them. If you have any comments or questions, please call [additional contractor contact] at [additional contractor fax]. Thank you very much for your assistance. Below are our three questions. We look forward to hearing from you. 1. Please identify which, if any, of the following user groups can be identified on your computerized crash database: Yes No __ __ Inline skates __ __ Skateboards __ __ Scooters (nonmotorized) __ __ Scooters (motorized) 111 __ __ Nonstandard bicycle types (recumbents, electric, tandems) __ __ Adult tricycles __ __ Hand cycles __ __ Bicycle trailers __ __ Golf carts __ __ Wheelchairs (manual or powered) __ __ Assistive powered scooters __ __ Racing wheelchairs 2a. Does your State computerize any narrative description of the crash, either full descriptions or key words? 2b. If so, is there a way to search this database to identify potentially relevant crash reports (involving the above users)? 3. Are you aware of any efforts in your State to use available crash data to study the safety of any of these emerging user groups (not including standard bicycles)? Thank you very much for taking time to answer these questions. If you have any additional comments, please include them below. 112 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was funded by FHWA. Ms. Ann Do is the Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative. The authors would like to thank the many research staff, FHWA staff, and volunteers who assisted with or participated in the data collection events in California, Florida, and Maryland (figure 55). The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of FHWA. Figure 55. Many volunteers assisted with Figure 56. Many volunteers participated in the“RideforScience”events. the“RideforScience”events. 113 REFERENCES 1.Russell, N.J., G.E. Hendershot, F. LeClere, et al. Trends and Differential Use of Advance Data from Vital and Assistive Technology Devices: United States, 1994. Health Statistics , No. 292, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, MD, 1997. Guide for the 2.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Development of Bicycle Facilities. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1999. 3.National Museum of Roller Skating (NMRS), various Web pages. www.rollerskatingmuseum.com. Accessed April 23, 2002. 4.Mathis, K. Inline Skating Still a Growth Leader. May 8, 1998. www.iisa.org/releases/980508-growth.htm. Accessed March 18, 2000. 5.International Inline Skating Association (IISA), “Inline Skating Facts & Figures.” www.iisa.org/numbers/index.htm. Accessed March 18, 2000. 6.American Sports Data, Inc. Press Release, April 1, 2001. www.americansportsdata.com. Accessed April 23, 2002. 7.Osberg, J. S., S. Faul, J. Poole, and J. McHenry. Skating: An Emerging Mode of th Transportation. Presented at the 79 Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, January 10-14, 2000. The Operational Characteristics of 8.Birriel, E., J.C. Pernia, J.J. Lu, and T.A. Petritsch. Inline Skaters . University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, January 2001. Injury Prevention 9.Osberg, J.S., and S.C. Stiles. Safety Behavior of In-line Skaters. , Vol. 6, No. 3, 2000, pp. 229-231. 10.Rutherford, Jr. G. W. and R. Ingle. Unpowered Scooter-Related Injuries—United States, CDC MMWR Weekly 1998-2000., Vol. 49, No. 49, December 15, 2000, pp. 1108-1110. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4949a2.htm. Accessed August 10, 2001. 115 11.Consumer Product Safety Commission. Motorized scooter use increases and injuries climb. Press release, August 22, 2001. www.cpsc.gov/CPSCPUB/PREREL/prhtml01/01222.html 12.Jana, L. Practical Stroller Safety Tips. www.drspock.com/article/0,1510,5222,00.html. Accessed August 14, 2001. 13.Juvenile Products Manufacturers Association. Carriage and Stroller Safety Remains Important. www.jpma.org/public/pr-043099.html. Accessed August 14, 2001. 14.Electric-Bikes.com. www.electric-bikes.com/others.htm. Accessed August 10, 2001. 15.State of Florida. The 2000 Florida Statutes. Title XXIII, Section 316.1995. Online Sunshine, www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Index&Title_Request=IV. Accessed August 14, 2001. 16.Recumbents.com. www.recumbents.com. Accessed April 24, 2002. The Physician and 17.Stamford, B. Child Carriers: Tips for Runners, Bikers, and Hikers. Sports Medicine , Vol. 26, No. 11, November 1998. www.physsportsmed.com/issues/1998/11nov/carriers.htm. Accessed August 14, 2001. 18.WIKE Ultralights. Bicycle Trailer Safety. www.wicycle.com/safety.htm. Accessed August 14, 2001. 19.Segway, LLC home page. www.segway.com. Accessed May 2, 2002. 20.Powell E.C. and R.R. Stanz. Tykes and bikes: injuries associated with bicycle-towed Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent child trailers and bicycle-mounted child seats. Medicine, Vol. 155, No. 42001, p. 525. 21.Rodgers, G.E. Bicycle Use and Hazard Patterns in the United States, and Options for Injury Reduction. U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC, 1993. 116 22.Schieber, R.A. and C.M. Branche-Dorsey. In-line skating injuries: epidemiology and Journal of Sports Medicine recommendations for prevention. , Vol. 19, No. 6, 1995, pp. 427-432. 23.Kirby, R.L. and S.A. Ackroyd-Stolarz. Wheelchair safety—adverse reports to the United American Journal of Physical Medicine and States Food and Drug Administration. Rehabilitation , Vol. 74, No. 4, 1995, pp. 308-312. 24.American College of Surgeons. National Trauma Data Bank Report 2001. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons, 2001. www.facs.org/ntdbreport2001/summary.html. 25.National Pediatric Trauma Registry. Characteristics and Technical Highlights. Boston, MA: Tufts—New England Medical Center. www.nptr.org. Highway Capacity Manual 2000 26.Transportation Research Board.. Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 2000. 27.Botma, H. Method to Determine Levels of Service for Bicycle Paths and Pedestrian- Transportation Research Record 743 Bicycle Paths. , 1995, pp. 30-37. 28.Brown, D.J. Testing and Analysis of In-line Skating in Relation to Motor Vehicular Accident Reconstruction Journal Traffic. , Vol. 11, No. 1, 2000, pp. 18-22. A Policy on 29.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Geometric Design of Highways and Streets . (commonly referred to as “Green Book”) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2001. Human Factors 30.Johansson, G. and Rumar, K. Driver’s Brake Reaction Times. , Vol. 13, No. 1, 1971, pp. 23-27. 117 TP 14567E Pilot Project for Evaluating the SegwayTM HT Motorized Personal Transportation Device in Real Conditions Prepared for Transportation Development Centre Transport Canada by Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation In Quebec (CEVEQ) April 2006 TP 14567E Pilot Project for Evaluating the SegwayTM HT Motorized Personal Transportation Device in Real Conditions by Sylvain Castonguay and Pronto Binwa Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation In Quebec (CEVEQ) April 2006 This report reflects the views of the authors and not necessarily the official views or policies of the Transportation Development Centre of Transport Canada or the co-sponsoring organizations. The Transportation Development Centre does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear in this report only because they are essentiel to its objectives. Ce document est 8galement disponible en franyais : Projet pilote d'evaluation de I'appareil de transport personnel motorise SegwayTM HT en conditions reelles, TP 14567F. @ 2006 Government of Canada (Transportation Development Centre of Transport Canada). All rights reserved. .... ii 1+1 Transport Canada Transports Canada PUBLICATION DATA FORM 1. Transport Canada Publication No. 2. Project No. 3. Recipient's Catalogue No. TP 14567E 5475-76 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Publication Date Pilot Project for Evaluating the SegwayTM HT Motorized April 2006 Personal Transportation Device in Real Conditions 6. Performing Organization Document No. 7. Author( s) 8. Transport Canada File No. Sylvain Castonguay and Pronto Binwa 2450-JP04 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. PWGSC File No. Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation in Quebec 128 de la Gare St. Jerome, Quebec J7Z 2C2 MTB-3-00961 11. PWGSC or Transport Canada Contract No. T8200-033522/00 1 /MTB 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Publication and Period Covered Transportation Development Centre (TDC) 800 Rene Levesque Blvd. West Suite 600 Montreal, Quebec H3B 1X9 Final (Phase II) 14. Project Officer C. Guerette 15. Supplementary Notes (Funding programs, titles of related publications, etc.) Co-sponsored by the Program of Energy Research and Development (PERD) of Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). Other sponsors included the Ministere des Transports du Quebec, Societe de I'assurance automobile du Quebec, Ville de Saint-Jerome, Ville de Laval, Quebec City, Segway LLC. Following phase 1 of the project a report was published: Pilot Project for Evaluating Motorized Personal Transportation Devices: Segways and Electric Scooters, TP 14285E. 16. Abstract This report contains the findings of the pilot project for evaluating the SegwayTM HT Electronic Personal Assistive Mobility Device (EPAMD) conducted by the Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation in Quebec (CEVEQ). The evaluation plan was in two stages. The first was conducted on a closed circuit, with 49 users, for purposes of technical and ergonomic evaluation. The second phase consisted of experimentation under actual operating conditions on public roadways and involved 143 users, in three cities, who covered more than 9,000 km. The study focused on EPAMD users' perception of safety, but also on how safe the Segway seemed to pedestrians, cyclists and motorists who came in contact with it. In addition, the evaluation looked at these devices' reliability, social acceptability and safety when used in an urban environment, as well as potential applications to foster intermodality. The evaluation results led, in particular, to a recommendation that EPAMDs be permitted to operate in urban pedestrian areas and be subject to regulations based on the proposed traffic standards. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Segway, CEVEQ, Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Device, EPAMD Limited number of print copies available from the Transportation Development Centre. Also available online at www.tc.gc.ca/tdc/menu.htm 19. Security Classification (of this publication) 20. Security Classification (of this page) 21. Declassification (date) 22. No. of Pages xiv, 44, apps 23. Price Unclassified Unclassified Shipping/ Handling CDTITDC 79-005 Rev. 96 iii Canada 1+1 Transports Canada Transport Canada FORMULE DE DONNEES POUR PUBLICATION 1. NO de la publication de Transports Canada 2. NO de I'etude 3. NO de catalogue du destinataire TP 14567E 5475-76 4. Titre et sous-titre 5. Date de la publication Pilot Project for Evaluating the SegwayTM HT Motorized Avril 2006 Personal Transportation Device in Real Conditions 6. NO de document de I'organisme executant 7. Auteur(s) 8. NO de dossier - Transports Canada Sylvain Castonguay et Pronto Binwa 2450-JP04 9. Nom et adresse de I'organisme executant 10. NO de dossier - TPSGC Centre d'experimentation des vehicules electriques du Quebec 128, rue de la Gare Saint-Jerome (Quebec) J7Z 2C2 MTB-3-00961 11. NO de contrat - TPSGC ou Transports Canada T8200-033522/00 1 /MTB 12. Nom et adresse de I'organisme parrain 13. Genre de publication et periode visee Centre de developpement des transports (CDT) 800, boul. Rene-Levesque Ouest Bureau 600 Montreal (Quebec) H3B 1X9 Finale (Phase II) 14. Agent de projet C. Guerette 15. Remarques additionnelles (programmes de financement, titres de publications connexes, etc.) Projet coparraine par Ie Programme de recherche et developpement energetiques (PRDE) de Ressources naturelles Canada. Le projet a pu compter egalement sur les parrains suivants : Ministere des Transports du Quebec, Societe de I'assurance automobile du Quebec, Ville de Saint-Jerome, Ville de Laval, Ville de Quebec, Segway LLC. A la suite de la phase I du projet, un rapport a ete publie : Projet pilote d'evaluation - Appareil de transport personnel motorise : Segway et trotinette electrique, TP 14285F. 16. Resume Ce rapport contient les resultats du projet pilote d'evaluation portant sur I'appareil de transport personnel motorise (ATPM) Segway HT mene par Ie Centre d'experimentation des vehicules electriques du Quebec (CEVEQ). Le plan d'evaluation comportait deux phases. La premiere s'est deroulee en milieu ferme, a implique 49 usagers et a vu la realisation d'une etude technique et ergonomique du Segway. La deuxieme phase a consiste en une experimentation en conditions reelles d'utilisation sur la voie publique et a implique 143 usagers qui ont parcouru plus de 9 000 km dans trois villes. Cette etude a notamment permis d'evaluer la perception de securite des utilisateurs des ATPM, mais aussi celie des pietons, des cyclistes et des automobilistes qui ont cotoye Ie Segway. De plus, cette evaluation a porte sur la fiabilite, I'acceptabilite sociale et la securite de ces appareils lorsqu'ils sont utilises en milieu urbain ainsi que sur les applications potentielles en faveur de I'intermodalite. A la suite des resultats obtenus des evaluations, il est notamment recommande qu'il soit permis de circuler dans les zones pietonnieres urbaines avec un Segway, en observant des reglements inspires des normes de circulation proposees. 17. Mots cles 18. Diffusion Segway, CEVEQ, appareil de transport personnel motorise, A TPM Le Centre de developpement des transports dispose d'un nombre limite d'exemplaires imprimes. Disponible egalement en ligne a www.tc.gc.ca/cdtlmenu.htm 19. Classification de securite (de cette publication) 20. Classification de securite (de cette page) 21. Declassification (date) 22. Nombre 23. Prix de pages xiv, 44, Port et ann. manutention Non classifiee Non classifiee CDTITDC 79-005 Rev. 96 iv Canada Acknowledgements The Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation in Quebec (CEVEQ) wishes to thank the partners who have generously contributed to the success of the project: Transport Canada Claude Guerette, Senior Development Officer, Transportation Development Centre Quebec department of transport (MTQ) Daniel Hargreaves, Director, Research and Environment Directorate Therese Trepanier, Chief, Environment and Community Integration Unit Societe de I'assurance automobile du Quebec (SAAQ) Alain Collerette, Director, Traffic Safety Development Directorate City of St. Jerome Marc Gascon, Mayor Yves Gagnon, Director General City of Laval Gilles Vaillancourt, Mayor Genevieve Closset, Environment Unit Quebec City Jean-Paul L'Allier, Mayor Marc Desrivieres, Land Use Planning Unit Sylvain Doucet, Land Use Planning Unit Segway LLC M. Stephan de Penasse, International Business Manager Our thanks also go out to members of the management committee who piloted the project: Claude Guerette (Transport Canada), Dan Saucan (MTQ) and Rene Desaulniers (SAAQ). The arguments advanced as well as the findings and recommendations in this report are CEVEQ's alone and do not necessarily reflect those of management committee members. .... v Foreword During 2005, we became aware of many extreme meteorological events. A number of studies have shown a link between human activity and global warming. A consensus has emerged at the international level on the importance of taking action to cut greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as evidenced by the coming into force of the Kyoto Protocol in February 2005, the Eleventh Session of the Conference of Parties (CoP-11) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the first Meeting of the Parties (MoP-1) to the Kyoto Protocol held in Montreal from November 28 to December 9, 2005. As regards transportation, which accounts for nearly 25 percent of all GHGs in Canada and 38 percent in Quebec-and these percentages are rising-implementation of technological solutions is slow. Solutions to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels do exist, but they need to be encouraged and given a higher profile if they are to become truly available, and if the emergence of sustainable transportation is to be promoted. .... vi Summary In 2003, the Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation in Quebec (CEVEQ), in partnership with the Quebec Department of Transport (MTQ) and Transport Canada, carried out the first phase of a pilot project to evaluate the SegwayTM HT Electronic Personal Assistive Mobility Device (EPAMD) and an electric scooter. The evaluation plan was in two stages: driving tests were conducted first in a closed environment, then under actual conditions of use. This approach was intended to enable the safety aspects to be better understood before experiments were done on public roadways. The work of phase 1 consisted of a review of the literature on pilot projects involving electric scooters and EPAMDs, production of a summary report on these studies, and an analysis of existing safety regulations, legal provisions for use of these devices, traffic rules and incidents recorded. In parallel with this work, CEVEQ, supported by expert groups, carried out an ergonomic, technical and operational evaluation of the EPAMD in closed-circuit testing inside a large building. For safety reasons, the Quebec Automobile Insurance Board (SAAQ) wanted a closed-circuit evaluation to be done before any experimentation on public roadways. This evaluation also included a user survey component to canvass users' reactions to any difficulties that had arisen and their points of view on the safety and potential usefulness of EPAMDs. Following the tabling of the phase 1 report, MTQ and SAAQ indicated they were in favour of conducting a second phase of evaluation, under certain conditions, of the Segway EPAMD alone. The authorities did not consider the electric scooter safe enough for experimentation on public roadways. Phase 2 of the project was, therefore, concerned only with Segway EPAMDs. The study was conducted during the summer and autumn of 2005 on the kinds of pedestrian pathways for which the Segway was designed: sidewalks, bicycle paths and roadway shoulders with speed limits of 50 km/h or less. The purpose of this second phase, carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the phase 1 final report, was to observe: . how these EPAMDs interacted with pedestrians in the various pedestrian areas, thus making it possible to assess the Segway's social acceptability; . how safe the Segway is in urban areas; . the effects of a dynamic environment - crossing intersections, various lighting conditions (day/night), various weather conditions (wind, rain, cold), etc. - on the use of Segway EPAMDs. Conclusions Evaluation of the Segway EPAMD was carried out in two phases. The first was conducted in a closed- circuit environment, with 49 users, for purposes of technical and ergonomic evaluation. The second phase consisted of experimentation under actual conditions of use on public roadways and involved 143 users who covered more than 9000 kilometres in three cities. The following conclusions were arrived at with regard to the project objectives: 1. SAFETY a) During phase 1, technical testing results showed that in normal conditions of use, the Segway HT is stable, operates smoothly and gives the user a feeling of control. b) Ergonomic evaluation also showed that the Segway is easy to use in normal conditions, even when surmounting obstacles, for a very broad range of users. The device compares well to other types of vehicle, particularly with respect to stability and ease of learning, where it proved superior to other vehicles such as bicycles or mopeds. .... vii c) The 3.5-hour training period, provided and strongly recommended by the manufacturer, does offer the necessary initiation for the safe use of the Segway on public roadways. d) Training/initiation in Segway use, the user's age/maturity, and the wearing of a helmet all contribute to safer use of the Segway EPAMD. e) The perception of the Segway as dangerous and the apprehensions prevalent in the minds of the selected candidates and the CEVEQ team faded away after one week's experimentation with driving the Segway and as the project advanced. f) No incident or serious injury, nor any Segway/pedestrian collision or physical interference, was reported during either of the two phases of evaluation, where distances totalling more than 9,000 km were covered. The only incidents reported involved the user only. The frequency of such incidents may diminish as users gain driving experience. g) During experimentation under actual conditions of use, in phase 2, it was found that a significant distinction needs to be made between safety aspects and those concerning the EPAMD's acceptability. h) The feeling of insecurity expressed by users generally arose from their lack of confidence in being able to properly control the device under difficult conditions, such as encountering a pedestrian or navigating tight spaces and difficult surfaces, conditions which often exist on sidewalks. Most likely, with more driving experience, their confidence will improve, as when learning to ride a bicycle. i) Among interactors, and in particular in the case of pedestrians on sidewalks, perceptions were a blend of safety concerns and the nuisance factor. The latter seems to be a greater concern than safety, since no incident or serious injury was reported in the course of 9000 km of testing by users with little driving experience. The level of nuisance felt was most probably exacerbated by the exceptionally large concentration of Segways and pedestrians that were interacting. Under normal conditions of use, the nuisance factor should diminish significantly. j) EPAMDs driven on sidewalks, cycle paths and roadway shoulders where speed is limited to 50 km/h will have little impact on user safety and still less on the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, motorists and other walkway users. 2. ACCEPTABILITY Sidewalks were the only type of walkway where the acceptability of EPAMDs was at all in question. EPAMD traffic was found quite acceptable on cycle paths and roadway shoulders. 3. STANDARDS OF USE a) The manufacturer's recommendation is that 16 be the minimum age required for use of this EPAMD on public roadways. b) Most users perceive helmets to be necessary for safety. They should, therefore, be required. c) Considering that Segway driver training involves about the same degree of complexity as learning to ride a bicycle and that the manufacturer, through its distributors, ensures that the first-time purchaser receives a 30-minute initiation, formal training does not seem necessary. d) Study limitations prevented night use of EPAMDs from being properly evaluated. Users' experience nonetheless suggested that under such conditions, EPAMDs would be as safe as bicycles as long as they were fitted with a headlight. .... viii 4. EPAMDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE VEHICLE There was quite a bit of interest in Segways for short trips in urban settings; this would generate a certain amount of transportation shifts, particularly away from automobiles. At the current price of the Segway device, however, few of the users surveyed were ready to buy one. Recommendations 1. Considering the Segway's very positive environmental qualities and insignificant negative impacts, apart from its possible nuisance value on sidewalks, its use on urban walkways should be allowed. Such use should be subject to regulations patterned after the suggested traffic standards. 2. Municipal authorities should be authorized to limit Segway traffic in areas or during periods they deem inappropriate. 3. Guidelines should be prepared for municipalities to inform them of measures to be taken to promote safe and trouble-free EPAMD traffic within their boundaries. 4. A public awareness campaign should be undertaken to allay fears and apprehensions among pedestrians with respect to EPAMD use on sidewalks and to promote the environmental benefits of their use. 5. Information on the rules of use for Segway drivers should be made available. 6. Canadian and US experience in the use of Segways should be monitored and standards of use adjusted accordingly. .... ix Table of Contents 1. BACKGROUND 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 Description of the Device 1.1.2 Status of Regulations 1.2 REVIEW OF EVALUATION, PHASE 1 1.2.1 Findings of Segway Evaluation, Phase 1 1.2.2 Recommendations (Phase 1) 1.2.3 Continuation of Evaluation, Phase 2 1 1 1 3 4 5 5 6 2. EVALUATION UNDER ACTUAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 2.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 2.2 METHODOLOGY 2.2.1 Selection of Participants 2.2.2 Training 2.2.3 Devices Used 2.2.4 Accessories 2.2.5 Signage 2.2.6 Data Gathering 2.2.7 Study Areas and Administration 7 7 7 7 8 10 11 11 12 15 3. RESULTS 3.1 SAFETY AND ACCEPTABILITY 3.1.1 Data Sources 3.1.2 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Users 3.1.3 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Interactors 3.1.4 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Police 3.2 STANDARDS OF USE 3.2.1 Training 3.2.2 Helmet Wear 3.2.3 Speed 3.2.4 Time of Use 3.2.5 Age Limit 3.2.6 Usage Zones 3.3 THE EPAMD AS AN ALTERNATIVE VEHICLE 3.3.1 Complementarity of the Segway with Other Means of Transportation 3.3.2 Applications and Target Clientele 3.4 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 3.4.1 EPAMD User Safety and Perceived Nuisance Factor 3.4.2 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Other Road Users 3.4.3 Safety and Acceptability Summary 3.4.4 Standards of Use 3.4.5 The Segway As a Substitute for the Automobile 21 21 22 22 27 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 34 35 36 36 .... xi 4. CONCLUSIONS 4.1 SAFETY 4.2 ACCEPTABILITY 4.3 STANDARDS OF USE 4.4 EPAMDS AS AN ALTERNATIVE VEHICLE 39 39 40 40 40 5. RECOMMENDATIONS 41 6. DOCUMENTATION 43 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 - User Questionnaire - Results APPENDIX 2 - User Questionnaire - Results APPENDIX 3 - Questionnaire - Police reports LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Regulatory requirements for Segway HT use in the United States Table 2 - Segway HT models used Table 3 -Accessories used during the project Table 4 - List of incidents recorded during the study Table 5 - Pedestrain density (Level of use) 3 10 11 26 28 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Four of the five Segway models Figure 2 - Annotated view of the Segway HT Figure 3 - Participant workbook (Segway HT) Figure 4 - SAAQ leaflet on pedestrians Figure 5 - Practical testing period Figure 6 - EP AMD identification sign Figure 7 - Traffic signs (4 signs) Figure 8 - Participants in the first interaction session in Laval Figure 9 - Quebec City, interviewing a pedestrian Figure 10- Permitted territory in S1. Jerome (maps.google.com) Figure 11 - Permitted territory in Laval (maps.google.com) Figure 12 - Permitted territory in Quebec City (maps.google.com) Figure 13 - Quebec City, Charest BouI. East Figure 14 - S1. Jerome, Petit train du Nord trail, km 0 Figure 15 - Laval, shoulder 1 2 9 9 10 12 12 12 14 16 16 17 18 19 19 LIST OF GRAPHS Graph 1 - Breakdown of participants Graph 2 - Distances covered by EP AMDs Graph 3 - Breakdown of interactors Graph 4 - Interaction environment 8 21 27 27 .... xii Glossary and Abbreviations EPAMD1 Electronic Personal Assistive Mobility Device. Defined as an electrical device, other than a medical device or an all-terrain vehicle, with two wheels and a self-balancing platform, designed to be driven in a standing position, whose maximum speed is not in excess of 20 km/h. The acronym EPAMD used in drafting this report refers only to the SegwayTM Human Transporter (Segway HT or Segway). CEVEQ Centre for Electric Vehicle Experimentation in Quebec Interactors By "interactors" are meant all persons (pedestrians, cyclists, motorists) who use sidewalks, bicycle paths and road shoulders at speeds of 50 km/h or less in the study areas, other than Segway HT users, and who have agreed to fill out a questionnaire. Interaction An artificial increase in the concentration of EPAMD users in order to evaluate their co-existence with pedestrians, cyclists and motorists. Intersection An area where a road intersects with a sidewalk or bicycle path, accommodating pedestrian, bicycle and automobile traffic. Pedestrian Any person going on foot in a pedestrian zone. Includes persons moving through this zone in wheelchairs, strollers, on bicycles or inline skates. SAAQ Societe de I'assurance automobile du Quebec Users Users of the Segway HT. Pedestrian zones These include sidewalks, bicycle paths, intersections and the shoulders of roads where speed limits of 50 km/h or less are posted. 1 Definition adapted by CEVEQ from the literature (US standards, municipal and state legislation). The first step toward approval of the Segway HT on sidewalks was the June 2002 legislation on its use on sidewalks under federal jurisdiction. This legislation (Senate bill S. 2024) defined the Segway HT as an "Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Device" (EPAMD), distinguishing it from other new vehicles such as electric scooters. Subsequently, many US states, using the same acronym or the term "Personal Motorized Mobility Device" enacted legislation exempting the Segway HT from the regulatory framework governing motor vehicles and similar products. The NHTSA (National Highway Transportation Safety Administration), a US Department of Transportation agency with the responsibility of setting and enforcing safety standards for motor vehicles, and the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSPC) also recommended that the Segway HT be regulated as a consumer product. .... xiii 1. BACKGROUND 1. 1 INTRODUCTION Transportation and freight are growing exponentially. The negative effects of mobility (dependence on fossil fuels, pollution in all its forms, greenhouse gases, congestion, etc) are well known and documented, and most governments concede the urgency of acting to find ecologically sound solutions. Differing visions of possible solutions lie at the heart of the worldwide debate on these matters. One vision-call it a techno-fix-is based on the concept of the hypercar, an ultra-light, ultra-streamlined vehicle driven by a hybrid electrical system consuming up to 10 times less fuel than a conventional car. Another vision sees public transit as the basis for any sustainable solution. In the quest for replacement systems, Electronic Personal Assistive Mobility Devices (EPAMDs) may contribute to a modal shift away from cars for short-range trips. Electric scooters and the SegwayTM are perceived as trendy and "green" devices for effortless jaunts in an urban context. Legislatures, concerned with the congestion of public roads, particularly in larger urban centres, as well as safety issues, initially had a cautious reaction to EPAMDs, the more so in that their co-existence with road users and pedestrians did create some controversy. 1.1.1 Description of the Device Now called the Segway Human Transporter, after originally being known by the code names "IT" and "Ginger", the Segway was rolled out with much hoopla in December 2001 in the United States. It is described as "the first self-balancing electric-powered personal transportation device". Though accurate statistics are unavailable, some tens of thousands of these EPAMDs are now in use worldwide. The idea for the Segway came from the "Ibot", a revolutionary six-wheeled wheelchair that allows persons with disabilities to climb stairs without losing their balance. The device was originally called "Fred" by its inventor, Dean Kamen, President of Segway LLC. Currently, the Segway LLC company offers two platforms and five models: the i 167 (series i), the e 167 (series e), the p 133 (series p), the Segway HT (offroad), and the Segway GT (golf). Model: Dimensions: Weight: Range: Maximum speed: i Series 48 x 64 em 38 kg 13-39 km 20 km/h p Series 41 x 55 em 32 kg 1 0-1 3 km 1 6 km/h Segway XT 53.3 x 77.5 em 45.4 kg 1 3-16 km 20 km/h Figure 1 - Four of the five Segway models Segway GT 53.3 x 77.5 em 43 kg 16-35 km 20 km/h The Segway is started with a coded key that stores the user's settings and is difficult to counterfeit. Each device has three smart keys that enable users to adapt their driving style to their experience and the prevailing conditions. The "learning" mode (maximum speed of 8 km/h, slow turns) allows users to acquaint themselves with the vehicle and gain confidence. The "pedestrian" mode (maximum speed .... 12 km/h, medium-speed turns) is suited to a pedestrian environment. Finally, the "open space" mode (maximum speed of 20 km/h and sharp turns) is for use in open spaces.2 The Segway maintains its own balance and that of its passenger. The Segway has a fixed T-shaped handle set on a platform with two wheels side by side; it is driven in a standing position and manoeuvred by body movements: lean forward to go, stand up to stop, and lean back to reverse. The device has no brakes or accelerator, and is equipped with just a handle for turning. It is the only vehicle that can turn in place, like a pedestrian, thanks to the ability of its wheels to counter-rotate. The Segway's operation is continuously analyzed by its built-in microprocessors. Five gyroscopes and two sensors work together to determine its position relative to its centre of gravity. The on-board computers analyze the measurements from these devices and compensate for ground irregularities in real time to adjust vehicle movement and ensure the user a stable ride. Maximum range is 39 km under ideal conditions (Li-ion batteries, level ground, no wind, smooth pavement, correct tire pressure, etc.) or between 13 and 16 km under normal conditions of use (NiMH batteries). Series i and e Segways weigh 38 kg and can be folded to fit into a car. At 31 kg, the Segway series p is the lightest, most portable model in the range. It has smaller wheels and a narrower platform than the other models. The Segway series p has a maximum speed of 16 km/h. To begin with, this Segway model was sold to consumers in test markets; it is considered a short-range transportation solution and has been available on the US market since October 2003. wtde button Ign itb n S-ee ring grip Dashboard Hegtrt ajju~r Hard E bar vew P Iatb nn view H andE bar co\e r Tire ard wheel hub assembty Figure 2 - Annotated view of the Segway HT 2 www.segway.com 2 .... 1.1.2 Status of Regulations In February 2006, 42 US states and the District of Columbia3 enacted regulations authorizing Segway use on sidewalks, bicycle paths, and some roads. In Europe, the Segway HT is permitted in practically all countries except England, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, Spain and in the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland) where evaluations are in the works. In Canada, EPAMDs-electric scooters and Segways-are not allowed to travel on public roads and sidewalks. Transport Canada, which is in charge of setting safety standards for motor vehicles for road use, deems the Segway not to be such a vehicle and, therefore, not subject to the Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Act. It is, therefore, up to the provinces to decide whether the Segway HT is suited to public roads. The Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO), in a publication entitled "Two and Three-Wheeled Vehicles in Ontario", available on the MTO website,4 states that the Segway cannot be operated on roads in Ontario. The Ministry explains that this device is not included as a vehicle intended for on-road use under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act. It is considered a device for the pedestrian environment. The MTO advises anyone using a Segway to contact local municipalities to determine whether the machines are allowed on sidewalks. The Ontario municipality of London, for example, has permitted mobility-impaired persons to use Segway HT EPAMDs on its sidewalks and bicycle paths since October 2005.5 In Toronto, City Council has recommended that the City of Toronto recognize the Segway only as a mobility aid. 16 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 16 Yes Sidewalks 3 www.segway.com 4 http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/french/dandv/vehicle/emerging/index.htm I 5 Streets By-Law, S-1 Consolidated - October 3, 2005, Council of the City of London, Ontario, Canada. .... 3 Yes 16 Yes Yes, except on through Interstates No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 14 Yes Yes 16 Yes No No Yes No Source: Project Fly-Trottel 1, Pilot project for evaluating motorized personal transportation devices: Segways and electric scooters, TP 14285E, Final report, May 2004, CEVEQ. 1.2 REVIEW OF EV ALUA TION, PHASE 1 In 2003, CEVEQ, in partnership with the Quebec Department of Transport (MTQ) and Transport Canada, carried out the first phase of a pilot project to evaluate the Segway HT Electronic Personal Assistive Mobility Device (EPAMD) and an electric scooter. The evaluation plan was in two stages: driving tests were conducted first in a closed environment, then under actual operating conditions. This approach was .... 4 intended to enable the safety aspects to be better understood before experiments were done on public roadways. The work of Phase 1 consisted of a review of the literature on pilot projects involving electric scooters and EPAMDs, production of a summary report on these studies, and an analysis of existing safety regulations, legal provisions for use of these devices, traffic rules and incidents recorded. In parallel with this work, CEVEQ, supported by expert groups, carried out an ergonomic, technical and operational evaluation of the EPAMD in closed-circuit testing inside a large building. For safety reasons, the Quebec Automobile Insurance Board (SAAQ) wanted a closed-circuit evaluation to be done before any testing on public roadways. This evaluation also included a user survey component to canvass users' reactions to any difficulties that had arisen and their points of view on the safety and potential usefulness of EPAMDs. 1.2.1 Findings of Segway Evaluation, Phase 1 The results of the technical evaluation carried out at the PMG Technologies Test and Research Centre demonstrated that, under normal use, Segways are very stable, run quietly and smoothly, and give users a feeling of being in control. They are easy to manoeuvre, accelerate gently, run silently and can stop quickly in case of emergency. Users are informed immediately of any loss of pressure in a tire by the device's slight veering to the side of the deflated tire. The device easily goes up and down hills with gradients as steep as 360/0. Turns with curve radii as low as 15 ft can be negotiated at full speed without skidding and while maintaining full control of the device. Ergonomic evaluation by SHUMAC showed that the Segway is easy to use under normal conditions, even when surmounting obstacles, for a very broad range of users. Segways compare favourably with other types of vehicles, particularly in terms of stability, an area where they seem superior to other vehicles such as bicycles or mopeds. The ergonomic evaluation identified a certain number of weaknesses, including a marginally effective audible warning level, visual displays that were difficult to read in the sun, codes in shapes and colours that made interpretation of the information confusing, and an overly short shutdown time in case of breakdown. It also found, in one specific and probably rare case-Le., shutoff of the power supply while the device was going up a steep gradient, that the device was impossible to immobilize and keep stable. The evaluation also identified persons who should refrain from using Segways, particularly pregnant women, people with proprioceptive disorders,6 and people with inadequate vision for driving any other vehicle, among others. The results of the behavioural study, conducted on a target group of 49 people who had tested a Segway in a closed environment, indicated that the parameters to be taken into account in setting safe use standards were: training recognized by a government-certified organization, a minimum user age of 14, and the wearing of safety helmets. Obtaining a driver's licence was not deemed mandatory. Among the improvements needed to make this device safer were those concerning the audible alarm volume level, visual display, and shutdown time. The Segway was perceived to be a device designed to meet a large number of mobility requirements for a broad segment of the public. The survey results also indicated that Segways could possibly generate transfers to other forms of transportation, especially alternatives to automobiles. 1.2.2 Recommendations (Phase 1) During Phase 1 of the project most users found the electric scooter and the EPAMD safe for travel in a closed environment: 750/0 for the electric scooter and 940/0 for the Segway. These data are of limited value since the testing was on a closed course. 6 Proprioception is defined as "the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts" (<word net. princeton .edu/perl/webwn>. .... 5 The authors recommended a second evaluation phase for Segways and electric scooters to be conducted under actual conditions of use and with a larger and more varied sample of users. This phase would in particular make it possible to evaluate the usage characteristics of the electric scooter and the EPAMD in various urban environments and climatic conditions: to document some of the views of these devices among sidewalk users; and to assess their potential intermodality applications and their economic viability as mobility tools. 1.2.3 Continuation of Evaluation, Phase 2 Following the tabling of the Phase 1 report, MTQ and SAAQ indicated they were in favour of conducting a second phase of evaluation, under certain conditions, of the Segway EPAMD alone. The authorities did not consider the electric scooter safe enough for testing on public roadways. Phase 2 of the project was, therefore, concerned only with Segway HT EPAMDs. The study was conducted during the summer and autumn of 2005 on the kinds of pedestrian pathways for which the Segway was designed: sidewalks, bicycle paths and roadway shoulders with speed limits of 50 km/h or less. The purpose of this second phase, carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Phase 2 final report, was to observe: . how these EPAMDs interacted with pedestrians in the various pedestrian areas, thus making it possible to assess the Segway's social acceptability; . how safe the Segway is in urban areas; . the effects of a dynamic environment - crossing intersections, various lighting conditions (day/night), various weather conditions (wind, rain, cold), etc. - on the use of Segway EPAMDs. .... 6 2. EVALUATION UNDER ACTUAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 2.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES The project focused on three major objectives: SAFETY AND ACCEPTABILITY . To document EPAMD use in terms of safety . To assess EPAMD use in pedestrian zones: sidewalks, roadside shoulders and bicycle paths . To assess the perception of pedestrians, cyclists and motorists interacting with EPAMDs STANDARDS OF USE . To recommend standards of use for EPAMDs ALTERNATIVE VEHICLE . To document the value of a modal shift and opportunities for intermodallinks . To ascertain applications and target clientele 2.2 METHODOLOGY The second phase of the project consisted of several stages which went from project development, working out agreements with cities, obtaining the devices, recruiting participants, conducting training sessions, etc., to drafting the final report. In addition to dealing with the necessary testing logistics, the project developed a data gathering approach. To meet project objectives, a broad sample of users was needed over a long enough period to make sure users would acquire a certain familiarity with the device. Testing also had to be done in various urban environments (small and large cities) to ensure sufficient interaction with other roadway users, and under various weather and lighting conditions. The project obtained the co-operation of municipal and police authorities; in addition, given the project's experimental nature, roadway users were informed. 2.2.1 Selection of Participants In all three test cities, participants were recruited in conjunction with the municipalities involved by means of advertisements, particularly in the various local media. Participant selection was based on a few criteria aimed at obtaining the most diverse and representative sample of the population possible. Participants were to be at least 16 years of age, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations; were to remain within the boundaries of the permitted traffic zones; and were required to have filled out a registration form. A selection was made in four age categories (16-25; 26-40; 41-60; 61 +) and broken down by sex. Furthermore, user selection criteria also had to reflect the various recommendations of the ergonomic evaluation regarding who should refrain from using an EPAMD, namely: . pregnant women . people with proprioceptive disorders . people with shifted centres of gravity or carrying loads . people with vestibular disorders . certain elderly persons . and people with inadequate vision for driving any vehicle .... 7 In all, 143 users (90 men and 53 women) were recruited and trained, then tested an EPAMD for one week in pedestrian zones, namely sidewalks, bicycle paths and roadside shoulders. In addition, in order to distribute the participants by age, four categories were created and used for participant selection. '~m., ~^ .' ~ ~,:., ~ . . . .. ..<. .~ " ~o~ ~.. .... ..... ~ .~~ 7?V $I.: :.~.;... .~' ; 4Q....J 1l4;M\ :_ta.t ,,~+~~ Total Graph 1 - Breakdown of participants The actual participant breakdown, that is, 370/0 women and 630/0 men, was slightly different from that originally planned, which called for equal distribution by age and sex. Although efforts were made to balance out age groups and sexes, a very large proportion of the registrants were men, probably because of a lack of interest among women. Participants were invited to undertake training on about two days' notice, in order to ensure maximum participation. Participant recruitment was done among project partners (City of St. Jerome, City of Laval, Quebec City, SAAQ) and through a number of advertisements published in local newspapers or posted in buildings in the study areas. In the three study areas, some 400 candidates were recruited, from whom 143 users were chosen. 2.2.2 Training For this project, since participants had for the most part no experience with the Segway EPAMD, everyone took part in a training session recognized by the manufacturer; this served to make the testing as safe as possible and consistant with the experience of Phase 1. Participants were briefed on pedestrian safety rules and also on project-specific issues such as: authorized perimeter, special permission, pilot project, periods of interaction, helmet wear, etc. 1) Theoretical training Users received about 90 minutes of theoretical training at the beginning of the session. This included a video presentation provided by Segway, a theoretical explanation of the operation of the device (performance, acceleration, braking, etc), the conditions for safe use of the Segway, instructions on driving ethics, and rules governing the project specifically. .... 8 2) Training documents The user's manual (Basic Rider Optimization Training for the SegwayTM Human Transporter - Participant Workbook), normally provided by the manufacturer (82 pages), and the SAAQ leaflet on legislation in effect governing pedestrian traffic? were provided to participants to ensure safe usage (8 pages in all). ,M~:~t*~;~. .-\" ~:. Figure 3 - Participant workbook (Segway HT) Figure 4 - SAAQ leaflet on pedestrians 3) Practical training The second phase of training, lasting more than 120 minutes, consisted of a practical workshop to acquaint future users with the operation of the EPAMD under various conditions. By means of practical exercises, users developed the right reactions when encountering obstacles, slopes and bumpy surfaces. The same artificial course used during Phase 1 of the project was also used for this practical segment. This specially designed wooden track is the same one the manufacturer uses for training. It simulates some everyday traffic conditions on sidewalks and various surfaces. It includes: . A test corridor with plastic cubes in the middle . A 20-degree slope ending in a stairway . An environment consisting of: a concrete, slab or cement surface a steep ramp a bumpy slope various other obstacles represented by cones simulating entryways and doorframes. ? http://www.saaq.qc.ca/pu bl ications/prevention/pieton_conducteu r. pdf .... 9 2.2.3 Devices Used Figure 5 - Practical testing period In all, 14 devices were available for the project, although only 12 were in use at anyone time. The two extra devices were to substitute for those that had flats or other damage. An agreement was reached with the manufacturer to borrow the devices for the duration of the project. In all, Segway LLC provided seven devices for the project. The rest were provided by the project partners, that is, the City of St. Jerome (3 devices); the City of Laval (3 devices); and the Centre d'etudes professionnelles in St. Jerome (1 device). In all, three different models were used by participants (p series, i series and e series). I p_series (2 units) Segway LLC x 2 Table 2 - Segway HT models used i_series (6 units) Segway LLC x 5 St. Jerome x 1 ... i_180 (5 units) St. Jerome x 1 Laval x 3 CEP St. Jerome x 1 --- -'="~.'..: .. .(~ I !.:.:....;- -=.. / -0:.:......; r f,:,r ";, (' ~.-~". '.."' j .'\J \.-;. t~+; ~. 1 ~"~n : \11 t .... .-- - - - .. .~ ~""!-...~.. """=Z. ~ ) e_series (1 unit) St. Jerome x 1 .... 10 The vehicles' range was the weakness identified by most users. In part, this may be because nine of the fourteen devices loaned for the project were used vehicles and their range had not been checked before testing began. Also, during the year, the manufacturer introduced a new lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology providing greater range. 2.2.4 Accessories In addition to the devices themselves, certain accessories designed for the Segway and offered as options by the manufacturer, such as headlamps, front carrier bags and horns, were provided to participants. However, not all devices had lights and horns. As it turned out, the devices provided by the manufacturer lacked any accessories. The devices were also fitted with odometers to calculate the distance travelled. Front carrier bag 7 units Table 3 - Accessories used during the project Headlamp 3.5 W rechargeable 7 units Half of the devices had lights and horns. These accessories were intended to make the Segways more visible at night and to let users warn interactors they met or overtook. Explanations were provided to users who received accessories with their EPAMD so that they would use them correctly during their week's trial. However, where a front carrier bag was fitted to the middle of the handlebar, it muffled the horn so that it could barely be heard. And indeed, 530/0 of the users who had a horn fitted were dissatisfied with it. 2.2.5 Signage Horn Keyed padlock To let others, mainly motorists, know they were entering an EPAMD test area, four signs were put up at strategic locations in each of the cities where the pilot project was being carried out. Additionally, identification signs were installed on the EPAMDs' handlebars. 7 units 14 units .... 11 48" r j.Jt;~ :~...~ EXP ERlr'/1 ENT ATIO t~ EN CO U R S EX P [-_ R i ~Jl [~ N -r !\ -r ION ENe: 0 LJ F< S :S'~ 96" ~_..4...: ~~~.: . - .~,.\.-.,..,... . _ ..~' ~,i..,,~....,..~..:'~..,~, ,...> ..;:~.;,~. SEGWAV App8rail d. Tran.port. Pllraonn.11IIatorI1I6 SOYEZ PRUDENT! www.cewq.qc.ca . · -.:s=;: ... =- =" ~a Figure 6 - EPAMD identification sign Figure 7 - Traffic signs (4 signs) 2.2.6 Data Gathering Data gathering was done in three ways. To start with, at the end of each week of the test users completed a questionnaire giving their own perceptions of the device. In addition, they had to fill out incident reports if they had fallen or lost control of the device. Secondly, an interaction questionnaire was used to interview pedestrians, cyclists and motorists who came into contact with the EPAMD during interaction sessions. A third and final questionnaire was administered to the police in each participating city, to get a description of any incidents and/or complaints brought to the attention of the police. Figure 8 - Participants in the first interaction session in Laval .... 12 The documentation used may be summarized as follows: a) For users . Registration form o St. Jerome: 114 registrants o Laval: 186 registrants o Quebec City: 102 registrants . User questionnaire o 128 questionnaires returned out of 143 users . I ncident report o 16 incident reports submitted by 11 users b) For interactors . Interaction questionnaire o 360 questionnaires c) For the authorities . Questionnaire for St. Jerome, Laval and Quebec City police forces o 3 reports .... 13 Figure 9 - Quebec City, interviewing a pedestrian 1) Users To start with, a enrolment form was completed by candidates interested in participating in the project. This form was used to screen participants. Then, at the end of their week of testing, another questionnaire was administered to users, to elicit their experience with the EPAMD In their own words. Its purpose was to collect fairly qualitative data on the training taken, users' subjective experience and their opinion of the issues dealt with by this pilot project. That questionnaire will be found in Appendix 1. In addition, users had to complete a separate report on any incident/accident during their week's trial. 2) Interactors 8 Short, guided interviews were done during the days or periods set aside for measuring EPAMDs' interaction with other users of pedestrian zones. During these periods, the concentration of EPAMDs was artificially increased to generate more interactions. While these interaction measurements were being done, participants who had been loaned an EPAMD were asked to congregate at a predetermined place so as to increase the number of EPAMD users in the chosen perimeter. In all, thirteen periods of interaction were documented during the project. The interaction questionnaire had eleven questions, with yes or no answers. That questionnaire will be found in appendix 2. 3) Police forces An official report was requested from the St. Jerome, Laval and Quebec City police departments. These various reports contain of information on the police perception of the EPAMD and a description of incidents that required police attendance, if any. 4) Odometers In addition, to obtain a better quantitative view of the experiment, odometers were installed on the devices. Weekly readings were taken to determine how intensively the EPAMDs were used during the study. 8 By "interactors" are meant all persons (pedestrians, cyclists, motorists) who use sidewalks, bicycle paths and road shoulders at speeds of 50 km/h or less in the study areas, other than Segway HT users, and who have agreed to fill out a questionnaire. .... 14 2.2.7 Study Areas and Administration To achieve the project objectives, the study had to produce significant EPAMD traffic in various pedestrian zones. The project negotiated memoranda of understanding with the subject cities on EPAMD use in their territories, specifying the start date and duration of the testing. Originally, the project was to be conducted in Montreal and St. Jerome for two consecutive six-week periods. However, negotiations with City of Montreal authorities dragged on, and the City of Laval showed an interest in participating. In the end, Montreal refused to participate in the study because police authorities in the borough of Plateau Mont-Royal were worried there would be complaints from pedestrians on the borough's sidewalks. In view of Montreal's hesitation and the need to conduct the study in at least one large urban area, it was decided to do the testing in Laval and Quebec City, where the authorities were open to the project. Thus, the project began in St. Jerome on 11 July, though for a four- rather than six-week period. Subsequently, four weeks of testing per city was the rule for Laval and finally Quebec City. 1) ST. JEROME St. Jerome, located in Montreal's northern suburban fringe, has nearly 61 ,000 inhabitants, distributed in four sectors (St. Jerome, St. Antoine, Bellefeuille, Lafontaine) covering more than 93 km2. In most sectors, pedestrian density is low, as is automobile traffic in the areas authorized for the study: those with posted speed limits of 50 km/h or less. For study purposes, all of downtown St. Jerome, the Petit train du nord bicycle path and the St. Antoine sector were in the authorized perimeter. 2) LAVAL With a population of nearly 365,000, the City of Laval occupies an area of 245 km2 and is divided into six neighbourhoods. The City of Laval authorized Segway use in two of these. The first neighbourhood, St. Rose, has a downtown with large numbers of pedestrians, mainly in the Vieux- Sainte-Rose area. The second neighbourhood is Chomedey, farther south, with a lot of commerce and industry. Bicycle paths were also part of the testing network. Thus, it was easy for users to make the Route Verte part of their itinerary, as it cuts right through the study neighbourhoods. 3) QUEBEC CITY Since the municipal mergers, Quebec City has had a population in excess of 508,000 and an area of 546 km2. The neighbourhood chosen for the project was Old Quebec's Lower Town, in the heart of the borough of La Cite (Figure 12). Traffic in this area is relatively heavy compared to the other cities in the study (St. Jerome and Laval). The Lower Town area was identified by the authorities to avoid having Segway users attempting to climb the steep slopes between the Lower Town and Upper Town. The perimeter is defined by the Autoroute Laurentienne and the St. Charles River separating Quebec City from Limoilou. Once again, the purpose of restricting the area was to concentrate the units in one area and create a maximum of co-existence between EPAMDs and pedestrians. .... 15 Figure 10 - Permitted territory in St. Jerome (maps.google.com) "./ ;;-::Q '." - ""'-~~it~~-- . \ \H,.,//.. f}~':{,,:';::',; \ / .'\. '\, \, ~ l/\'f/t:.'~ /; .: .0 I y).1; "\ '.~: ~... - ',:-"./ (J /,-,F ....(.:\...,(/... /[~J ....\ ~ ..... .. '1.: ::. X. /0 /' '../ ... ) J .... ,~~:' ). ,. .. V} J i --. /'.' ~..' /P / I \ ;/ /~ ,. J \/~./ j", />~~~ " !' "Z. I /'--~ :F\ /i'~'\!' t~7( '~ I ":.,..J ~__. ~__.__./...-.~." (~~ '\/r ..--,-"' J -"::.;;~/ '................_ ~Z '-......./ . .\,......-..__- / ......... ..:..(~~:::::..:..... . ....<J ........~. ... ......---,...---. -.--- /.1 j-______ -..:...:. / -......... I ....-.i......... t I ---. -..... -~::--. -'y J /<......... J' j .......-....t... --....._~":..-=t.. ......... / {II .......... i..J... ,. ................. f...______ .......... L:.L'" / :rt: 1.:2' 'f-....~ I ----......... . I 1:--(,--"" -\., ^ ..:.' ." ~ ~':i ..' ..r-- :...... [~.. ..... <_ .../ ~,....----..--. 'Po / .. ~ (-....., .--- / m1 :. -^--.. / .......... ""--., ,I ........ -. " /r, ,;>1~ ~ ~ . '-:"..-J..~ // ... . I ""- .../ .t~~........ ~..[~/ J~. / .' .... ' .. >.... ,t!; -.. i ;~-.. - // ,._~' ':.. /<7/ '......... ~ ' 1<:'" / / ..-- / ./ nr.~,.). ~ ."-:--_,)< i).;";~>':::. "'::;J iJ /~....... / .....---.... .......... .. t1i1. .I ,-'" .....,. ~. ;' ct.~};.~~"''" .--/ J / I ( ./ , '.... l .... ........ .-/ .-.. ".-:./ '. :- -... f I I ~. i. ~-<'. / . ,/~ -'C'. \ \ ~ '0" "\ ;)/ ~.{ .' / - .....-..).,., /' /(' .~.:~:.~}".;..:....--.... ..------------...\ "\ !b /~:';.:\ .> I J \ 1.:. -' / - ~ ..-'. ~</L-,.::../:::. y"~.~~'_/ c'~)r,... ,r'... "<'.'. I \.... ,.\. t.'~ ,I. '..-.'.. _.~:.: J' '~L_('-'/ ~ ....1..... .--.........--...----.. \... ~ ~ ~ / ./ .-"':.- "::\" -'- -"<:::,_. .~ - .-.-.~:::-:..- ", ... /~ .-. ,- ...i.. ~'..i) \. '-........ --.- --.. > i" . .\ Figure 11 - Permitted territory in Laval (maps.google.com) .... 16 Figure 12 - Permitted territory in Quebec City (maps.google.com) 4) Usage zones within study territories Three pedestrian zones were part of the evaluation project: - sidewalks, the target zone, generally occupied by pedestrians. Many municipalities prohibit cyclists, inline skaters and skateboarders on sidewalks. - bicycle paths, sometimes quite heavily travelled, already occupied by cyclists, skaters and boarders. - shoulders - sometimes paved - of roads without sidewalks and with posted speed limits of 50 km/h or less. In this situation, the Segway is required to move like a pedestrian, that is, in the opposite direction to automobile traffic; this is different from the rule for bicycles. .... 17 Figure 13 - Quebec City, Charest Boul. East a) Sidewalks Sidewalks are spaces normally reserved for pedestrians. They are normally found on either side of the street in urban centres, or on only one side in residential areas. Sometimes sidewalks are indoors, giving access to public buildings (metro and railway stations, etc). Roads and places less frequented by pedestrians may not have any sidewalks. In the study cities, sidewalks were paved with concrete, stone slabs or concrete pavers. They have standard dimensions: four or five feet wide, with a height of six inches above the roadway. In general, sidewalks have a curb cut at intersections to allow mobility-impaired persons easy access. An intersection is the place where a road intersects with a sidewalk or bicycle path, accommodating pedestrian, bicycle and automobile traffic. .... 18 Figure 14 - St. Jerome, Petit train du Nord trail, km 0 Figure 15 - Laval, shoulder b) Bicycle paths Bicycle paths are specifically for bicycles but also accessible to inline skaters and pedestrians. They are free of interaction with motor vehicles. c) Shoulders Shoulders are areas alongside roads that do not have sidewalks. They are normally accessible to pedestrians, who walk facing traffic. Shoulders may be asphalt, gravel or dirt. Some roads may not have shoulders. In such cases, pedestrians, like EPAMD users, must use the edge of the paved roadway. For the purposes of this study, only the shoulders of roads with posted speed limits of 50 km/h or less were authorized. .... 19 3. RESULTS The results are presented in terms of the study objectives defined in section 2.1. They are mainly derived from the questionnaire responses and the interviews done with Segway users, interactors and police authorities in the three cities concerned. These data were analyzed by CEVEQ, which observed the conduct of the testing exercise, at least during training sessions and interaction. On occasion, CEVEQ shed some light on the data gathered. In addition, in discussing the results, some Phase 1 findings are invoked to challenge or support trends observed in Phase 2. It is clear that the quality of questionnaire responses depends on the clarity of the questions. Also, to facilitate analysis, the answer choices for some questions limited respondents' freedom of expression; this may have distorted the results. Users did, however, have the chance to make free-form comments at the end of the questionnaire. This chapter lists, for each category of study participants and each type of pedestrian zone defined, the main findings in terms of the acceptability and safety of the Segway HT and the standards of use to be proposed. The distance covered by users, according to the odometers, is presented in Graph 2. It should be noted that the measured distances are at least 250/0 less than the actual because of odometer reliability problems. The total distance covered by the EPAMDs is estimated to be more than 9,000 km, or an average of more than 50 km per user. The odometer problems arose because of the difficulty in placing the magnets on the wheels and ensuring appropriate clearance between the sensor and the magnet, as the odometers were not designed for this application. '200' . ..:.. .:-: . .."...;. - ..... ... (t... _+~~ .....'t....... Qy'_~~) Graph 2 - Distances covered by EPAMDs ~'.,. . .~'11In:n ~. .~......... :-"-"" -::...... =-..:-..... :".. .....tf)Qj.. .-=:--=: ,,:";-=-{ ,. .~ . . .. .. . .. .: :~.' ) ;.'.: .. '. '> .\. .. .., ......... ~~... .,..'- I .. . -.:....~: ::-:-. 3.1 SAFETY AND ACCEPTABILITY The EPAMD's safety and acceptability were the key issues in this testing. This section presents a number of considerations pertaining to the safety and acceptability of the Segway as seen by the rider, other road users and police authorities. A list of incidents/accidents is also presented and analyzed. All of these results are analyzed and discussed in section 3.4 to bring out aspects of safety and acceptability pertinent to the rider and other road users. .... 21 3.1.1 Data Sources To document the safety and acceptability testing, four types of document were compiled and analyzed, as follows: . 128 user questionnaires . 16 incident reports . 3 reports by authorities . 360 interviews with interactors 3.1.2 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Users The results of the compilation of 123 user questionnaires are presented here under a few major headings: 1) TRAINING . 71 % of users had heard only vaguely, or not at all, of the Segway. . Close to half (430/0) of users had some apprehensions before riding the device. . 930/0 of users see training as an absolute necessity to ride an EPAMD safely. . 920/0 of users consider the training received sufficient. . In learning to ride the device, the following operations were described as having a high degree of complexity: Getting around obstacles Controlling the device on slopes Handling the device Driving reflexes 2) DRIVING TEST UNDER REAL-LIFE CONDITIONS a) IN GENERAL . 90/0 of users said they apprehensions at the end of the testing. . 420/0 had the impression they were fully in control of the device. . In interactions with pedestrians, the speed of the device (500/0) and pedestrians' curiosity (400/0) were the greatest risk factors. . Getting on and off sidewalks and riding along them were, out of some twenty operations, the ones that most often produced a sense of insecurity. . Cyclists' curiosity is the greatest risk factor (320/0) in interactions with these users. . Motorists' curiosity (420/0) and visibility (320/0) were the greatest risk factors in interactions with these users. . Among some fifteen factors in the traffic environment (bumps, rain, wind, etc) that users found particularly troublesome, the worst were cracks in the sidewalk (250/0) and potholes (250/0). . The great majority of trips were done during the day or evening, very seldom at night. b) ON SIDEWALKS . 600/0 of users responded that nothing had impaired their sense of security on sidewalks by day; this proportion was 660/0 in the evening. . The operations deemed most difficult on sidewalks were: getting onto a sidewalk with no curb cut (310/0) remaining on the sidewalk at all times (240/0) passing a pedestrian (170/0) .... 22 c) ON BICYCLE PATHS . 91 % of users responded that nothing had impaired their sense of security on bicycle paths. . Making one's presence known (horn, light, etc.) seems the most difficult thing on bicycle paths (160/0). d) ON SHOULDERS . 860/0 of users responded that nothing had impaired their sense of security on shoulders. . 40/0 of users consider the Segway's speed too high for shoulders. . 50/0 said they had felt like a nuisance to other road users when the shoulder was congested; this fell to 30/0 when it was not congested. . In the evening, 80/0 of users said they were affected by a lack of visibility. . Being seen by motorists in the evening (making one's presence known) seems to be the most difficult thing for EPAMD users on shoulders (260/0). . Where there is no shoulder, users often tend to use the roadway. 3) ACCESSORIES . 51 % of users never used the light. . 770/0 of those who did use it were satisfied. . 730/0 of users never used the horn. . 530/0 of those who did use it were satisfied. 4) PARTICIPANTS' COMMENTS Here are a few representative comments by users: "The device seems big enough never to go unnoticed. I liked the shoulders a lot more than the sidewalks, since the street provides much greater freedom to avoid all kinds of obstacle. Sense of security +++." As the device is very new here, I had scads of questions from people who stopped me. They all said the same thing, though. Cool was the word used to describe the Segway, no matter what their age group! I didn't meet anyone who seemed hesitant about it. However, even though it's equipped with Michelin tires, you quickly find the ride leaves a lot to be desired on Quebec's roads and sidewalks. I had a bit soreness in the soles of my feet and my ankles and knees, as well as the occasional stitch during jaunts of more than an hour. Sometimes on the bicycle path and indoors, however. I really believe sidewalks are not at all suited to this type of device. Not wide or smooth enough. Too often you get things like garbage cans, recycling bins and trees on the sidewalks. That being said, this is still a marvellous device and very easy to use." - Guy, age 32, St. Jerome "For my age, a great experience." - Florent, age 80, St. Jerome "Sidewalks are not the thing at all. The speed is too fast, even with the black key. It bothers pedestrians. You often have to go onto the roadway. It's like joggers or cyclists on a sidewalk, people always to have move out of the way. It's ideal for bicycle paths. They're safe, generally in good condition, not too many big holes... . The cruising speed doesn't matter." - Marie-Helene, age 26, Laval .... 23 "Excellent training on obstacles, which was very important, as it taught us how to negotiate gravel and lawns as well as broken surfaces. The problem with sidewalks is the separation strips, which are jarring, and the up and down slopes at people's driveways, which are too common in residential areas without bicycle paths. Bicycle paths, in contrast, are easy to use, and cyclists do not seem to see the Segway as a obstacle, since like them we use only half of the path. My first suggestion is that they try to increase the battery range; it's nerve-racking to go more than a few kilometres, as you're always afraid of getting stuck. And there should be some easy way of determining how much farther we can go; it's unpleasant to have to trek back. Thanks for this opportunity!" - Guy, age 55, Laval "On sidewalks, pedestrians do not know that Segways are allowed there, they're not expecting an electric vehicle to come along, and they seem disinclined to share their space. Some bicycle paths are unpaved. For large-diameter, inline wheels like a bicycle's there's no problem, but for a vehicle with parallel wheels, it's dangerous. Several options seem to me to be essential: horn, light and kickstand when the rider leaves the Segway momentarily." - Alain, age 48, Quebec "On sidewalks, not a problem! If you ride smart, the Segway poses no threat. Thank you!" - Carole, age 57, Quebec City 5) INCIDENTS DURING TESTING During the Segway EPAMD evaluation project, it was planned that any incidents that might occur would be documented. In order to obtain as much information as possible on these events, incident report forms were issued to users, who were to complete them and turn them in when bringing back the Segway at the end of the week. During the testing, 16 incident reports were filled out. However, it is important to note that several other minor incidents probably occurred, but were not reported. For instance, no reports were received from Quebec City, whereas participants said they had witnessed a few incidents. Though we were unable to track all incidents, Table 4 does present all those that were reported. a) Conditions . All incidents occurred during fair weather . One incident report mentioned a wet surface b) Injury . 11 incidents caused minor injuries No incident required hospitalization All minor injuries involved bruises Three injuries involved minor cuts 5 incidents involving arm injuries were reported 7 incidents involving leg injuries were reported One incident report mentioned a head injury that was avoided because the rider was wearing a helmet. . . . . . . .... 24 c) Damage to the device9 . In 9 incidents, no damage to the device was reported . 2 handlebars were seriously broken . 3 platforms sustained damage . One wheel had slight damage . One flat was reported d) Injury to others . No injury to others was reported e) Causes of incidents . 6 incidents were brought about by riders' inexperience. Most of these occurred during the first days of the week's testing. o Turning too sharply o Sidewalk o Gutters o Poor reflexes - steering control . 3 incidents were brought about by inattention o The rider didn't notice a rock on a sidewalk under construction o Failed to see a curve o Careless motorist . 2 incidents were brought about by avoidance manoeuvres . 2 incidents involved traction (lawns) . One incident involved dismounting manoeuvres . One incident involved the safety cutoff of power to the device after it had stopped (no more power) . One slow leak was reported as an incident f) Reports by police authorities . No incidents involving a Segway were recorded by the St. Jerome, Laval or Quebec City police . Quebec City police did, however, see participants riding beyond the set boundaries 9 Several plastic mudguards were repaired or replaced. Broken or defective odometers were repaired or changed every week. One device could not be repaired. .... 25 When Experience Place Cause Nature of damage July 11 o day Sidewalk Inexperience, power cut Equipment: odometer fell 8 p.m. off Park - Practising manoeuvres on July 12 1 day pedestrian Nil space the grass, no traction July 13 Inexperience, speed too high Minor cuts and bruises 2 days Sidewalk Equipment: handlebar 9:45 p.m. approaching the sidewalk broken July 19 1 day Shoulder Inexperience, poor steering Superficial bruises to left 2 p.m. reflexes elbow 19July19 Inexperience, going down a Minor scratches (hands, 8 p.m. 1 day Sidewalk hill elbow, hip) Equipment: handlebar broken July 21 2 days Bicycle path Poor visibility, inattention superficial bruises to 10:30 p.m. elbow July 25 o day N/A Inexperience in dismounting Superficial bruises to 12:45 p.m. from the device head and shin, scare July 26 1 day N/A Inexperience in dismounting Superficial bruises to the 7:30 a.m. from the device shin July 26 1 day Sidewalk Inexperience, poor steering Minor bruises to back, 2 p.m. reflexes elbow and knees July 26 Private Inexperience, trying to ride 1 day on grass and cross a None, no fall 7:15 p.m. residence concrete border July 28 A motorist, distracted by the Superficial cuts and 3 days Shoulder EPAMD, caused the rider to 5 p.m. make a false move bruises to legs and hands July 29 4 days N/A Flat Equipment: flat 11 a.m. August 2 Inexperience, loss of control, Superficial bruises to right 9a.m. 1 day Sidewalk wheel dropped off the leg sidewalk Inexperience, poor steering August 2 1 day Parking lot reflexes, set foot on the Superficial bruises to the 10 a.m. (public market) ground while vehicle was foot moving September 4 Distraction, loss of control in 3 p.m. 3 days Shoulder the course of an avoidance Bruises to pelvis and hip man03uvre September 9 4 days Sidewalk Distraction and poor driving Minor bruise on right 12:45 p.m. position, hitting a rock shoulder Table 4 - List of incidents recorded during the study .... 26 6) CEVEQ TEAM'S OBSERVATIONS Even though the project was supervised and regulated, it appears some riders went outside the test areas and did not fully comply with instructions for use of the device. It was reported that some participants allowed a number of people to ride the Segway, despite being warned not to. The Highway Code as it relates to pedestrians was not always observed either. These delinquent behaviours show that even when users can make their trips more quickly, they are not necessarily any more patient at intersections and don't always wait for the traffic light before crossing an intersection, for example. With respect to pedestrian zones, EPAMDs frequently took to the shoulder even where there was a sidewalk. How to explain this? Maybe it's the fact that some sidewalks are narrow or bumpy, or perhaps when there are a certain number of pedestrians Segway users felt intrusive. Finally, a few of the incidents reported were the result of riders' overboldness. However, it is important to remember that, despite the misbehaviour of some participants, not one pedestrian, cyclist or other pedestrian route user suffered any injury on account of an EPAMD. Nor was there a single complaint filed with the police in the cities where the project was carried out. 3.1.3 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Interactors During their week of testing, participants were to take part in interaction meetings to document the reactions of motorists, pedestrians and other road users to the Segway. A massive concentration of Segways (all available participants, i.e. 6 to 10 Segways) was created each week on sidewalks, cycle paths and road intersections, often at peak traffic hours. During these sessions, the study organizers sought the impressions of other road users through a survey. In all, thirteen interaction sessions were conducted: four in St. Jerome, four in Laval and five in Quebec City. However, after the first interaction session, the organizers realized that the questionnaire was too long and changed it at once. Therefore, the results of the first interaction session, in St. Jerome, were discarded; the results in this report are based on a total of twelve interaction sessions: three in St. Jerome, four in Laval and five in Quebec City. 1) INTERACTORS During the twelve interaction periods, 360 persons responded to the interaction questionnaire: 89 from St. Jerome, 61 from Laval and 210 from Quebec City. The respondents fell into six categories: pedestrians, motorists, cyclists, skaters, mobility-impaired persons using wheelchairs, and skateboarders. The very great majority of respondents consisted of pedestrians, encountered mainly on sidewalks. Total number of interactors: 360 . Other (7) . Cyclists (17) . Motorists (37) . Pedestrians (299) . Sidewalk (310) . Cycle paths (26) . Intersection (23) . Other (1) Graph 3 - Breakdown of interactors Graph 4 - Interaction environment Of thirteen documented interaction sessions during the project, ten were held in the afternoon and three in the evening. The density of pedestrians and other users was always low in St. Jerome and Laval. .... 27 As it seems there is no common reference in the literature to define a level of sidewalk use, the authors decided to use the values described in Table 5, which are based on the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM),10 to characterize the pedestrian density present in the areas visited for the interaction analysis pe riods. The level of sidewalk use in Laval and St. Jerome may be estimated at between A and B, that is, about 4 m2 per pedestrian. In the case of Quebec City, with certain areas having a higher pedestrian density and taking into account the times when the interaction periods took place, the level of use might reach level C, even D, especially close to intersections. In these cases, we reckoned one pedestrian to every 1.4 m2. A >12 <7 B 3.7-12 7-23 C 2.2-3.7 23-33 D 1.4-2.2 33-49 E 0.6-1.4 49-82 F < 0.6 > 82 2) PEDESTRIANS . 299 pedestrians were questioned, including 290 on sidewalks . 6.30/0 of pedestrians said the EPAMDs had got in their way . 120/0 said they had changed course because of an EPAMD . Fewer than 1 % said they had been placed in a hazardous situation by EPAMD users . 130/0 of interactors thought an EPAMD was more dangerous than a pedestrian at intersections . 380/0 of interactors thought an EPAMD was more dangerous than a pedestrian on sidewalks . 12.60/0 thought the EPAMDs went too fast . 400/0 of pedestrians thought the sidewalk was no place for an EPAMD . 90/0 do not favour EPAMD use on bicycle paths . 700/0 of pedestrians favour EPAMD use on shoulders a) Comments Here are a few representative comments by pedestrians They should follow the bicycle code. (St. Jerome) Good idea! Danger = user. (St. Jerome) Because the sidewalks are not wide enough, they're in the way. (St. Jerome) Seems safe, not fast, not wide, cute! (Laval) Looks like great fun, for short trips = great! (Laval) Maybe if the sidewalk is wide enough, a good means of transportation. (Laval) Segway traffic on sidewalks? Depends on the speed. (Quebec City) Depends on the rider. (Quebec City) Should go on the street rather than the sidewalks. (Quebec City) 10 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), Chapter 13. .... 28 3) MOTORISTS . 36 motorists were questioned at intersections . No motorists said an EPAMD had got in their way . 140/0 thought an EPAMD was more dangerous than a pedestrian at intersections . 190/0 thought an EPAMD was more dangerous than a pedestrian on shoulders a) Comments Here are a few representative comments by motorists: They're like wheelchairs. (St. Jerome) No more dangerous than a bicycle. (St. Jerome) 4) OTHER USERS This group includes 17 cyclists who encountered an EPAMD on a bicycle path or the shoulder and 7 other pedestrian zone users: four skaters, two skateboarders and a person in a motorized wheelchair. As there were so few, they were added to the other users category. . No cyclists said they had been bothered, had found the EPAMDs went too fast, or had had to change direction because of a Segway . 170/0 of cyclists thought an EPAMD was more dangerous than a pedestrian on shoulders . 590/0 favoured their use on sidewalks . 880/0 favoured their use on bicycle paths . 70.50/0 favoured their use on shoulders a) Comments Here are a few representative comments by cyclists: It all depends on the rider, just like a bicycle. (St. Jerome) Fun, practical, not on bicycle paths. (St. Jerome) Let them be, but watch for children. (St. Jerome) On the shoulders, not the sidewalks. (Laval) 3.1.4 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Police 1) SIDEWALKS . As the authorities did not report any incidents or complaints, they were not opposed to EPAMD use on sidewalks. . However, police authorities did say the sidewalk is certainly the most sensitive area for the use of these devices. They emphasized the need for rider training and public information. 2) SHOULDERS . The authorities made no remarks about safety on shoulders. However, City of Laval authorities were interested in knowing if users would behave in the same way in getting around parked cars when they were pedestrians. The study showed that 7 times out of 10, users would have behaved the same way had they been on foot. .... 29 3) BICYCLE PATHS . No reported incidents and no complaints . Public education, both for the general public and for riders, is vital. 3.2 STANDARDS OF USE One of the study objectives was to propose some standards for EPAMD use. Below are some statistics based on the responses received from participants and interactors. Police authorities were not asked to comment on this. 3.2.1 Training . 950/0 of participants who received the 3-hour training felt ready to ride. . 650/0 of participants felt that recognized training should be among the things governed by a regulatory framework. 3.2.2 Helmet Wear . 71 % of participants thought a protective helmet should be a regulatory requirement for riding a Segway EPAMD. 3.2.3 Speed . 530/0 of participants were against the imposition of a speed limit for use on sidewalks. . Among the 470/0 who did favour such a limit: o 590/0 said it should be 10 km/h, o 240/0 said 15 km/h, and o 120/0 said 20 km/h .11 3.2.4 Time of Use . 81 % of participants thought EPAMD use should be prohibited at night. 3.2.5 Age Limit . 860/0 of participants thought riders' age should be regulated. 650/0 of them thought the minimum age to ride a Segway EPAMD should be 16. It should be noted that of five parameters that could be regulated, minimum age is seen as the most important. 3.2.6 Usage Zones 1) Sidewalks . 500/0 of participants would be interested in using the devices on sidewalks. . 380/0 of pedestrians interviewed on sidewalks thought that the Segway EPAMD posed more of a danger than a pedestrian. . 130/0 of pedestrians interviewed on sidewalks said they found these devices went too fast. . 400/0 of pedestrians think the EPAMD has no place on sidewalks. 11 Under ideal conditions the Segway's maximum speed is 20 km/h. .... 30 2) Bicycle paths . 720/0 of participants would be interested in using the devices on bicycle paths. . No interactors interviewed on the bicycle path reported that the Segway EPAMD had got in their way. . Most cyclists interviewed thought EPAMDs on bicycle paths were fine. . 860/0 of pedestrians interviewed on a bicycle path thought EPAMDs on bicycle paths were fine. . 80/0 of interactors interviewed on a bicycle path thought the EPAMDs went too fast. 3) Shoulders . 860/0 of participants said nothing had impaired their sense of security on shoulders. . 71 % of interactors thought Segways on shoulders were fine. 3.3 THE EPAMD AS AN AL TERNA TIVE VEHICLE "Intermodality" means using several means of transport during a single trip. It aims at reducing the use of private cars and the in concomitant harmful effects by promoting the combined use of various less polluting modes such as public transit, walking, car-pooling, bicycles, inline skates, car-sharing. For intermodality to develop, good alternatives to the private car must first be offered. In Phase 1, the results of the survey of 49 closed-course Segway users showed that the device could potentially bring about a modal shift. Indeed, the data collected in 2003 showed that if people had Segways, they would use them more for their short trips (less than 3 km). These trips would mainly be shifted from cars. At the time, 33 people indicated that they regularly used their cars for short trips. Only 9 would still do so if a Segway were available. Walking was also somewhat affected by a mobility shift. Six trips would be done by Segway rather than on foot. The data suggest that this shift is mainly among the elderly and people with weight problems (more than 90 kg). The mobility shift seems marginal with respect to cycling and public transit use. The Segway does not seem to have an impact on these two modes of transportation. 3.3.1 Complementarity of the Segway with Other Means of Transportation In Phase 2, 123 users were surveyed using a limited number of questions to get their opinions about the alternative vehicle/intermodality issue. The results are as follows: . 81 % consider the Segway complementary to other means of transportation, 190/0 do not. . For 530/0 of users, it is complementary to the bicycle, . 51 % find it complementary to walking, whereas 190/0 and 160/0, respectively, find it complementary to the train or taxi. 3.3.2 Applications and Target Clientele . 720/0 of the users questioned would be interested in riding a Segway on bicycle paths and 500/0 on sidewalks. . 740/0 would be interested in using it inside an industrial or private space and 800/0 inside a shopping centre. . 830/0 of the users find the Segway suited to industrial uses, 750/0 to personal use and 490/0 to police work. .... 31 . 550/0 would be interested in buying a Segway EPAMD. . 800/0 said they would be willing to pay less than $2,000 for the device, whereas only 40/0 would buy it at a price of between $3,500 and $4,000. In daily applications, . 650/0 of users find the Segway useful for neighbourhood jaunts, . 550/0 for commuting to work, whereas 100/0 find it suited to neither activity. 3.4 DISCUSSION OF RESUL TS 3.4.1 EPAMD User Safety and Perceived Nuisance Factor The Segway user's safety is to a great extent dependent on the device itself, the user's mental and physical capacity and maturity, the training received, and the physical setting in which the device is used. However, it is important to distinguish the safety results from those concerned with the device's acceptability or the perceived nuisance factor. For users, safety is the predominant factor. 1 ) Safety This issue was approached from the following points of view: a) Training In Phase 1, a certain number of parameters were studied, including the device's performance, its ergonomic qualities, user training and the response to this training, by surveying a sample of 49 users from 16 to 80 years old. The great majority (940/0) found the 4 hours of training altogether appropriate. Moreover, ergonomic analysis established that learning to ride a Segway is about as complex as learning to ride a bicycle, or less so. There is only a small percentage of the population that seems unable to use a Segway for various reasons (see section 2.2.1). The purpose of Phase 2 was, among other things, to do additional safety testing of the Segway in a dynamic urban environment. Thus, a larger sample of users (143) was selected and trained using a protocol very similar to the one used in Phase 1 . Additional instructions specific to the requirements of the testing under real-life conditions and rules on pedestrian behaviour were added. Users quickly gained control of the Segway, to the point where the great majority (more than 900/0) indicated that they felt ready to ride normally following the training. For the great majority, this training was adequate and absolutely necessary. Following Phases 1 and 2, CEVEQ concluded that the training prescribed by the manufacturer, when given by a qualified person, provides users with the necessary initiation to ensure their safety and that of other road users. Moreover, the manufacturer obliges its distributors to give a minimum of 30 minutes' training upon purchase of the device and urges the customer to take the complete training, which is offered by the distributor for a fee. Lastly, if customers do not want to take the training, they must complete a release form stating that they declined the recommended training. b) Minimum driving age It is clear that users' age and maturity can affect safety, both their own and that of other users of pedestrian zones. The Segway manufacturer recommends a minimum age of 16. In Phase 1, after a few hours of familiarization with the device, users suggested a minimum age of 14. In Phase 2, after training and one week's riding experience, nearly 500/0 of the 123 users favoured a minimum age of 16 instead, while 200/0 thought 18 would be better. An examination of regulations in effect in the United States reveals that only 500/0 of the states where the Segway is authorized set a minimum age. Where an age is set, .... 32 16 is usual. Phase 1 testing did not explore this issue, as the selected candidates were all 16 or older, as recommended by the manufacturer. It thus appears advisable to set the minimum age at 16. c) Driving experience After a week of driving experience, 90/0 of users still had certain apprehensions about Segway use. An analysis of the incidents shows that most occurred in the first days of the week of testing. It is safe to assume that user safety improves with driving experience. According to the manufacturer's documentation, Segway training goes through four phases: 1. Unawareness, incompetence: Users don't know what they don't know. 2. Awareness, incompetence: They know there's a lot they don't know. 3. Awareness, competence: They are competent, but must focus on the manoeuvres. 4. Unawareness, competence: They have acquired automatic reactions and no longer have to think to control the device. It is important to note that during the project, few users reached the fourth phase of learning since they had the devices only for a week. Most of them developed some driving skill, but not yet sufficient experience to acquire some of the automatic reactions that come from long-term use of the device. d) Use on sidewalks Riding on sidewalks gave users a certain sense of insecurity. Getting onto a sidewalk with no curb cut, remaining on the sidewalk at all times, and overtaking a pedestrian were among the operations considered most difficult by users. There are several reasons for this. Where there is no curb cut, users must change usage modes (to assistance mode) to mount the curb, which slows them down. Overtaking a pedestrian is especially difficult when the sidewalk is narrow. And lastly, keeping on the sidewalk can be difficult for users because of its uneven surface and the many obstacles found there. It was reported- and witnessed by the project team-that users having difficulty riding on the sidewalk because of pedestrian congestion or an uneven surface would veer off onto the roadway alongside. Lastly, when the sidewalk was free of pedestrians, speed became the factor that caused the user the most insecurity. It should be understood here that users have total control of their speed, and so of their safety. It should be noted as well that after using their Segway for one week, only 500/0 of the 128 users who turned in their questionnaires said they would be interested in using the device on sidewalks. They said they automatically slowed down when pedestrians were present, because they came to feel they were a nuisance to pedestrians on sidewalks. e) Other factors affecting user safety Interactors' curiosity about the EPAMD seems to be an insecurity factor for the user, whether on sidewalks, bicycle paths or at intersections. This is probably related to the novelty of the Segway on pedestrian routes. In the future, if Segway use is authorized and these devices become popular, this insecurity factor will gradually diminish. If the decision is made to authorize their use, it will be important to mount a publicity campaign to let the public know how they should behave toward this new road user. Little testing was done and no interaction sessions were held in the evening or at night, but some users said they were not very visible to cyclists and motorists at these times. However, three-quarters of the users who made use of the accessory headlights offered by the manufacturer were satisfied with them. Segways were used in the rain by slightly less than half of the users, the great majority of whom said they had felt safe under these conditions. .... 33 2) The nuisance or acceptability aspect The only place in pedestrian areas where users felt they were a nuisance was on sidewalks, and particularly when they met a pedestrian. Riders said they automatically slowed down when pedestrians were present, because they came to feel they were a nuisance to pedestrians on the sidewalks. 3.4.2 Safety and Acceptability As Seen by Other Road Users In the light of these results, it appears important to distinguish between pedestrians' perception of safety and the Segway's acceptability on sidewalks and in other pedestrian areas. The primary issue here is the nuisance factor; safety is a secondary consideration. We shall look at the nuisance factor in terms of the following traffic zones: 1) Use on sidewalks With regard to pedestrian safety, in the 9,000 km covered by neophyte users, not one incident involving a pedestrian or interactor was reported. Only 1 % of the pedestrians surveyed said they had been placed in a dangerous situation by an EPAMD user. It should be recalled that all interviews with pedestrians were conducted during interaction sessions involving between 6 and 10 devices operating within a restricted perimeter at rush hour, artificially increasing the number of interactions. This, therefore, represents a worst case scenario. Under normal Segway and pedestrian density conditions, the perception of insecurity and nuisance could be less. Traffic speed is another parameter that may affect pedestrian safety. However, only 120/0 of pedestrians found the Segways went too fast.12 With respect to acceptability, two pedestrians out of five (400/0) who met a Segway on the sidewalk felt it had no business being there. When meeting an EPAMD, 120/0 said they had had to change course and 6.30/0 said that the EPAMD had got in their way. In addition, 380/0 found a Segway rider more intimidating than another pedestrian. The testing in this pilot project, and particularly the interaction periods, show that the presence of Segways on sidewalks poses very little threat to pedestrians' safety and integrity. As regards the acceptability of their presence on sidewalks, that is less clear. This concern over the perceived nuisance factor seems to support the apprehensions of the Plateau Mont-Royal police in Montreal, where the sidewalks are usually very crowded and pedestrians are already complaining of sidewalk nuisances (see section 2.2.8). 2) Use on bicycle paths During 27 interactions on bicycle paths, the majority being with cyclists, 880/0 of interactors said they were in favour of EPAMD traffic on bicycle paths. No one was bothered by their presence. It seems, therefore, that in this traffic zone there are no safety or acceptability issues. 3) Use on shoulders About 150/0 of the cyclists and motorists interviewed considered an EPAMD on the shoulder of a road with no sidewalk more intimidating, safety-wise, than a pedestrian. None of them said they had been disturbed or made to change course by a Segway; 700/0 favoured their use on shoulders. It seems, therefore, that in this traffic zone there are no safety or acceptability issues. It should be noted that during testing, users were told to ride on the shoulders facing automobile traffic, as stipulated for pedestrians in the Highway Safety Code. 12 The CEVEQ team notes: Pedestrians often asked the pollsters about the EPAMDs' speed. When they were told they could reach 20 km/h, many said that was too fast. When they got no answer but had to rely on their own experience, very few thought the EPAMDs' speed was excessive. It is difficult to determine how many respondents were quoted a top speed for the Segway. .... 34 4) Motorists' viewpoint According to the 36 motorists interviewed, EPAMDs encountered at intersections and on shoulders were not in their way. About 150/0 thought they posed a greater danger than a pedestrian. As already mentioned, the presence of Segways in great numbers at the interaction sessions aroused motorists' curiosity. However, motorists' curiosity about EPAMDs may be expected to tail off as they become a commoner feature in the urban landscape. 5) Police viewpoint Although police authorities believe that Segways may pose a danger to other users of pedestrian routes, they consider public education paramount. Nonetheless, they also consider that Segways could be used for patrolling. Since 2002 in the United States, more and more police departments (Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Santa Monica, California; Fond du Lac, Wisconsin; etc.) have been acquiring Segway EPAMDs to patrol pedestrian zones and airports. 3.4.3 Safety and Acceptability Summary In the light of this evaluation-involving 143 users who, after 3.5 hours of training and a week of Segway use, covered more than 9,000 km on sidewalks, bicycle paths and shoulders in urban environments-the following are the major findings on the safety and acceptability issues: . No incident or serious accident was reported, so concerns for the safety aspect were lessened; . Following a guided 3.5-hour training session, Segway users were easily able to use the device on public roadways; . EPAMD traffic on sidewalks generates feelings of insecurity among users and pedestrians alike; . The feeling of insecurity expressed by users generally arises from their lack of confidence about being able to properly control the device under difficult conditions, as when encountering a pedestrian or navigating tight spaces and difficult surfaces, conditions often existing on sidewalks. Most likely, with more driving experience, users' confidence will improve, as is the case with learning to ride a bicycle; . Among interactors, and in particular pedestrians on sidewalks, perceptions are a blend of safety concerns and the nuisance factor. The latter seems a greater concern than safety, since no incident or serious injury was reported in the course of 9,000 km of testing by users with little driving experience. The perception of nuisance is most probably exacerbated by the exceptionally large number of Segways and pedestrians that were interacting. Under normal conditions of use, the nuisance factor should significantly diminish; . EPAMD traffic on bicycle paths and road shoulders does not seem to cause any nuisance or safety problem. Training/initiation in Segway use by the manufacturer, as well as the user's age/maturity and helmet wear, are expected to contribute to safer use of the Segway EPAMD. In order to control or minimize the nuisance factor on sidewalks, it is possible to prohibit Segway traffic at peak traffic hours or in certain urban areas that are not well suited to it. Moreover, in order to help municipalities provide for safe EPAMD traffic while minimizing any nuisance, a guide to safe traffic conditions could be prepared. .... 35 3.4.4 Standards of Use Based on the evaluation of testing phases 1 and 2, the following usage parameters appear most important in providing for the safety of riders and other raod users, while at the same time making Segway EPAMD use more harmonious and acceptable. 1) Minimum driving age This was the parameter deemed most important by users in Phase 2. It was thought that 16 should be the minimum age required. In accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, users chosen for testing in Phases 1 and 2 had to be 16 or older. In Phase 1, after a few hours' familiarization with the Segway, users suggested a minimum user age of 14. Nearly 500/0 of the user group in Phase 2 favoured a minimum age of 16 instead, while 200/0 thought it should be 18. An examination of the regulations in effect in the United States (see Table 1) shows that most states have opted for a minimum age of 16, if any. Nearly half of the states have no minimum age. That being so, it seems advisable, for the moment, to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and set a minimum age of 16; especially if there is no formal training or driving test required for riding this EPAMD. 2) Wearing a protective helmet This is the second parameter to be looked at in order of importance, according to users in Phase 2. More than 700/0 believe that a bicycle-style protective helmet must be required for user safety. As the EPAMD can reach speeds of 20 km/h and riding surfaces are often rough, loss of balance and falls are possible, so it is very appropriate to require such protection to be worn. 3) Training Training such as was provided during the project should be strongly recommended to EPAMD users. Since Segway operation is perceived to be no more complex than riding a bicycle, and the manufacturer does provide at least 30 minutes of training to its customers, there is no justification for requiring EPAMD training. 4) Time of use Nighttime use of EPAMDs should be subject to the same requirements as for bicycles. At minimum, a headlight should be used when riding at night. The Segway already has reflective strips around the platform and the wheels as standard equipment. 5) Usage zones Segway use on the shoulders of roads posted at 50 km/h, bicycle paths and sidewalks does not compromise either users' safety or that of persons coming into contact with the device in pedestrian areas. User education during training and public awareness campaigns could greatly facilitate acceptance of EPAMDs on sidewalks. 3.4.5 The Segway As a Substitute for the Automobile Though the study did not focus on the modal shift the EPAMD could represent, some brief replies taken from the results of Phase 2 suggest that half of the users would be interested in buying a Segway. True, few users (40/0) were ready to buy one at the current price of between $3,500 and $5,000. The majority of the participants (610/0) see the Segway as a new personal transport device for trips in the urban environment, though only 500/0 think they would use it on sidewalks. In Phase 1, nearly half of the .... 36 participants in the study said they would be ready to shift from the automobile to the Segway for trips under 3 km. Given its zero emissions, its electrical propulsion-an energy source that is practically 1000/0 renewable in Quebec-the authorities must take a positive view of this new means of urban mobility. The Segway is an attractive alternative for short trips within the city. As part of a policy of sustainable development, the Segway EPAMD should be permitted to operate under the necessary supervision to ensure the safety of road users and minimize any disturbances. However, given the Segway's current price and the regulations in effect in Quebec and in Canada that prohibit its use on public roads, it is difficult to foresee its wide adoption. .... 37 4. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the Segway EPAMD was carried out in two phases. The first was conducted in a closed- circuit environment, with 49 users, for purposes of technical and ergonomic evaluation. The second phase consisted of testing under actual operating conditions on public roadways and involved 143 users, who covered more than 9,000 km in three cities. The following conclusions were arrived at with regard to the project objectives: 4. 1 SAFETY a) During Phase 1, technical testing results showed that under normal operating conditions the Segway HT is stable, operates smoothly and gives the user a feeling of control. b) Ergonomic evaluation showed that the Segway is easy to use in normal conditions, even when surmounting obstacles, for a very broad range of users. The device compares favourably to other types of vehicle, particularly with respect to stability and ease of learning, where it proved superior to other vehicles such as bicycles or mopeds. c) The 3.5-hour training period provided and strongly recommended by the manufacturer, does offer the necessary initiation for the safe operation of the Segway on public roadways. d) Training/initiation in Segway use, the user's age/maturity, and helmet wear all contribute to safer use of the Segway EPAMD. e) The perception of the Segway as dangerous and the apprehensions prevalent in the minds of the selected candidates and the CEVEQ team faded away after one week's experimentation with driving the Segway and as the project progressed. f) No incident or serious injury, nor any Segway/pedestrian collision or physical interference, was reported during either of the two phases of evaluation, where distances totalling more than 9,000 km were covered. The only incidents reported involved the user only. The frequency of such incidents may diminish as users gain driving experience. g) During testing under actual operating conditions, in Phase 2, it was found that a significant distinction needs to be made between safety aspects and those concerning the EPAMD's acceptability. h) The feeling of insecurity expressed by users generally arose from their lack of confidence in being able to properly control the device under difficult conditions, such as when encountering a pedestrian or navigating tight spaces and difficult surfaces, conditions which often exist on sidewalks. Most likely, with more driving experience, their confidence will improve, as when learning to ride a bicycle. i) Among interactors, and in particular in the case of pedestrians on sidewalks, perceptions were a blend of safety concerns and the nuisance factor. The latter seems to be a greater concern than safety, since no incident or serious injury was reported in the course of 9,000 km of testing by users with little driving experience. The level of nuisance perceived was most probably exacerbated by the exceptionally large number of Segways and pedestrians that were interacting. Under normal operating conditions, the nuisance factor should diminish significantly. j) EPAMDs being driven on sidewalks, cycle paths and road shoulders where speed is limited to 50 km/h will have little impact on user safety and still less on the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, motorists and other pedestrian route users. .... 39 4.2 ACCEPTABILITY Sidewalks were the only type of pedestrian route where the acceptability of EPAMDs was at all in question. EPAMD traffic was found quite acceptable on cycle paths and roadway shoulders. 4.3 STANDARDS OF USE a) The manufacturer's recommendation is that 16 be the minimum age required for use of this EPAMD on public roadways. b) Most users perceive helmets to be necessary for safety. They should, therefore, be required. c) Considering that Segway driver training involves about the same degree of complexity as learning to ride a bicycle and that the manufacturer, through its distributors, ensures that first-time purchasers receive a 30-minute initiation, formal training does not seem necessary. d) Study limitations prevented night use of EPAMDs from being properly evaluated. Users' experience nonetheless suggested that under such conditions, EPAMDs would be as safe as bicycles as long as they were fitted with a headlight. 4.4 EPAMDS AS AN AL TERNA TIVE VEHICLE a) There was quite a bit of interest in Segways for short trips in urban settings; this would generate a certain amount of modal shifts, particularly from automobiles. At the current price of the Segway device, however, few of the users surveyed were ready to buy one. .... 40 5. RECOMMENDATIONS a) Considering the Segway's very positive environmental qualities and insignificant negative impacts, apart from its possible nuisance value on sidewalks, its use on urban pedestrian routes should be allowed subject to regulations patterned after the suggested traffic standards. b) Municipal authorities should be authorized to limit Segway traffic in areas or during periods they deem inappropriate. c) Guidelines should be prepared for municipalities to inform them of measures to be taken to promote safe and trouble-free EPAMD traffic within their boundaries. d) A public awareness campaign should be undertaken to allay fears and apprehensions among pedestrians with respect to EPAMD use on sidewalks and to promote the environmental benefits of their use. e) Information on the rules of use for Segway drivers should be made available. f) Canadian and US experience in the use of Segways should be monitored and standards of use adjusted accordingly. .... 41 6. DOCUMENTATION References 1 . Fly- Trottel Project 1. Pilot project for evaluating motorized personal transportation devices: Segways and electric scooters, TP 14285E, Final report, May 2004, CEVEQ. 2. Test report. Segway evaluation by the PMG Technologies Test and Research Centre. 3. Ergonomic study of the Segway, SHUMAC. 4. Motorized Personal Transportation Devices (MPTDs). Literature Review: Projects, Regulatory Frameworks and Safety Aspects. CEVEQ. 5. Basic Rider Optimization Training for the Segway Human Transporter-Participant Workbook, Segway LLC. 6. Pietons et conducteurs vigilants pour la vie, SAAQ. 7. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM). Websites of interest www.mto.gov.on.ca www.saaq.qc.ca www.segway.com .... 43 Appendices .... Appendix 1 - User Questionnaire - Results Level of knowledge 1.1 Before embarking on this test, what was your level of knowledge of the Segway? D I had already done a test 140/0 D I did some research on the device 150/0 D I had vaguely heard of it 530/0 D I didn't know the device at all 180/0 Training 1.2 Do you think that the training session is absolutely necessary for riding a Segway safely? Dyes 930/0 D no 70/0 1.3 Do you consider that a 3-hour training session adequately familiarized you with the device? Dyes 920/0 D no 80/0 If not, how much longer would you need? D 1 to 2 hours 660/0 D 2 to 3 hours 110/0 D 3 to 6 hours 220/0 D more than 6 hours 00/0 1.4 After the 3 hours of training, did you feel ready to ride? Dyes 950/0 D no 50/0 1.5 What is your assessment of the information given to you during your training? Poor Acceptable Average Good Excellent On the EPAMD (System, operation) 20/0 50/0 50/0 390/0 490/0 On use of the device 00/0 10/0 10/0 390/0 590/0 Driving ethics 20/0 30/0 40/0 390/0 520/0 Safety rules: pedestrians and cyclists 10/0 60/0 120/0 330/0 480/0 1.6 How complex did you feel it was to learn to ride the Segway EPAMD? Very Difficult Average Easy Very difficult easy Getting on 20/0 30/0 340/0 400/0 210/0 Balancing 00/0 20/0 130/0 520/0 330/0 Accelerating 10/0 00/0 50/0 520/0 410/0 Decelerating 20/0 00/0 1 20/0 500/0 360/0 Handling 00/0 20/0 270/0 500/0 210/0 Reflexes 10/0 20/0 330/0 480/0 1 60/0 Turning on and off 10/0 20/0 90/0 430/0 450/0 Changing modes 00/0 20/0 90/0 390/0 500/0 Control on slopes 10/0 60/0 1 90/0 480/0 260/0 Obstacles 30/0 80/0 350/0 400/0 140/0 .... A1-1 Experience with the device 2.1 Did you have some apprehensions before getting on the device? Dyes 430/0 D no 570/0 2.2 If so, were they dispelled during your testing? Dyes 91 % D no 90/0 2.3 In general, did you feel safe during your testing of the device? D never 00/0 D sometimes 40/0 D often 51 0/0 D always 450/0 2.4 In general, how do you perceive the device's manoeuvrability? D poor 10/0 D acceptable 20/0 D average 40/0 D good 370/0 D excellent 560/0 2.5 More specifically, how would you characterize your sense of security during the following operations: Poor Acceptable Average Good Excellent 1 Getting on the Segway 10/0 20/0 40/0 370/0 560/0 2 Getting off the Segway 10/0 20/0 30/0 350/0 590/0 3 Standing 10/0 00/0 20/0 200/0 770/0 4 Accelerating 10/0 10/0 10/0 260/0 710/0 5 Slowing down and braking 10/0 10/0 40/0 390/0 550/0 6 Turning 00/0 40/0 1 70/0 530/0 260/0 7 Backing up 00/0 10/0 70/0 320/0 600/0 8 Going downhill 20/0 20/0 90/0 350/0 520/0 9 Going uphill 00/0 10/0 40/0 390/0 560/0 10 Getting around obstacles 10/0 20/0 1 90/0 420/0 360/0 11 Negotiating rough surfaces 10/0 60/0 240/0 430/0 260/0 12 Reading the dashboard 30/0 60/0 1 00/0 290/0 520/0 13 Loading or unloading objects 40/0 80/0 210/0 400/0 270/0 14 Using the accessories 10/0 10/0 130/0 370/0 480/0 15 Getting onto sidewalks 20/0 1 00/0 150/0 410/0 320/0 16 Getting off sidewalks 10/0 60/0 120/0 420/0 390/0 17 Riding on sidewalks 60/0 80/0 220/0 340/0 300/0 18 Riding on shoulders 20/0 30/0 110/0 340/0 500/0 19 Crossing the street (intersections) 10/0 20/0 90/0 310/0 570/0 20 Riding on bicycle paths 00/0 10/0 20/0 1 90/0 780/0 21 Taking the vehicle up stairways 20/0 80/0 210/0 400/0 290/0 22 Taking the vehicle down stairways 10/0 70/0 220/0 420/0 280/0 23 Transporting the vehicle (e.g., in a car) 210/0 1 70/0 240/0 220/0 160/0 .... A1-2 2.6 At any point in your testing did you have the impression you were not completely in control of the device? D never 420/0 D sometimes 530/0 D often 40/0 D always 1 0/0 2.7 Do you find that the Segway is sufficiently stable when stopped? Dyes 990/0 D no 1 0/0 2.8 Which of the following should be mandatory for users of the Segway EPAMD? D Recognized training 650/0 D Driver's licence 270/0 D Wearing a protective helmet 710/0 D Time of use 810/0 (prohibit evening and/or night-time use) D Age limit 860/0 D 12 and up 110/0 D 14 and up 240/0 D 16 and up 460/0 D 18 and up 190/0 2.9 How do you evaluate the overall performance of the Segway EPAMD? Poor Acceptable Average Good Excellent Speed 40/0 90/0 200/0 430/0 240/0 Range 270/0 180/0 200/0 240/0 110/0 Responsiveness to controls 10/0 20/0 60/0 400/0 510/0 Vehicle power 20/0 50/0 110/0 460/0 360/0 Manoeuvrability 20/0 10/0 80/0 420/0 470/0 Comfort 30/0 90/0 260/0 370/0 250/0 Braking 20/0 20/0 1 20/0 480/0 360/0 Accelerating 00/0 20/0 60/0 480/0 440/0 Toughness / reliability 10/0 20/0 140/0 490/0 340/0 .... A1-3 SIDEWALKS 3. A In your riding experience ON SIDEWALKS specifically, please indicate what factors affected your sense of security, from the following choices: Time of Speed Poor Impaired Distu rbance Congestion to other Other Nil day too high control visibility users 3.1 Not crowded 120/0 1 00/0 20/0 120/0 50/0 610/0 Day 3.2 Crowded 70/0 80/0 60/0 250/0 20/0 600/0 3.3 Not crowded 50/0 50/0 110/0 110/0 50/0 660/0 Evening / night 3.4 Crowded 50/0 40/0 1 00/0 110/0 20/0 720/0 3. B Indicate how easily you were able to do the following (specify day / evening): DAY NIGHT Difficult Fairly Easy N.A. Difficult Fairly Easy N.A. easy easy 3.5 Getting onto a sidewalk without 310/0 210/0 340/0 140/0 260/0 1 70/0 310/0 260/0 a curb cut 3.6 Getting onto a sidewalk with a 00/0 1 60/0 820/0 20/0 00/0 180/0 670/0 150/0 cu rb cut 3.7 Crossing sloping areas 20/0 320/0 650/0 10/0 20/0 300/0 520/0 160/0 3.8 Overtaking a pedestrian or 1 70/0 310/0 510/0 10/0 150/0 300/0 390/0 160/0 pedestrians 3.9 Getting around stationary 30/0 320/0 630/0 20/0 50/0 310/0 460/0 180/0 obstacles 3.10 Crossing earth- or sand- 40/0 300/0 620/0 40/0 50/0 280/0 470/0 200/0 covered surfaces 3.11 Crossing cracked surfaces 1 00/0 310/0 570/0 20/0 120/0 280/0 430/0 1 70/0 (small holes) 3.12 Crossing the street at 30/0 1 70/0 790/0 10/0 10/0 1 70/0 660/0 160/0 pedestrian crossings 3.13 Climbing slopes 20/0 1 70/0 790/0 20/0 00/0 120/0 710/0 1 70/0 3.14 Going down slopes 30/0 1 60/0 780/0 30/0 10/0 180/0 630/0 180/0 3.15 Remaining on the sidewalk at 240/0 280/0 450/0 30/0 240/0 270/0 300/0 1 90/0 all ti mes * N.A.: Not applicable .... A1-4 BICYCLE PATHS 4. A In your riding experience ON BICYCLE PATHS specifically, please indicate what factors affected your f "t f th f II . h. sense 0 seCUrI[Y, rom e 0 oWing c olces: Time of Speed Poor Impaired Distu rbance Congestion to other Other Nil day too high control visibility users 4.1 Not crowded 20/0 30/0 20/0 20/0 20/0 910/0 Day 4.2 Crowded 10/0 20/0 20/0 40/0 10/0 920/0 4.3 Not crowded 00/0 10/0 60/0 20/0 20/0 900/0 Evening / night 4.4 Crowded 10/0 10/0 50/0 20/0 10/0 920/0 4. B Indicate how easily you were able to do the following (specify day / evening): DAY NIGHT Difficult Fairly Easy N.A. Difficult Fairly Easy N.A. easy easy 4.5 Making your presence known 160/0 1 00/0 420/0 320/0 140/0 70/0 290/0 500/0 (horn, light, etc.) 4.6 Avoiding or overtaking a cyclist 40/0 200/0 550/0 210/0 40/0 1 60/0 360/0 440/0 or cyclists 4.7 Getting past access barriers 30/0 260/0 490/0 220/0 30/0 210/0 310/0 450/0 4.8 Overtaking a pedestrian or 40/0 1 70/0 620/0 1 70/0 40/0 1 70/0 380/0 410/0 pedestrians 4.9 Getting around stationary 00/0 140/0 680/0 180/0 20/0 1 00/0 460/0 420/0 obstacles 4.10 Crossing earth- or sand- 20/0 180/0 560/0 240/0 30/0 180/0 350/0 440/0 covered surfaces 4.11 Crossing cracked surfaces 30/0 1 90/0 600/0 180/0 20/0 1 90/0 400/0 390/0 (small holes) 4.12 Crossing the street at 10/0 90/0 740/0 160/0 10/0 70/0 510/0 410/0 intersections 4.13 Climbing slopes 10/0 80/0 740/0 1 70/0 10/0 80/0 490/0 420/0 4.14 Going down slopes 10/0 110/0 700/0 180/0 20/0 1 20/0 450/0 410/0 4.15 Remaining on the bicycle path 20/0 110/0 770/0 1 00/0 30/0 80/0 500/0 390/0 at all times * N.A.: Not applicable .... A1-5 SHOULDERS 5. A In your riding experience ON SHOULDERS specifically, please indicate what factors affected your sense of security, from the following choices: Time of Speed Poor Impaired Distu rbance day Congestion too high control visibility to other Other Nil users 5.1 Not crowded 40/0 20/0 20/0 30/0 30/0 850/0 Day 5.2 Crowded 40/0 20/0 20/0 50/0 30/0 860/0 Evening / 5.3 Not crowded 20/0 20/0 70/0 10/0 50/0 860/0 night 5.4 Crowded 20/0 20/0 80/0 30/0 20/0 850/0 5. B Indicate how easily you were able to do the following (specify day / evening): DAY NIGHT Difficult Fairly Easy N.A. Difficult Fairly Easy N.A. easy easy 5.5 Making your presence known 1 90/0 270/0 340/0 200/0 260/0 130/0 180/0 430/0 to motorists 5.6 Avoiding or overtaking a cyclist 50/0 210/0 420/0 320/0 60/0 150/0 280/0 510/0 or cyclists 5.7 Keeping space between you 30/0 300/0 430/0 240/0 30/0 200/0 290/0 480/0 and the cars 5.8 Overtaking a pedestrian or 90/0 1 90/0 480/0 240/0 90/0 90/0 330/0 490/0 pedestrians 5.9 Getting around stationary 50/0 210/0 540/0 200/0 30/0 1 70/0 350/0 450/0 obstacles 5.10 Crossing gravel or dirt 40/0 250/0 450/0 260/0 40/0 1 60/0 300/0 500/0 su rfaces 5.11 Crossing uneven surfaces 10/0 310/0 480/0 200/0 40/0 1 90/0 330/0 490/0 5.12 Crossing the street at 20/0 130/0 680/0 1 70/0 10/0 130/0 440/0 420/0 intersections 5.13 Climbing slopes 10/0 130/0 660/0 200/0 10/0 90/0 460/0 440/0 5.14 Going down slopes 00/0 1 70/0 630/0 200/0 10/0 140/0 400/0 450/0 5.15 Remaining on the shoulder at 90/0 160/0 530/0 220/0 60/0 130/0 350/0 460/0 all ti mes Laval (Questions added by the Laval authorities - Results for 48 Laval users) 5.16 Where there were no sidewalks, how often did you leave the shoulder and use the roadway (street) to get around an obstacle or a car? 0-5 times: 250/0 6-10 times: 150/0 11-15 times: 40/0 16+ times: 50/0 a few times: 40/0 often: 470/0 5.17 Had you been on foot, would you have gone around the obstacle the same way? D yes 70o~ D no 30o~ .... A1-6 Overall assessment 6.1 In your experience, what factor(s) are most dangerous in interactions with pedestrians, cyclists and motorists? Pedestrian Cyclist Motorist Speed 500/0 150/0 240/0 Visibility 160/0 220/0 320/0 Congestion 220/0 70/0 110/0 Control/manoeuvrabi I ity 280/0 180/0 180/0 Curiosity 400/0 320/0 420/0 Nil 50/0 90/0 60/0 6.2 Would you recommend that a speed limit be imposed on sidewalks? yes 470/0 no 530/0 < 5 km/h 50/0 6-1 0 km/h 540/0 11-15 km/h 240/0 16-20 km/h 120/0 > 20 km/h 50/0 6.3 Did you try the vehicle in the rain? yes 41 % no 590/0 If so, did you feel safe using it in the rain? yes 870/0 no 130/0 6.4 In your experience, what aspects of the traffic environment caused you difficulties? Never Sometimes Often Always Cracks in the sidewalk 260/0 490/0 200/0 50/0 Bumps 270/0 580/0 130/0 20/0 Potholes 260/0 490/0 210/0 40/0 Gutters 620/0 270/0 1 00/0 10/0 Puddles 760/0 230/0 10/0 00/0 Fire hydrants 910/0 70/0 20/0 00/0 Rain 840/0 150/0 10/0 00/0 Wind 830/0 150/0 20/0 00/0 Insects 870/0 130/0 00/0 00/0 Tree branches 500/0 430/0 70/0 00/0 Car doors 750/0 220/0 30/0 00/0 Animals 890/0 1 00/0 10/0 00/0 Refuse 640/0 290/0 70/0 00/0 Soft surfaces (grass, gravel, ...) 620/0 340/0 30/0 10/0 Other 570/0 280/0 1 00/0 50/0 .... A1-7 6.5 How was your riding divided by time of day (/1000/0)? Day 0-250/0: 130/0 26-500/0: 220/0 51-750/0: 170/0 76-1000/0: 480/0 Evening 0-250/0: 650/0 26-500/0: 250/0 51-750/0: 60/0 76-1000/0: 50/0 Night 0-250/0: 950/0 26-500/0: 30/0 51-750/0: 1 % 76-1000/0: 10/0 6.6 Did you use the accessories? Never Sometines Often Always I Light 510/0 250/0 1 90/0 50/0 I Horn 730/0 200/0 70/0 00/0 6.7 If you used them, how satisfied were you with the accessories? Dissatisfied Satisfied Very satisfied I Light 230/0 560/0 210/0 I Horn 530/0 280/0 1 90/0 7.1 Did you enjoy this experience? Dyes 980/0 D no 20/0 7.2 Which of the following statements do you feel best sums up your conception of the Segway EPAMD? D It is a new means of personal transportation that will meet specific needs for getting around the city 610/0 D It is especially suited to moving around in a closed environment 220/0 D It will primarily be useful to mobility-impaired persons 90/0 D It is basically a gadget (toy) 150/0 D It is a revolutionary means of transportation 210/0 D NONE of the above 20/0 7.3 Would you be interested in using the device in various environments? (More than one answer is possible) D Inside a building 740/0 D In a park 670/0 D On a bicycle path 720/0 D On sidewalks 500/0 D Inside an industrial or private space 830/0 D Inside a shopping centre 500/0 D In the subway 230/0 7.4 Following your testing, how do you assess the Segway EPAMD against the following criteria: Good Average Needs improvement Overall performance 730/0 150/0 120/0 Manoeuvrability 870/0 110/0 20/0 Ease of use 860/0 110/0 30/0 Weight 290/0 370/0 340/0 Sense of secu rity 720/0 210/0 70/0 .... A1-8 7.5 Would you possibly be interested in buying a Segway EPAMD? Dyes 550/0 D no 450/0 7.6 What would you be willing to pay for it? D Less than $2,000 800/0 D $2,000-3,500 170/0 D $3,500-5,000 40/0 D more than 5000$ 00/0 7.7 Do you see one or more applications in your day-to-day life for a Segway EPAMD? D Commuting to work 550/0 D Recreation 520/0 D Shopping 520/0 D Riding around the neighbourhood 650/0 D None 100/0 7.8 Is the Segway EPAMD compatible (complementary) with other means of transportation? Dyes 810/0 D no 190/0 7.8.1 If so, which ones? D Automobile 450/0 D Bus 340/0 D Bicycle 530/0 D Walking 510/0 D Train 190/0 D Taxi 160/0 D None 30/0 7.9 What do you see as the applications for a Segway EPAMD? D Police 490/0 D Letter carrier 720/0 D Personal use 750/0 D Industrial use 830/0 .... A1-9 Appendix 2 - User Questionnaire - Results Question 1: During the last hour, did you meet one or more Segways? During the interaction periods, the very great majority of respondents (980/0) had met one or more Segways during the past hour. Since the survey was done at a time when there was a massive concentration of users, the results confirm the effectiveness of that approach. Thus, 640/0 of respondents had met more than two Segways, whereas 360/0 had seen just one. .~. 1.50 128 90 120 60 30 o 1 - During the last hour, did you meet one or more segways? 1 2 3 4 5 1.1 - If so, how many times? 6+ In response to this question, the very great majority of respondents (950/0) said that the Segway(s) they had met had not got in their way at all, while a tiny minority (50/0) said they had. Question 2: Did the Segway(s) get in your way at all? 2 - Did the Segway get in your way at all? Question 3: Did you ever have to change course because of a Segway? Most respondents (890/0) did not have to change course when they met one or more Segways, though 11 % said they had been obliged to do so. 3 - Did you ever have to change course because of a Segway? .... A2-1 Question 4: Did the Segway rider place you in a dangerous situation? The response to this question was nearly unanimous: 990/0 of respondents considered that the Segway rider had not endangered them. Question 5: At intersections, do you think the Segway may pose more of a threat than a pedestrian? The majority of respondents (860/0) say the Segway is no more dangerous than a pedestrian, but 140/0 think it is. Question 6: On shoulders, do you think the Segway may pose more of a threat than a pedestrian? Seventy-six percent of respondents say the Segway is no more dangerous than a pedestrian, but almost one quarter of them think it is. 4 - Did the Segway rider place you in a dangerous situation? 5 - At intersections, do you think the Segway may pose more of a threat than a pedestrian? 6 - On shoulders, do you think the Segway may pose more of a threat than a pedestrian? .... A2-2 Question 7: On sidewalks, do you think the Segway may pose more of a threat than a pedestrian? The response to this question was more divided, as 61 % of respondents felt the Segway did not pose a danger on sidewalks, but 390/0 thought it did. Question 8: In your experience, do these devices go too fast? The Segway does not go too fast. according to 870/0 of the respondents, while 130/0 say it does. Question 9: Do you think the sidewalk is a suitable place for these devices? The answer to this question is similar to that for No. 7: 590/0 of respondents think the sidewalk is a good place for the Segway, while 41 % say it isn't. 7 - On sidewalks, do you think the Segway may pose more of a threat than a pedestrian? 8 - In your experience, do these devices go too fast? 9 - Do you think the sidewalk is a suitable place for these devices? .... A2-3 Question 10: Do you think the bicycle path is a suitable place for these devices? A majority of respondents (910/0) believe the Segway is well suited to a bicycle path, whereas 90/0 think it isn't. Question 11: Do you think the shoulder is a suitable place for these devices? On this question, 71 % of respondents said Segways were well suited to the shoulder, while 290/0 thought they weren't. 10 - Do you think the bicycle path is a suitable place for these devices? 11 - Do you think the shoulder is a suitable place for these devices? .... A2-4 Appendix 3 - Questionnaire - Police reports City / Borough: Official's name: Report date: Incidents 1 - Place During the four weeks of Segway EPAMD testing in your municipality, were any incidents reported regarding the devices' use on: YES NO Comments I A - Sidewalks? I B - Bicycle paths? I C - Shoulders? 2 - Time of day If incidents were reported, did they occur at a specific time of day? A - Frequency of daytime incidents B - Frequency of evening/ nighttime incidents ___ 0/0 ___ 0/0 Comments on incidents (please attach the incident reports) .... A3-1 3 - Compliance with instructions During the testing period, is it your judgement that EPAMD users complied with the instructions they were given (to act like a pedestrian)? Instruction A - Helmet B - Crossings C - Facing traffic D - Light (evening) YES NO Frequency Comments on instructions: Riding outside the designated area. 4 - Overall assessment 4.1 From the police viewpoint, can EPAMD use pose a danger to other users of pedestrian routes? YES D NO D Explain Due to the SEGWAY's speed, which can surprise pedestrians. 4.2 Did you receive any citizen complaints about the EPAMDs during the testing period? If so, give particulars. YES D NO D Explain 5 - Comments .... A3-2 Victoria Transport Policy Institute 1250 Rudlin Street, Victoria, BC, V8V 3R7, CANADA www.vtpi.org info@vtpi.org Phone & Fax 250-360-1560 “Efficiency - Equity - Clarity” Managing Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs) On Nonmotorized Facilities 31 March 2008 By Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Robin Blair Los Angeles MTA Abstract This paper explores the appropriate way to manage nonmotorized facilities (sidewalks, bikelanes, paths and trails), taking into account the increasingly diverse range of potential activities and modes, including various mechanical Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs) such as scooters, bicycles, and Segways. It examines various types of activities and modes that may use nonmotorized facilities, discusses potential conflicts among these uses, describes general principles for managing nonmotorized facility use, and describes appropriate planning, management and education strategies for minimizing problems. A version of this paper was published as, Todd Litman, “Managing Diverse Modes and Activities on Nonmotorized Facilities: Guidance for Practitioners,” , Vol. 76, No. 6 (www.ite.org), June 2006, pp. 20-27. ITE Journal VTPI 2004-06 You are welcome and encouraged to copy, distribute, share and excerpt this document and its ideas, provided the author is given attribution. Please send your corrections, comments and suggestions for improving it. Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Introduction In theory, it should be simple to determine where each mode should operate: Pedestrian should use nonmotorized facilities (walkways, sidewalks, paths and trails), and wheeled vehicles should use roadways. But in practice it can be difficult. By custom and law, sidewalks and paths already accommodate certain wheeled devices, including wheelchairs, skates and sometimes bicycles, and users of an increasing variety of modes are requesting permission to operate on Personal Mobility Devices nonmotorized facilities, including (PMDs) (small wheeled devices Electric that provide personal mobility such as wheelchairs, skateboards and skates) and Personal Assistive Mobility Devices (EPAMDs), such as those illustrated in Figure 1. Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Devices Figure 1 Seated Electric Scooter Standing Electric Scooter Segway Human Transporter It can be difficult to categorize these devices since they have diverse features and uses. For example, there are many incremental steps from a pedestrian, to a pedestrian using a walker, to a human powered wheelchair, to a powered wheelchair, to an electric scooter, to an electric cart, to a gasoline-powered cart, to a small car. It is often unclear how a particular device should be classified and the rules it should follow. PMDs provide benefits by increasing people’s mobility and substituting for automobile travel, but can create new problems such as congestion and risks to other nonmotorized facility users (Goodridge, 2003). They are more numerous, diverse, and powerful. An increasing portion has mechanical propulsion, and new facility design practices to accommodate wheelchairs allow PMDs to attain higher speeds. As a result, the potential for conflicts among nonmotorized facility users is growing. The introduction of the Segway and lobbying by its manufacturer to allow its use on sidewalks has raised concerns by some advocacy groups that PMDs will endanger and crowd out other facility users. As a result there is growing debate over where such devices should be used and the rules they should follow (ADONIS, 1999; Castonguay and Binwa 2006) It is therefore increasingly important for transport planners and public officials to decide how nonmotorized facilities should be managed, including where and when specific modes and activities should be allowed, the rules each should follow, and how such rules should be promoted and enforced. This paper investigates theses issues and identifies principles and strategies suitable for managing nonmotorized facilities, particularly with regard to PMDs. 2 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Defining Nonmotorized Facilities And Their Uses Nonmotorized facilities include walkways and paths, some of which are intended primarily for pedestrians, and others that are intentionally multi-modal, as summarized in Table 1. Nonmotorized Facilities Table 1 Pedestrian Oriented Multi-Modal Hallways (inside buildings). Multi-use paths and trails. Walkways (outside buildings). Pedestrianized streets. Courtyards Bike lanes (incorporated into streets). Sidewalks Bicycle boulevards (streets designed to favor cycling, and limit Small paths. automobile traffic volumes and speeds). This table lists various types of nonmotorized facilities. There are many types of nonmotorized facility modes and activities, including some that can be considered “pedestrians” and some that are considered Personal Mobility Devices, as summarized in Table 2. Nonmotorized Facility Users Table 2 PedestriansPersonal Mobility Devices Human Human-powered People standing (viewing, talking, etc.) Hand-powered wheelchairs. People sitting on benches and sidewalk café tables. Skaters and roller blades. People walking (alone and in groups). Skateboards. People playing games (e.g., tag, ball games, etc.). Push scooters. People using mobility aides (“walkers” and “rollators”). Bicycles. Pedestrians with strollers, handcarts and baggage. Bicycles with trailers. Joggers and runners (alone and in groups). Pogo sticks. Multi-Species Motorized Pedestrians with pets. Electric powered bikes. Equestrians. Motorized wheelchairs. Electric powered scooters. Other Sidewalk Activities Gasoline powered scooters. Sidewalk vending. Segway-type scooters. Panhandling. This table lists various types of nonmotorized facility users. 3 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Legal and Legislative Status Laws governing Personal Mobility Device use vary as summarized in Table 3. Forty states and several municipal governments have passed legislation regulating PMD use, often in response to An Electric Personal Segway lobbying efforts. Most include a definition of EPAMDs (such as Assistive Mobility Device is a self-balancing two non tandem wheeled device designed to transport only one person with an electric propulsion system with an average power of 750 watts (one horsepower), whose maximum speed on a paved level surface is less than 20 m.p.h. ), and allow their use on sidewalks. Some include special provisions and restrictions, such as helmet requirements, or restrictions on operating speed and age. Selected PMD Legal Status (Various Sources) Table 3 Jurisdiction Status Special Features Allowed on Allowed Helmets Min. sidewalks onRequired Age & paths Roads European Uncertified and Allowed on sidewalks up to 6 km/hr. Will require If less No therefore illegal certification as a vehicle (probably as a moped) to be Union than 6 as a vehicle allowed on roads. Segway organization is trying to change km/hr. (Bergeijk, 2003). the classification system. France and Allowed on May be used on sidewalks at 6 kilometer-per-hour If less No maximum. Italy sidewalks, not than 6 roads. km/hr. States AlabamaHB128Municipalities may prohibit EPAMD use on public YesYesNoNo highways where the speed limit is greater than 25 mph, but shall not otherwise restrict the operation. ArizonaSenate Bill 1193 A person who uses an electric personal assistive mobility YesYesNo16 device or a manual or motorized wheelchair is considered a pedestrian unless the manual wheelchair qualifies as a bicycle. CaliforniaSB 1918, signed Requires a sound-making device, reflectors and use of lights Yesyes NoNo into law during night. EPAMD use may be restricted by local September, 2002. ordinance. FloridaChapter 316.2068 A person who is under the age of 16 years is required to YesYesYes16 wear a bicycle helmet while operating an EPAMD. A county or municipality may prohibit the operation of EPAMD on any road, street, or bicycle path under its jurisdiction if the governing body determines that such a prohibition is necessary in the interest of safety. GeorgiaSenate Bill 37, Electric personal assistive mobility devices may be operated yes yes no16 passed 2003 on highways and on sidewalks where a 48 inch clear path is maintained for access for persons with disabilities, provided that any person operating such a device shall have the same rights and duties as prescribed for pedestrians. IllinoisPublic Act 92-Every person operating an electric personal assistive 8 mph on YesNoNo 0868mobility device upon a sidewalk or roadway has all the sidewalks. rights and is subject to all the duties applicable to a pedestrian. Allows local governments to regulate use. Maryland HB 869, effective A person may not operate an EPAMD on any roadway YesYesNoNo Oct. 2002 where there are sidewalks adjacent to the roadway or the posted maximum speed limit exceeds certain speeds. MichiganAct 494, effective Local governments may require EPAMDs to use a YesYesNo July 2002 designated bike path if adjacent to the roadway. 4 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Jurisdiction Status Special Features Allowed on Allowed Helmets Min. sidewalks onRequired Age & paths Roads New Mexico HB 298 An EPAMD operator traveling on a sidewalk, roadway or Yesyes NoNo bicycle path shall have the rights and duties of a pedestrian, shall exercise due care to avoid colliding with pedestrians, and shall yield the right of way to pedestrians. OregonSB 787, 2003 An EPAMD is not a motor vehicle for purposes of the YesYesNo16 Oregon Vehicle Code, except when specifically provided by statute. Pennsylvania SB 1225, 2001 Allows use of EPAMD on sidewalks for people with Unless Yes but age physical disabilities and government or utility employees. locally not on a of 12 Allows municipal governments to impose restrictions to prohibited freeway protect the safety of pedestrians. TexasH.B. No. 1997, Allows EPAMD on a residential street, roadway, or public YesNoNo If no sidewalk passed 2003. highway with a speed limit of 30 miles per hour or less only is while making a direct crossing of a highway in a crosswalk available or where no sidewalk is available. Cities Los Angeles Los Angeles No person shall operate an EPAMD or motorized toy upon a yes Commission on sidewalk, bikeway, boardway, or highway at a speed greater Disability that is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, conductedvisibility, pedestrians and other conveyance traffic, and shall research to yield the right-of-way to all foot pedestrians. establish appropriate policies. New York No current law. “Not authorized for public use on the streets or sidewalks” NoNo Active lobbying according to city police chief. Some current use and no for and against. current enforcement. San Francisco Passed November Section 104, Article 5 of the San Francisco Traffic Code: “It No 2002 by San shall be unlawful to operate an EPAMD on any sidewalk in Francisco Board the City and County of San Francisco.” of Supervisors. Seattle Seattle Pedestrian SPAB recommendations: Ban Segway operation on Advisory Board Downtown sidewalks. Ban Segway operation on certain (SPAB) is specific roads and parks at certain times. concerned about conflicts. WashingtonDepartment of No operator’s permit shall be required for the operation of Yes. yes age DCPublic Works and an EPAMD. EPAMDs upon a sidewalk or while crossing a Speed of 16 shall promulgate roadway in a crosswalk shall have all the rights and duties limited to (http://dc- rules to exempt applicable to a pedestrian under the same circumstances, 10 mph or segways.com) EPAMDs from except that the EPAMD operator must yield to pedestrians less. motor vehicle on the sidewalk or crosswalk. requirements. This table summarizes the legislative and legal status of Electric Personal Assistive Mobility Devices (EPAMDs) in selected U.S. jurisdictions, as of January 2004. Much of this information was readily accessible through Internet sites such as www.segwaychat.com/forum/legal_states.asp and www.segway.com/general/regulatory.html. 5 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Principles for Prioritizing Facility Use This section discusses various principles that can help determine the rules that should be applied to different modes and activities on nonmotorized facilities. Basic Mobility A principle for prioritizing modes and activities is the relative value each provides to society. In particular, transportation that provides “basic mobility” (access to socially valuable activities, such as essential services, school and work, particularly by disadvantaged populations) can be given priority over more discretionary and recreational activities (“Basic Access and Mobility,” VTPI, 2006). Some PMDs provide basic mobility while others are primarily recreational. Some serve both functions so it may be appropriate to prioritize based on the specific user. For example, Segways may provide basic mobility by people with disabilities, and for recreation by physically able people. On a crowded path or sidewalk it therefore may be appropriate to limit Segway use to people with disabilities. Similarly, society may place a high value on bicycle commuting, because it provides basic mobility for nondrivers who have few alternatives and substitutes for automobile travel (and so reduces problems such as traffic congestion, parking costs and pollution emissions), but place a lower value on purely recreational cycling. Health And Accident Risk Nonmotorized transportation (walking, cycling and their variants) provide physical exercise, which is important for public health. Motorized modes do not provide this benefit. Accident risks vary depending on factors such as the mode, user and travel conditions, and how risks are measured. Pedestrians and PMD users tend to have higher per-mile crash casualty rates total than driving, but less risk because (Litman and Fitzroy, 2005): Nonmotorized modes tend to impose minimal risk on other road users. As a result, shifts from motorized to nonmotorized modes tends to reduce total per capita traffic accident rates. Nonmotorized trips tend to be shorter than motorized trips, and so can reduce total person-miles. High casualty rates for pedestrians and cyclists result, in part, because people with higher risk factors tend to use these modes, including children and elderly people. A skilled and responsible adult who shifts from driving to these modes is likely to face less additional risk than average values suggest. Impacts On Other Facility Users Another principle for managing public facilities is that users should not impose undue negative impacts on others. By this principle, activities that impose smaller external costs should have priority over those with larger external costs. Compared with pedestrians, PMDs tend to require more space because they are physically larger and faster, and so require more “shy distance.” They also tend to impose greater injury risks on others because they are faster, heavier and harder (most have hard metal or plastic frames). This may justify restrictions on their use, in order to avoid congestion and risk on nonmotorized facilities that may crowd out other uses, such as walking. However, compared with automobile travel PMDs tend to reduce traffic congestion, road and parking facility costs, accident risk imposed on others, and pollution emissions. 6 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities User Payment Some people argue that they deserve higher priority based on their claimed greater contribution toward facility costs. For example, many motorists assume that they should have priority in roadway management because their fuel taxes pay for roads. Some groups may claim priority on a public path or trail they helped built or maintain. However, by definition public facilities are for public use and should generally be managed to accommodate the largest range of possible users. Certain groups’ claims about their contribution to facilities are frequently inaccurate. For example, local roads and sidewalks are primarily funded by local taxes that residents pay regardless of how much they drive (Litman, 2004), and the contribution that volunteer groups make toward trail construction and maintenance is often a small portion of the total cost of creating the facility, particularly when the value of the land is considered. Summary Table 4 compares key features of various nonmotorized facility modes and activities, based on my assessment. Basic mobility indicates whether an activity provides access to destinations that would otherwise not be available. Congestion impacts reflect size and travel speed. Risk to others reflects ease of control, size, speed, mass and hardness. Nonmotorized Facility Uses Compared (Authors’ Assessment) Table 4 Physical Congestion Mode or Activity Basic Mobility Fitness ImpactsRisk to Others People standing NANAMinimal None People sitting, on benches & cafes NANAMinimal None Vendors with cars and wagons NANAMedium to large Low Individual walkers High YesMinimal Low Walkers in groups High YesMedium Low Walkers with children High YesMedium Low Children playing Medium YesMedium Medium Walkers with pets Medium YesMedium to large Low Human powered wheelchairs Very High YesMedium Low Motor powered wheelchairs Very High NoMedium Medium to high Joggers and runners Medium YesMedium Medium Skates, skateboards and push-scooters Low YesMedium Medium Powered scooters and Segways High for people with NoMedium Medium disabilities, low for recreational use Human powered bicycle Medium YesMedium to large Medium to high Motorized bicycle LowNoLargeHigh Equestrians Low Some LargeMedium to high People with hand carts and wagons Medium YesMedium to large Low to medium This table compares various nonmotorized facility users. Social value reflects the degree to which it provides basic mobility or other external benefits. Congestion impacts reflect size and travel speed. Risk to others reflects ease of control, size, speed, mass and hardness. These ratings should be adjusted to reflect specific conditions and community values. For example, planners may have an advisory committee categorize these modes and activities, and help prioritize their use of facilities. It may be useful to disaggregate some categories for more detailed analysis. For example, some cycling provides basic mobility but other cycling is purely recreational, so it can be useful to evaluate utilitarian and recreational cycling separately. 7 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Managing Nonmotorized Facility Use There are often debates as to which modes, particularly which Personal Mobility Devices, should be allowed on which category of facility. For example, there is considerable debate as to whether Segways and skates should be allowed on sidewalks, and whether electric bikes and scooters should be allowed on multi-use paths. Another approach, and one that is often most productive, is to assume that at least some PMDs will be allowed on at least some nonmotorized facilities, and so the emphasis should be on determining when, where and how this should occur (Boyd, 1998; Zeeger, et al, 2006; Liu and Parthasarathy, 2003). This helps protect other nonmotorized facility users while maximizing PMD benefits. modeuser Put another way, rather than focusing on the it is often more helpful to focus on behavior . For example, rather than debating whether or not Segways should be allowed on all sidewalks, it is often better to determine when and where they should be prohibited, whether they should be limited to certain users, whether they should be required to yield to other sidewalk users, what maximum speeds are allowed, and what education and enforcement practices should be applied. Similarly, since both human and electric powered bicycles require similar space and achieve similar maximum speeds, it is more important to focus on rider behavior than the manner of propulsion when managing bicycles on trails. These issues are explored below. “Share The Trail” Signage Examples Figure 2 These signs indicate who should yield to whom. 8 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities When, Where and Who On crowded facilities, larger and faster modes tend to impose congestion and risk on other users. As a result, it may be appropriate to limit some modes and activities on certain facilities at certain times, such as central business district sidewalks and recreational paths during busy weekends. Similarly, it may be appropriate to limit the use of some modes to certain users, either people with physical disabilities who need them for basic mobility, or to people who are trained, tested and licensed to insure responsible use. Information on such restrictions should be clearly posted. Signs, brochures and other information resources indicating that a particular mobility device or activity is prohibited (“You cannot bike here”) should also provide information indicating where it is allowed (“You may bike there”). If prohibitions are unjustified or there are inadequate alternatives, these rules will often be ignored by users and enforcement officials. This is common with bicycles. The result is ambiguity, confusion and reduced respect for such laws. Below are some possible guidelines for determining under what conditions Personal Mobility Devices should be allowed on nonmotorized facilities. When and where there is adequate space and minimal risk. For example, modes with low social value (they are primarily recreational) and high impacts others, such as skateboards and electric bicycles, may be allowed during off-peak periods but prohibited under crowded conditions. When and where PMD operating speeds are controlled to protect other users. For example, maximum speeds might be set for cycling or Segway use on a particular trail. When and where there are not reasonable alternative routes. For example, cycling may be allowed on a path or sidewalk where there is no suitable route on the roadway (this tends to be particularly important on bridges and parallel to busy highways). When and where reasonable safeguards can minimize conflicts. For example, cycling or Segway use may be allowed on trails if there is adequate education and enforcement of traffic rules. For users with special needs (such as people with disabilities or employees who use a particular mobility device for their work), or who are trained, tested and licensed. Managing Crowed Sidewalks and Paths Figure 3 Sidewalks should be managed to insure adequate space for pedestrians. 9 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Different street furniture (benches, bicycle racks, planter boxes, trees, mail boxes, brochure bins, trash cans, vending and coffee carts, and tables and chairs) has different impacts on sidewalk conditions, depending on their type, size, shape and use. Kim, et al. (2008) estimate these impacts and recommends specific design and management practices based on type of furniture, sidewalk width, pedestrian volumes, and the potential number of users or customers. Hierarchy of Uses Traffic rules are well defined and enforced for roadway traffic, they are less clear on nonmotorized facilities. Nonmotorized facility management therefore requires defining who should yield under particular conditions, supported with adequate education and enforcement. Possible hierarchy guidelines are listed below. Modes that provide basic mobility (such as walking and wheelchairs) and public services (police, postal personnel, etc.) should have priority over other modes and activities, if conflicts exist. Users with disabilities should have priority over able-bodied users. Lower-speed, smaller modes should have priority over higher-speed, larger modes. For example, bicycles should yield to scooters, and scooters should yield to walkers. Lower-priority modes may be restricted, either completely or at certain times and locations. For example, cycling, skating and equestrians may be allowed on pedestrian facilities at uncrowded times and locations, but not at busy times and locations. Where conflicts exist and conditions are suitable, cyclists, skaters and runners may be encouraged or required to use adjacent roads rather than sidewalks and paths. Special efforts should be made to accommodate a wide range of users (including cyclists, skaters and runners) if no suitable alternative routes are available (e.g., adjacent roadways are unsuitable). All facility users should take extra caution when passing children and pets. Special consideration may be given to equestrians where permitted, since horses are easily frightened and difficult to maneuver. At least some public trails should be designed to accommodate people with physical disabilities. These should have washrooms and drinking fountains that meet accessibility standards. Speed Limits Because space requirements and risk increase with speed, speed regulation is important for PMD facility management. Below are some possible guidelines. Maximum speeds should be established for each mode, based on the physical design of the facility (i.e., some facilities may only accommodate 10 mph cycling but others 15 mph cycling). Maximum allowable speeds should decline as a facility becomes more crowded or narrower. Cyclists, skaters and motorized modes should reduce their speed when using mixed use paths (6-12 mph maximum) and yield to nonmotorized modes. Faster travelers should use roadways. If enforcement of maximum speeds is not a realistic possibility, PMDs that have the capability of moving faster must be prohibited from pedestrian facilities where they might endanger other users. 10 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Summary of Management Strategies Table 5 summarizes various types of regulations that may be applied on nonmotorized facilities. These can be applied in various combinations. Types of Regulations Table 5 Examples What Certain devices (motorized PMDs, bicycles, skates, etc.) are prohibited on sidewalks or paths. Who People with disabilities are allowed to use PMDs on sidewalks and paths (may require some sort of certification or letter from a medical doctor). Certain PMDs require that users be trained and certified, or are only used by service workers (e.g., police). Where Certain PMDs are prohibited in certain areas. When Certain devices or activities are prohibited at certain times (hours of day, days of week, months of year, etc.). HowRestrict certain types of behavior that create conflicts. Design features PMDs are only allowed if they have wheels smaller than a certain size, are nonmotorized or have less than a certain power limit, are smaller than a particular size, etc. Speed PMDs are not allowed to exceed a particular speed. Yielding Certain types of users must yield to other users, such as bicycles to pedestrians. This table summarizes various types of regulations that can be used to manage nonmotorized facilities. 11 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Education and Enforcement Effective education and enforcement are important for nonmotorized facility management. Signs, brochures and maps can help educate users concerning how to share facilities, how nonmotorized traffic rules are enforced, and how to report violations. An effective enforcement program must overcome various barriers. Police officers may be unfamiliar with traffic rules and laws as they apply to Personal Mobility Devices. Nonmotorized traffic violations, particularly by children, are often given low priority by officials and the general community, and standard traffic fines may appear excessive for children. PMD users may ignore citations unless police departments develop a processing system that can efficiently and effectively impose citations on violators who lack a drivers license. Nonmotorized facility management may therefore require the development of new law enforcement practices. Nonmotorized facility traffic law enforcement is particularly important under crowded conditions, such as downtown sidewalks during weekdays and recreational paths during summer weekends. Regulations and enforcement practices should give basic mobility priority over other activities. Specific guidelines and rules may be required for pedestrians with pets, people with push carts, and other activities that may hinder pedestrian flows. It may be important to insure that pedestrian traffic flow is not unnecessarily hindered by street furniture (signposts, mail boxes, garbage cans, etc.), café tables, or panhandlers. It may be useful to define minimum acceptable functional widths for pedestrian traffic flow (Kim, et al., 2008). For example, the policy might state that commercial district sidewalks should accommodate at least two wheelchairs passing side-by-side (i.e., a minimum of seven feet of unencumbered width), and sidewalks in residential areas should be wide enough to accommodate at least two walkers passing side-by-side (i.e., a minimum of five feet of unencumbered width). Greater minimum widths may be required in areas with particularly heavy pedestrian traffic flows. Trail User Information Signage Examples Figure 4 This kiosk provides information to trail users.This sign indicates rules for dogs. 12 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Guidelines and Resources for Sharing Nonmotorized Facilities Conflicts on Multiple-Use Trails: Synthesis of the Literature and State of the Practice The report provides guidelines for developing trail sharing programs, which are summarized below (Moore, 1994). Although primarily concerned with recreational trails, the guidelines can be applied to other nonmotorized facilities, including sidewalks and bicycle paths. Based on “Twelve Principles For Minimizing Conflicts On Multiple-Use Trails” Recognize That Conflicts Can Be Addressed 1. - Do not assume that conflict indicate inherent incompatibility among different trail activities, rather, treat them as conflicts due to user’s behavior. Provide Adequate Trail Opportunities 2. - Offer adequate trail mileage and provide opportunities for a variety of trail experiences. This helps reduce congestion and allows users to choose the conditions that best suit the experiences they desire. Minimize Number of Contacts in Problem Areas 3. - If possible, reduce the number of user contacts to reduce conflicts, particularly in congested areas. Disperse use and provide separate trails where necessary, taking into account environmental impacts and lost opportunities for positive interactions. Involve Users In Planning 4. - Identify current and likely future trail users and involve them in trail management policy planning as early as possible, preferably before conflicts occur. New and emerging uses should be anticipated and addressed as quickly as possible with the involvement of stakeholders. Understand User Needs 5. - Determine the motivations, desired experiences, norms, needs and preferences of current and likely future trail users. Identify the Actual Sources of Conflict 6. - Help users to identify the specific impacts and behaviors that contribute to conflicts. Work with Affected Users 7. - Work with all parties involved to reach mutually agreeable solutions to problems and management programs. Promote Trail Etiquette 8. - Promote responsible trail behavior. Develop suitable trail use guidelines, educational materials and outreach programs that meet local needs. Involve user groups in promoting responsible behavior, and ways to present this information in interesting and understandable ways. Encourage Positive Interaction Among Different Users 9. - Encourage positive interactions among user groups both on and off trails. This can be accomplished by sponsoring events and activities, maintenance projects, producing and distributing information materials, and forming Trail Advisory Councils. Favor “Light-Handed” Management 10. - Use the most “light-handed approaches” that will achieve area objectives. Intrusive design and coercive management may spoil a high-quality trail experiences. Plan and Act Locally 11. - Whenever possible, trail planning and management plans at the local level. This allows greater sensitivity and flexibility, and facilitates involvement of the people who will be most affected by the decisions and most able to assist in successful implementation. Monitor Progress 12. - Monitor the ongoing effectiveness of policy and program implementation. This will held determine if conflicts are actually reduced and identify changes that may be needed. This requires clearly defined objectives and performance indicators. 13 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Trail Safety and Courtesy Signage Figure 5 This sign indicates safety and courtesy rules to help reduce conflicts. This is just one example of information resources that can be used to promote responsible behavior by different types of trail users. Trail Etiquette (www.seattle.gov/transportation/bikemaps.htm) From the “Seattle Bicycling Guide Map” All Users 1. Show Courtesy to other trail users at all times. Use the right side of the trail except when otherwise designated. Always pass on the right. Keep dogs on leash (maximum length 8 feet) and remove pet feces from trail. Bicyclists 2. Yield to pedestrians. Give audible warning when passing pedestrians or other cyclists. Ride at a safe speed. Slow down and form a single file in congested conditions, reduced visibility, and other hazardous conditions. Pedestrians 3. Stay to the right side of the trail except when otherwise designated. Watch for other trail users. Listen for audible signals and allow faster trail users (runners and bicyclists) to pass safely. 14 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Sharing the Path (League of American Bicyclists Sharing the Path Better Bicycling Fact Sheet,www.bikeleague.org/educenter/factsheets/sharingthepath.htm). 1.Courtesy Respect other trail users; joggers, walkers, bladers, wheelchairs all have trail rights. Respect slower cyclists; yield to slower users. Obey speed limits; they are posted for your safety. 2.Announce When Passing. Use a bell, horn or voice to indicate your intention to pass. Warn other well in advance so you do not startle them. Clearly announce “On your left” when passing. 3.Yield When Entering and Crossing. Yield to traffic at places where the trail crosses the road. Yield to other users at trail intersections. Slow down before intersections and when entering the trail from the road. 4.Keep Right Stay as close to the right as possible, except when passing. Give yourself enough room to maneuver around any hazards. Ride single file to avoid possible collisions with other trail users. 5.Pass on Left Scan ahead and behind before announcing your intention to pass another user. Pull out only when you are sure the lane is clear. Allow plenty of room, about two bike lengths, before moving back to the right. 6.Be Predictable Travel in a straight line unless you are avoiding hazards or passing. Indicate your intention to turn or pass. Warn other users of your intentions. 7.Use Lights at Night Most trail users will not have lights at night; use a white front and red rear light. Watch for walkers, as you will overtake them the fastest. Reflective clothing does not help in the absence of light. 8.Do Not Block the Trail For group rides, use no more than half the trail; don’t hog the trail. During heavy use periods (holidays and weekends) stay single file. Stop and regroup completely off of the trail. 9.Clean Up Litter Pack out more than you pack in. Place all litter in its proper receptacle. 10.Limitations for Transportation. Most paths were not designed for high-speed, high volume traffic. Use paths keeping in mind their recreational nature. It might be faster to use roads and avoid the traffic on the paths during heavy use. 15 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Conclusions An increasing variety of transport modes are using nonmotorized facilities, including Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs) such as powered wheelchairs, scooters and Segways. These modes provide benefits to users and society, particularly when they provide mobility for people who are physically disadvantaged, or when they substitute for automobile travel. However, they can also create conflicts, particularly when used on crowded nonmotorized facilities, and when users fail to observe proper riding etiquette. Some people want to ban certain categories of PMDs from nonmotorized facilities. However, in most communities there are uncongested sidewalks and paths where the use of such devices would cause little problem. It is unfair and inefficient to impose unnecessary restrictions on such modes simply because they are new. Any prohibition should be based on actual problems they present. Where prohibition is not really justified, rules will often be ignored. A key factor in evaluating PMDs impacts is their overall effect on walking and driving. Supporters argue that PMDs substitute for automobile travel and increase public support for nonmotorized facilities, and for alternative modes such as transit. By substituting for automobile travel, increased congestion and risk on nonmotorized facilities may be offset by reduced roadway congestion and risks. Critics argue that PMD’s will reduce total walking, directly by substituting for pedestrian trips, and indirectly by making sidewalks and paths less pleasant for walking. At this point, it is difficult to predict what their overall impacts will be. It is important for nonmotorized facility managers to develop clear policies with regard to different modes and activities. In many cases it is appropriate to prohibit a particular type of PMD from a particular facility, at least when and where conflicts with other users are likely to occur. However, it is best to avoid excessive restrictions. Facility managers should promote responsible behavior, and help users find appropriate locations for their activities. Whenever signs, brochures and officials indicate that a mode or activity is prohibited, they should also provide information indicating where it is allowed. Examples exist of nonmotorized facility management and user education and enforcement programs that encourage responsible sharing and minimize conflicts. 16 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Resources For More Information Best Practice to Promote Cycling and Walking How to Substitute Short Car Trips ADONIS (1999), and by Cycling and Walking , ADONIS Transport RTD Program, European Union (www.cordis.lu/transport/src/adonisrep.htm). 300-page catalogue describes numerous ways to improve walking and cycling conditions. Electric Personal Assistance Mobility Devices” (EPAMD) I.E. Segways – Bill Brunton (2006), Considerations Before Recognition As A Disability Device In Ontario , Report For Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Innovative Mobility (www.segwaydisabled.blogspot.com). Design and Safety of Pedestrian Facilities: A Ian Boyd (1998), “Pedestrian-Oriented Environments,” in Recommended Practice of the Institute of Transportation Engineers , ITE (www.ite.org). Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (www.bicyclinginfo.org) provides information on nonmotorized transport planning and programs. Cycling BibliographyWalking Bibliography DFT (2002), and , Department for Transport, (www.roads.dft.gov.uk/roadnetwork/ditm/tal/index.htm). Traffic Advisory Leaflets: Cycle Facilities DFT (various years), , Department for Transport (www.roads.dft.gov.uk/roadnetwork/ditm/tal/cycle/index.htm), various years. Collection of Cycle Concepts DRD (2000), , Danish Road Directorate (www.vd.dk/wimpdoc.asp?page=document&objno=17291). This comprehensive guidebook provides information on how to improve and encourage cycling. The Segway Is a Vehicle: Implications for Operation and Regulation of the Steven G. Goodridge (2003), EPAMD in Traffic , HumanTransport.org (www.humantransport.org/bicycledriving/library/segway/Segway.htm). Implementing Bicycle Improvements at the Local Level ITE (1998), , ITE and FHWA (available online at www.bikefed.org/local.htm). Sit, Stand, or Sell: the Impact Karl Kim, Napat Settachai, Eric Yamashita and Lauren Hallonquist (2008), of Street Furniture on Pedestrian Level of Service , Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting (www.trb.org). “Sharing the Path” Better Bicycling Fact Sheet LAB (2002), , League of American Bicyclists (www.bikeleague.org/educenter/factsheets/sharingthepath.htm). Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning; A Guide to Best Practices Todd Litman (2000), et al., , VTPI (www.vtpi.org). Transportation Research Record 1828 Todd Litman (2003), “Economic Value of Walkability,” , Transportation Research Board (www.trb.org), 2003, pp. 3-11; available at the VTPI website (www.vtpi.org). Whose Roads: Evaluating Bicyclists’ and Pedestrians’ Right to Use Public Todd Litman (2004), Roadways , Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org). 17 Managing PMDs On Nonmotorized Facilities Todd Litman (2006), “Managing Diverse Modes and Activities on Nonmotorized Facilities: Guidance for ITE Journal Practitioners,”, Vol. 76, No. 6 (www.ite.org), June 2006, pp. 20-27. Safe Travels: Evaluating Mobility Management Traffic Safety Todd Litman and Steve Fitzroy (2005), Impacts , Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org). Urban Street: Is There Room for Segway Rongfang (Rachel) Liu and Rohini Parthasarathy (2003), Human Transporter (HT)? , 2nd Urban Street Symposium, Anaheim, Ca. (http://gulliver.trb.org/conferences/USS2/default.htm). Conflicts on Multiple-Use Trails: Synthesis of the Literature and State of the Roger L. Moore (1994), Practice , Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (www.bikefed.org/PDF/Conflicts.pdf). Resource Guide on Laws Related to Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety NHTSA (regularly updated), , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/ResourceGuide/index.html). Pilot Project for Evaluating the Segway HT Motorized Sylvain Castonguay and Pronto Binwa (2006), Personal Transportation Device in Real Conditions , Transport Canada (www.tc.gc.ca/tdc/publication/pdf/14500/14567e.pdf). Wired News Jeroen van Bergeijk (2003), “Segway Stumbles in Europe,” (www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,61632,00.html/wn_ascii), 18 December 2003. Trail Safety and Courtesy for Bicyclists and Users of Other Wheeled Devices VTSP (2003), , Volunteer Trail Safety Patrol (www.parkpatrol.org/safewhl.htm). VTPI (2006), Online TDM Encyclopedia, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (www.vtpi.org). Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide: Providing Safety and Mobility Charles Zeeger, et al (2002), , Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (www.walkinginfo.org), FHWA, Publication FHWA-RD-01- 102. 18 é×ÕÅÛà ÓÎ ÌÇÚÐÓÙ ÉÌÛÙ×É ß²¼®7 Ü¿®³±½¸©¿´ Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°° Í»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½» Ûª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í¿¿®´¿²¼ °·´±¬ ¬®·¿´ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» «¿¹» ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸»» °»½·¿´ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ¼»ª·½» ײ¬·¬«¬ º$® Ó±¾·´·¬<¬ ú Ê»®µ»¸® ײ¬·¬«¬» º±® Ó±¾·´·¬§ ú Ì®¿²°±®¬ Ù®$²» λ·¸»ñÙ®»»² Û¼·¬·±² Ò®ò êé ×ÍÍÒ ïêïíóëðìð ×ÍÞÒóïð íóçíçìíîóðïóê ×ÍÞÒóïí çéèóíóçíçìíîóðïóî ײ¬·¬«¬ º$® Ó±¾·´·¬<¬ ú Ê»®µ»¸® ײ¬·¬«¬» º±® Ó±¾·´·¬§ ú Ì®¿²°±®¬ Ì»½¸²·½¸» ˲·ª»®·¬<¬ Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ˲·ª»®·¬§ ±º Ì»½¸²±´±¹§ п«´óÛ¸®´·½¸óͬ®¿A» ïì Üóêéêêí Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ©©©ò·³±ª»óµ´ò¼» ·²º±à·³±ª»óµ´ò¼» Ø»®¿«¹»¾»®ñÛ¼·¬±® Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°° Ê»®º¿»®ñß«¬¸±® ß²¼®7 Ü¿®³±½¸©¿´ Ó·¬¿®¾»·¬ñÌ»¿³ α² Þ*¸³» Ó¿¬¬¸·»« Þ±«´´·» ̱®¬»² Ê»¬¬»® Ù»¿³¬¸»®¬»´´«²¹ñЮ±¼«½¬·±² ß¾¬»·´«²¹ Ú±¬±óλ°®±óÜ®«½µ Ì»½¸²·½¸» ˲·ª»®·¬<¬ Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² Ì·¬»´¾·´¼ ´·²µæ Ú¿¸®ª»®«½¸» «²¼ Þ®»³¬»¬ ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²ô ß«º²¿¸³» ß²¼®7 Ü¿®³±½¸©¿´ ®»½¸¬ ±¾»²æ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»·²©»·«²¹ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô ß«º²¿¸³» Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ô Øò ο¼´¹®«¾»® ®»½¸¬ «²¬»²æ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»·²©»·«²¹ ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ß«º²¿¸³» Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ô Øò ο¼´¹®«¾»® ݱª»® з½¬«®» ´»º¬æ Ì»¬ ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²ô 豬± ß²¼®7 Ü¿®³±½¸©¿´ «°°»® ®·¹¸¬æ Ú·®¬ ¼®·ª·²¹ ·²¬®«½¬·±² ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô 豬± Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ô Ó®ò ο¼´¹®«¾»® ´±©»® ®·¹¸¬æ Ú·®¬ ¼®·ª·²¹ ·²¬®«½¬·±² ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô 豬± Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ô Ó®ò ο¼´¹®«¾»® Ü·»»³ Þ»®·½¸¬ ´·»¹¬ ¼¿ ·³ ß«º¬®¿¹ ¼» Þ«²¼»³·²·¬»®·«³ º$® Ê»®µ»¸®ô Þ¿«ó «²¼ ͬ¿¼¬»²¬©·½µó ´«²¹ô ª»®¬®»¬»² ¼«®½¸ ¼·» Þ«²¼»¿²¬¿´¬ º$® ͬ®¿A»²©»»² øÞßͬ÷ «²¬»® ÚÛóÒ®ò èîòðîèèñîððëñ ¼«®½¸¹»º$¸®¬» Ú±®½¸«²¹°®±¶»µ¬ ¦«¹®«²¼»ò Ü·» Ê»®¿²¬©±®¬«²¹ º$® ¼»² ײ¸¿´¬ ´·»¹¬ ¿´´»·² ¾»·³ ß«¬±®ò ̸· ®»°±®¬ · ¾¿»¼ ±² ¬¸» ®»»¿®½¸ °®±¶»½¬ Ò±ò ÚÛ èîòðîèèñîððëñ ·² ½±³³··±² ±º ¬¸» Ù»®³¿² Ú»¼»®¿´ Ó·²·¬®§ ±º Ì®¿²°±®¬ô Þ«·´¼·²¹ ¿²¼ Ë®¾¿² ߺº¿·® øÞÓÊÞÍ÷ ®»°®»»²¬»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» Ù»®³¿² Ú»¼»®¿´ Ø·¹¸©¿§ λ»¿®½¸ ײ¬·¬«¬» øÞßͬ÷ò ̸» ®»°±²·¾·´·¬§ º±® ¬¸» ½±²¬»²¬ ®»³¿·² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¿«¬¸±®ò Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ß°®·´ îððê ª·· Ю»º¿½»Ê±®©±®¬ ο®»´§ô ¿² ó°®±¶»½¬ ¹±¬ ³±®» ¿¬ó Í»´¬»² ¸¿¬¬» »·² óЮ±¶»µ¬ ¹®*A»ó ¬»²¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ³»¼·¿ ¬¸¿² æÍ»¹©¿§ ·² Ы¾ó®» Ю»» ¿´ æ Í»¹©¿§ ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² Ê»®ó ´·½ Í°¿½»çò ̸» ¾»¬ ·³¿¹» ©¿ ¼®¿©² ¾§ µ»¸®®¿«³ç ò Ü¿ ½¸*²¬» Þ·´¼ ¦»·½¸²»¬» ¬¸» Í$¼¼»«¬½¸» Ò»©°¿°»®æ e̸» »®»½¬ ¼·» Í$¼¼»«¬½¸» Æ»·¬«²¹æ eÜ·» ¬»¸»²¼» ¬¿²¼·²¹ ´±½±³±¬·±² ¾»¬±© ¬¸» ¼®·ª»® Ú±®¬¾»©»¹«²¹ ª»®´»·¸¬ ¼»³ Ú¿¸®»® »¬©¿ ©·¬¸ ¿ »´ºó½±²º·¼»²¬ô ¼·¹²·º·»¼ô Þ»² Ø«® ´·µ» Í»´¾¬¾»©«¬»ô É$®¼»ª±´´»ô Þ»²óØ«®ó º»»´·²¹òu É·¬¸ ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ©¿ ±«¬æ ÎÌÔ Ì»´»ª··±² ¸¿º¬»òu Ü¿³·¬ ©¿® » ®¿«æ ÎÌÔ Ú»®²»¸»² ¹¿®²·¸»¼ ¬¸»·® Í»¹©¿§ ®»°±®¬ ©·¬¸ ½»²» ¹¿®²·»®¬» »·²» Í»¹©¿§óλ°±®¬¿¹» ³·¬ ß«ó º®±³ ¬¸» ³±ª·» æÞ»² Ø«®ç ¿²¼ ¬¸» Í°·»¹»´ ½¸²·¬¬»² ¿« ¼»³ Õ·²±óÚ·´³ æÞ»² Ø«®çô «²¼ ³¿¹¿¦·²» ¿© Í¿¿®´¿²¼ °±´·½»³»² ¿ æÞ»²¼»® Í°·»¹»´ ¿¸ ¿¿®´<²¼·½¸» б´·¦·¬»² ¿´ Ø«® ±² ¬¸» ¾»¿¬çò DZ« ¸¿ª» ¬± ¼®·ª» ¬¸» Í»¹óæ Þ»² Ø«® ¿«º ͬ®»·º»ç ò Ó¿² ³« Í»¹©¿§ º¿¸ó ©¿§ ¬± º»»´ ¬¸·ÿ®»²ô «³ ¼¿ ²¿½¸¦«º$¸´»²ÿ ɸ¿¬ ¸¿ ¿ «²·ª»®·¬§ ·²¬·¬«¬» º±® ³±¾·´ó É¿ ¸¿¬ »·² ˲·ª»®·¬<¬·²¬·¬«¬ º$® Ó±¾·´·ó ·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ¬± ¼± ©·¬¸ ¬¸¿¬á Í»¹©¿§ ¬<¬ «²¼ Ê»®µ»¸® ¼¿³·¬ ¦« ¬«²á Í»¹©¿§ ¿´ ¿ ¿ ²»© æ³±¬±®·¦»¼ ³±¾·´·¬§ ¼»ª·½» ±º ·¬ ²»«»æ Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹ »·¹»²»® Þ¿«¿®¬ç ·¬ ±©²ç · §»¬ ²±¬ ´·½»²»¼ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ¬± ¾» ·² Ü»«¬½¸´¿²¼ ¾·¸»® ²·½¸¬ º$® ¼»² *ºº»²¬ó «»¼ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½» ¼·ºº»®»²¬ º®±³ ±³» ´·½¸»² Ê»®µ»¸®®¿«³ ¦«¹»´¿»² ¿²¼»® Û«®±°»¿² ²»·¹¸¾±«®·²¹ ½±«²¬®·» ¿²¼ ³±¬ ¿´ ·² »·²·¹»² »«®±°<·½¸»² Ò¿½¸¾¿®´<²ó ¬¿¬» ±º ¬¸» ËÍßò ݱ³³··±²»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ¼»®² «²¼ ·² ¼»² ³»·¬»² ͬ¿¿¬»² ¼»® ËÍßò Ù»®³¿² Ú»¼»®¿´ Ø·¹¸©¿§ λ»¿®½¸ ײ¬·ó׳ ß«º¬®¿¹ ¼»® Þ«²¼»¿²¬¿´¬ º$® ͬ®¿A»²ó ¬«¬» ¿ «¾·¼·¿®§ ±º ¬¸» Ú»¼»®¿´ Ó·²·¬®§ ©»»² øÞßͬ÷ ¸¿¾»² ©·® »·² з´±¬°®±¶»µ¬ ·³ ±º Ì®¿²°±®¬ô Þ«·´¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ر«·²¹ ©» Í¿¿®´¿²¼ ©·»²½¸¿º¬´·½¸ ¾»¹´»·¬»¬ô «³ ¦« ½·»²¬·º·½¿´´§ ¿½½±³°¿²·»¼ ¿ Í»¹©¿§ °·´±¬ µ´<®»²ô ±¾ «²¼ ³·¬ ©»´½¸»² λ¹»´«²¹»² °®±¶»½¬ ·² ¬¸» Ù»®³¿² ͬ¿¬» ±º Í¿¿®´¿²¼ ¬± Í»¹©¿§ ¿«½¸ ·² Ü»«¬½¸´¿²¼ ¦«¹»´¿»² ½´¿®·º§ô ·º ¿²¼ «²¼»® ©¸·½¸ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¬¸» ©»®¼»² µ¿²²ò Ü·» Û®µ»²²¬²·» ¿« ¼»³ зó Í»¹©¿§ ½±«´¼ ¾» ´·½»²»¼ ¿´± ·² Ù»®³¿²§ò ´±¬°®±¶»µ¬ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² «²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ̸» º·²¼·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» °·´±¬ °®±¶»½¬ ·² ¬¸» Ý·¬ó±©·» ¿« »·¹»²»² ˲¬»®«½¸«²¹»² ¿«º «²ó ·» ±º Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¿ »®»³ ˲·ª»®·¬<¬½¿³°« ·²¼ ®»°®<»²¬¿ó ©»´´ ¿ô º®±³ ±«® ±©² »¨¿³·²¿¬·±² ±² ±«® ¬·ª «²¼ ª»®¿´´¹»³»·²»®¾¿®ò É·® »³°º»¸´»² ¼·» «²·ª»®·¬§ ½¿³°« ¿®» ®»°®»»²¬¿¬·ª» ¿²¼ ¬± Æ«´¿«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ³·¬ ͽ¸®·¬¬¹»½¸©·²ó ¾» ¹»²»®¿´·¦»¼ò É» ®»½±³³»²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹ó¼·¹µ»·¬ ø³¿¨·³¿´ éµ³ñ¸÷ ¿«º Ù»¸©»¹»²ô ·² ©¿§ ¾» ´·½»²»¼ ±² ·¼»©¿´µô ·² °»¼»¬®·¿² Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²»² «²¼ ª»®µ»¸®¾»®«¸·¹¬»² ¦±²» ¿²¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ½¿´³»¼ ¿®»¿ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ Þ»®»·½¸»² «²¼ ³·¬ ¼»® ¾¿«¿®¬¾»¼·²¹¬»² °»»¼ ø³¿¨·³«³ ±º éµ³ñ¸÷ ¿²¼ ±² ¾·½§ó Ø*½¸¬¹»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ ª±² îðµ³ñ¸ ¿«º ½´» º¿½·´·¬» ©·¬¸ «° ¬± îðµ³ñ¸ô ©¸·½¸ · ¬¸» ο¼ª»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»²ò ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò É·® ³*½¸¬»² «² ¾»¼¿²µ»² ¾»· «²»®»² É» ©±«´¼ ´·µ» ¬± ¬¸¿²µ ±«® °¿®¬²»® ©·¬¸·² ﮬ²»®² ·³ Í»¹©¿§óз´±¬°®±¶»µ¬ º$® ¼·» ¦·»´ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ °®±¶»½¬ º±® ¬¸»·® ¹±¿´ó±®·»²¬»¼ º$¸®»²¼» «²¼ ¿²¹»²»¸³» Æ«¿³³»²¿®¾»·¬ ¿²¼ º®·»²¼´§ ½±ó±°»®¿¬·±² ¬± ³»²¬·±² ±²» ¬»´´ª»®¬®»¬»²¼ º$® ß´´» ¾»·³ Ю±¶»µ¬´»·¬»®ô º±® ¿´´ô ¬¸» ´»¿¼»® ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬» °®±¶»½¬ô Þ»®²ó Ø»®®² Þ»®²¸¿®¼ ͬ®«¾» ª±³ Ó·²·¬»®·«³ ¸¿®¼ ͬ®«¾» º®±³ ¬¸» Ó·²·¬®§ ±º ¬¸» ײ¬»®·±®ô º$® ײ²»®»ô Ú¿³·´·»ô Ú®¿«»² «²¼ Í°±®¬ ¼» Ú¿³·´§ô ɱ³»² ¿²¼ Í°±®¬ ±º ¬¸» ͬ¿¬» ±º Í¿¿®´¿²¼»ò Í¿¿®´¿²¼ò Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²ô Ó¿®½¸ îððê Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°° ·¨ ݱ²¬»²¬ Ю»º¿½»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòª·· ݱ²¬»²¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò·¨ Í«³³¿®§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòò¨· Þ¿½µ¹®±«²¼òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòï ïз´±¬ ¬«¼§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòí ïòïÜ»ª·½»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòí ïòîз´±¬ °®±¶»½¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòì ïòíЮ±¶»½¬ °¿®¬²»®òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòì ïòìÜ»º·²·¬·±² ±º °®±¾´»³òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòì ïòëß·³òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòë ïòêÓ»¬¸±¼ ¿²¼ °®±½»¼«®»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòë ïòéß½¬·ª·¬·»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòé ×òÜ¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòç îÝ´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïï îòïÍ«®ª»§ ±º ·³·´¿® ¼»ª·½»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïï îòîÍ«®ª»§ ±º ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¾¿·òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïí îòíÍ°®»¿¼ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿®±«²¼ ¬¸» ©±®´¼ ¿²¼ »¨°»®·»²½» ±º ·¬ «»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïé íÛ³°·®·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîï íòïﮬ·½·°¿²¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîï íòîÌ»¬ ®·¼·²¹òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîî íòíÊ·¼»±®»½±®¼·²¹òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîè íòìη¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíð íòëر¬´·²»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíï íòêË»® ·²¬»®ª·»©òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíï ××òײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ±º º·²¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ½±²»¯«»²½»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíí ìλ«´¬ ±º ¬¸» »³°·®·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíì ìòïÌ»¬ ®·¼·²¹òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíì ìòîÊ·¼»±®»½±®¼·²¹òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìð ìòíη¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìð ìòìر¬´·²»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìí ìòëË»® ·²¬»®ª·»©òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìí ìòêØ¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìë ìòéÌ»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ »¯«·°³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìè ìòèλ¿½¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìç ìòçÛ¨°»®·»²½» ±º ¬¸» «¬·´·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¬ б´·½» ¿²¼ Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½»òòòòòìç ìòïðÌ®¿²º»®¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ®»«´¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëð ëÏ«»¬·±²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëð ×××òλ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ®»¹«´¿¬·±²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëí êλ¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ù»®³¿²§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëë êòïᬻ²¬·¿´ ©¿§ ±º ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëë êòîλ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëê ×Êòß²²»¨òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòëç êòíÍ«®ª»§ ±º º·¹«®»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòêï êòìÛ¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòêî ¨· Í«³³¿®§Õ«®¦º¿«²¹ ̸» ¼»ª·½»Ü¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ײ îððïô ¬¸» ·²ª»²¬±® Ü»¿² Õ¿³»² °®»ó îððï ¬»´´¬» ¼»® Û®º·²¼»® Ü»¿² Õ¿³»² ¼»² »²¬»¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ©¸±» »´ºó¾¿´¿²½·²¹ Í»¹©¿§ ª±®ô ¼»»² »´¾¬¾¿´¿²½·»®»²¼» ¬»½¸²±´±¹§ ¸¿¼ ·²·¬·¿´´§ ¾»»² ¼»ª»´±°»¼ º±® Ì»½¸²±´±¹·» «®°®$²¹´·½¸ º$® »·²»² »´»µó ¿² »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·®ò ̸» ®·¼»® ¬¿²¼ ±² ¬®·½¸»² α´´¬«¸´ »²¬©·½µ»´¬ ©«®¼»ò Ü»® ¿ °´¿¬º±®³ô ©¸·½¸ ½±²¬¿·² ¿½½«³«´¿¬±®ô Ú¿¸®»® ¬»¸¬ ¿«º »·²»® д¿¬¬º±®³ô ¼·» ßµµ«ô ¬»»®·²¹ »´»½¬®±²·½ ¿²¼ ¬¿¾·´·¦¿¬·±² ³»¿ó ͬ»«»®»´»µ¬®±²·µ «²¼ Ô¿¹»³»¬»½¸²·µ »²ó «®·²¹ ¬»½¸²·¯«»å ¬¸» ©¸»»´ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ¿¬ó¬¸<´¬ô ·² ¼»² »·¬´·½¸ ¿²¹»¾®¿½¸¬»² Î<¼»®² ¬¿½¸»¼ ¬± ¾±¬¸ ·¼» ±º ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ô ½±²¬¿·² ¾»º·²¼»² ·½¸ Û´»µ¬®±³±¬±®»²ò Û·²» Ù®·ººó »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±®ò ß ¹®·° °±´» ¬¸¿¬ ¿´± ·²½±®ó¬¿²¹» ¼·»²¬ ¦«³ Ú»¬¸¿´¬»² «²¼ ¾»»®»² °±®¿¬» ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ô ¿´´±© ¸±´¼·²¹ ¿«¾¿´¿²½·»®»²ô ¼¿®¿² ·¬ ¿«½¸ ¼·» Ô»²µ»·²ó ±² ¿²¼ ¾¿´¿²½·²¹ò ̸» »´»½¬®±²·½ ¿®» ½±²ó®·½¸¬«²¹ ¾»º»¬·¹¬ò Ü·» Û´»µ¬®±²·µ ³·¬ ¼¿ó ¬·²«±«´§ ³»¿«®·²¹ ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¹®¿ª·¬§ ±º ¾»· ¬<²¼·¹ ¼»² ͽ¸©»®°«²µ¬ ª±² Ú¿¸®»® ¾±¬¸ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¿½½±®¼ó«²¼ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ «²¼ ¹´»·½¸¬ ¼«®½¸ ͬ»«»®«²¹ ·²¹´§ ¾¿´¿²½» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾§ ¬»»®·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»® Û´»µ¬®±³±¬±®»² ¿«ò Ü»® Ú¿¸®»® µ¿²² ± »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±®ò ̱ ³±ª» º±®©¿®¼ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¼«®½¸ ʱ®´»¸²»² ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¹»®¿¼»¿« ¸¿ª» ¬± ´»¿² ´·¹¸¬´§ º±®©¿®¼ô ¾§ ´»¿²·²¹ º¿¸®»²ô ¼«®½¸ ¦«®$½µ´»¸²»² ¾®»³¬ »®ò ß« ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸» ´±© ¼±©²ò Þ»½¿«» ±º ¿º»ó Í·½¸»®¸»·¬¹®$²¼»² ·²¼ ¿´´» ¬»½¸²·½¸»² ¬§ ®»¿±² ¿´´ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½±³°±²»²¬ ¿®» ´¿·¼ Õ±³°±²»²¬»² ®»¼«²¼¿²¬ ¿«¹»º$¸®¬ô ± ±«¬ ®»¼«²¼¿²¬´§ô ¬± »²«®» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼¿ ¾»· ß«º¿´´ ¶»¼»® Õ±³°±²»²¬» ¼¿ ½¿² ¾» ¬±°°»¼ ¿º»´§ô ·² ½¿» ¿²§ ½±³°±ó Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ·½¸»® ¦«³ ¬»¸»² ¹»¾®¿½¸¬ ©»®ó ²»²¬ º¿·´ò¼»² µ¿²²ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ¾»»² ¼»·¹²»¼ ¬± »²ó Ü»® Í»¹©¿§ ·¬ ¿´ eÛ®©»·¬»®«²¹u ¼» ´¿®¹» ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ®¿¼·« ±º ¿½¬·±²ô ¬¸» Ú«A¹<²¹»® ¹»¼¿½¸¬ô ¼»® Þ»²«¬¦»® ±´´ ·½¸ «»® ¸±«´¼ ³±ª» ·² ¿ ·³·´¿® ©¿§ ¿²¼ ±² ¿² ¼»²»´¾»² Ñ®¬»² «²¼ <¸²´·½¸ ¾»©»¹´·½¸ ¬¸» ¿³» °´¿½» ¬¸¿² ¸» ©±«´¼ ¼± ¿ ¿ °»óº±®¬¾»©»¹»² µ*²²»²ô ©·» ¿´ Ú«A¹<²¹»®ò Û® ¼»¬®·¿²ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ·²½®»¿» ¬¸» °»¼»ó»®¸*¸¬ ¼¿¾»· ²«® Ú´»¨·¾·´·¬<¬ «²¼ ßµ¬·±²®¿ó ¬®·¿² º´»¨·¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ®¿¼·« ±º ¿½¬·±²ò¼·«ò ̸» ®»»¿®½¸ °®±¶»½¬ Ü¿ Ú±®½¸«²¹°®±¶»µ¬ Ë° ¬± ²±©ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ²± ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·ó Þ·´¿²¹ ¸¿¬ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ µ»·²» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¦«ó ½»²·²¹ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ½¿²²±¬ ´¿«²¹ «²¼ µ¿²² ¼¿¼«®½¸ ²·½¸¬ ª»®·½¸»®¬ ¾» ·²«®»¼ò ׬ ½¿² ±²´§ ¾» «»¼ ±² °®·ª¿¬» ©»®¼»²ò Û® ¼¿®º ²«® ¿«º Ю·ª¿¬¹»´<²¼» «²¼ ¹®±«²¼ ¿²¼ · ²±¬ ¿´´±©»¼ ±² °«¾´·½ ¹®±«²¼ò ²·½¸¬ ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² »·²¹»»¬¦¬ ©»®¼»²ò Þ«¬ ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¿·³ ¿¬ ¿ ´»¹¿´ ½´¿·º·ó Û·²» ®»½¸¬´·½¸» Û·²±®¼²«²¹ ©·» ½¸±² ·² ¼»² ½¿¬·±² ¿ ·¬ ©¿ ¼±²» ·² ¬¸» ËÍß ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® ËÍß «²¼ ¿²¼»®»² »«®±°<·½¸»² Ô<²¼»®² Û«®±°»¿² ½±«²¬®·»ò Ö«¼¹»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ´·½»²ó ©·®¼ ª±³ Ø»®¬»´´»® ¿¾»® ¿²¹»¬®»¾¬ò Ü¿ ·²¹ ¿®» ²±¬ ·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ °±·¾´» ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ µ±²¬®«µ¬·±²¾»¼·²¹¬ »·²·¹» »¨·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ º®¿³»©±®µô ¾»½¿«» ¼«» ¬± ¾»±²¼»®» Û·¹»²½¸¿º¬»² ¿«º©»·¬ «²¼ »·² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ·¬ °±»» Ê»®¸¿´¬»² ·³ Ê»®µ»¸® «²¾»µ¿²²¬ ·¬ô ·¬ »·²» °»½·¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ·¬ ©¿§ ±º ¿½¬·²¹ Þ»«®¬»·´«²¹ «²¼ Æ«´¿«²¹ ·²²»®¸¿´¾ ¼» ·² ¬®¿ºº·½ · «²µ²±©²ò ¾»¬»¸»²¼»² ®»½¸¬´·½¸»² ο¸³»² ²·½¸¬ ¼·ó ®»µ¬ ³*¹´·½¸ò Ѳ ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ·²·¬·¿¬·ª» ¬¸» Ú»¼»®ó ¿´ Þ±¿®¼ º±® α¿¼ Ì®¿ºº·½ ¬¿®¬»¼ ¿ ®»»¿®½¸ ß«º ײ·¬·¿¬·ª» ¼» Ø»®¬»´´»® ½¸®·»¾ ¼·» °®±¶»½¬ ¬± ¬»¬ ê ¼»ª·½»ò ײ ½±±°»®¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ Þ«²¼»¿²¬¿´¬ º$® ͬ®¿A»²©»»² »·² Ú±®ó ¬¸» Ó·²·¬®§ ±º ײ¬»®²¿´ ߺº¿·® ¿²¼ ¬¸» Ó·²ó ½¸«²¹°®±¶»µ¬ ¿«ô ¾»· ¼»³ ·² Æ«¿³ó ·¬®§ ±º ݱ³³»®½» ±º ¬¸» Í¿¿®´¿²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ³»²¿®¾»·¬ ³·¬ ¼»³ ײ²»²³·²·¬»®·«³ ¼» ©¿§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¬»¬»¼ º±® í ³±²¬¸ò í ±º Í¿¿®´¿²¼» «²¼ ¼»³ É·®¬½¸¿º¬³·²·¬»®·ó ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® «³ ¼» Í¿¿®´¿²¼» »½¸ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» $¾»® ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¬»¬»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» °¿¬®±´´·²¹ ¼·¬®·½¬ ¨·· °±´·½» ±º Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô í ¾§ ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ »·²»² Æ»·¬®¿«³ ª±² ¼®»· Ó±²¿¬»² »®°®±¾¬ Ѻº·½» ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ò ̸» ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ©«®¼»²ò Ü®»· ¼»® ª±³ Ø»®¬»´´»® ¦«® Ê»®ó ¾»»² «»¼ »ª»®¿´ ¸±«® ¼¿·´§ ¿²¼ °¿®¬´§ ¾§ º$¹«²¹ ¹»¬»´´¬»² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ©«®¼»² ¾»· »ª»®¿´ °»±°´» «¾»¯«»²¬´§ò ¼»® Õ±²¬¿µ¬°±´·¦»· ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¹»¬»¬»¬ô ¼®»· ¾»·³ Ñ®¼²«²¹¿³¬ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ò Ü·» ̸» ±¾»®ª¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «» ·² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ©«®¼»² ¬<¹´·½¸ ³»¸®»®» ͬ«²¼»² »ª»®§ ¼¿§ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» µ²±©´»¼¹» ¾»©»¹¬ô ¦«³ Ì»·´ ©«®¼»² ·» ª±² ³»¸®»®»² ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ «¿¹» ½¿°¿½·¬·»ô ·¬ ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ Ì»·´²»¸³»®² ·² Ú±´¹» ¹»²«¬¦¬ò ¬± ½±»¨·¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «»® ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ¿º»¬§ò ׬ ¸¿ ¾»»² ´±±µ»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Ü·» Þ»±¾¿½¸¬«²¹ ¼»® Ò«¬¦«²¹ ·³ ª»®µ»ó ¼»ª·½» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ô ·¬ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ô ·¬ ·²¬»®ó¸®´·½¸»² ß´´¬¿¹ ±´´¬» ͽ¸´$» $¾»® ¼·» Ò«¬ó ¿½¬·±² ·² °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ·¬ ´»¹¿´ ¦«²¹»·¹»²½¸¿º¬»²ô ¼·» Ê»®¬®<¹´·½¸µ»·¬ ¼»® ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±²ò ̸» ·²ª»¬·¹¿¬·±² º±½«»¼ ±² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ·³ Æ«¿³³»²°·»´ ³·¬ ¿²¼»®»² ¬¸» «¿¹» ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®² «²¼ ¼»®»² Í·½¸»®¸»·¬ ¿²©»®ô ©¸·½¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ º¿½·´·¬·» ¿®» «·¬¿¾´» ¦«´¿»²ò ˲¬»®«½¸¬ ©«®¼»² Ú®¿¹»¬»´´«²ó º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ©¸»¬¸»® ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô ¹»²ô ¼·» ¼·» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»·¹»²½¸¿º¬»²ô ¼·» ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½»ô ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¿²¼ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¾»¼·»²«²¹ô ¼·» ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±² ¼» ¸»´³»¬ ¿®» ²»½»¿®§ ¿²¼ ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ¬»½¸ó Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ·³ Ê»®µ»¸®®¿«³ô ±©·» ¼·» ®»ó ²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ · «ºº·½·»²¬ò½¸¬´·½¸» Û·²±®¼²«²¹ ¾»¬®¿º»²ò ׳ Ó·¬¬»´°«²µ¬ ¬¿²¼ ¼¿¾»· ¼·» Ò«¬¦«²¹ª»®¬®<¹´·½¸µ»·¬ «²¼ » ±´´¬» ¾»¿²¬©±®¬»¬ ©»®¼»²ô ©»´½¸» Ê»®µ»ó Ó»¬¸±¼ ¿²¼ °®±½»¼«®» ¸®º´<½¸»² ·½¸ º$® ¼»² Í»¹©¿§ »·¹²»²ô ·²ó ©·»º»®² Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·ô к´·½¸¬ª»®·½¸»®«²¹ô Þ»º±®» »³°·®·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ½±´´»½¬»¼ Õ»²²¦»·½¸»² «²¼ Ø»´³ »®º±®¼»®´·½¸ ·²¼ô ¿ ¬¸»±®»¬·½¿´ »¨½«®·±² ©¿ ³¿¼» ·²¬± ¬¸» ±©·»ô ±¾ ¼·» ¬»½¸²·½¸» ß«¬¿¬¬«²¹ ¿«ó ´·½»²·²¹ ½±²¼·¬·±²ô ¬¸» »¨°»®·»²½» ³¿¼» ®»·½¸»²¼ ·¬ò ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¬¸» ½±«²¬®§ ¿²¼ ¿¾®±¿¼ô ¿ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ª·ó@óª· ±¬¸»® ²»© ¬§°» ±º ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¿² ·²¬»²·ª» ¿²¿´§· ©·¬¸ Ó»¬¸±¼·µ «²¼ ʱ®¹»¸»²©»·» ¬¸» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ¾¿· ¿²¼ ®»¯«·®»ó ³»²¬ô ·² Ù»®³¿²§ò Ü»® »³°·®·½¸»² Ü¿¬»²»®¸»¾«²¹ ª±®¹»ó ½¸¿´¬»¬ ©¿® »·²» ¬¸»±®»¬·½¸» Þ»¬®¿½¸¬«²¹ ̸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ¾»¬©»»² ß«ó ¼»® Æ«´¿«²¹·¬«¿¬·±² «²¼ Û®º¿¸®«²¹»² ¹«¬ îë ¿²¼ Ò±ª»³¾»® íðô îððëò ׬ ©¿ ¿½ó ³·¬ ¼»³ Í»¹©¿§ ·³ ×²ó «²¼ ß«´¿²¼ô »·²» ½±³°¿²·»¼ ¾§ »ª»®¿´ »³°·®·½¿´ ³»¿«®»æ Û·²±®¼²«²¹ ·² ¼»² Õ±²¬»¨¬ ¿²¼»®»®ô ²»«¿®¬·ó ·² ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¹»® Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¬§°»² ±©·» »·²» ·²¬»²·ª» ß«ó ¬«¼§ °»®·±¼ ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¬»¬ó¼®·ª·²¹ ¿²¼ »·²¿²¼»®»¬¦«²¹ ³·¬ ¼»² »²¬°®»½¸»²¼»² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ±² ¿ ¼»º·²»¼ ½·®½«·¬ò ®»½¸¬´·½¸»² Ù®«²¼´¿¹»² ·² Ü»«¬½¸´¿²¼ «²¼ д¿½» ·² ¬¸» ½·¬§ ±º Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² «²¼ Ò»«²ó ¼»®»² Û®º±®¼»®²·»ò µ·®½¸»² µ²±©² º±® ¸·¹¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¼»²·¬§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ª·¼»± ½±²¬®±´´»¼ ¿´´ó¼¿§ ¾§ ¿ ³±«²¬»¼ Ü»® з´±¬ª»®«½¸ º¿²¼ ¦©·½¸»² ¼»³ îëò ½¿³»®¿ò ̸» ª·¼»±¬¿°» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »¨¿³ó ß«¹«¬ «²¼ ¼»³ íðò Ò±ª»³¾»® îððë ¬¿¬¬ò ·²»¼ «·²¹ ¬¸» Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r §¬»³ º±® ª·¼»± Û® ©«®¼» »³°·®·½¸ ¿«º ³»¸®»®»² Û¾»²»² ½±²º´·½¬ ¿²¿´§·ò Û¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» ê ¼»ª·½» ¸¿¼ ¾»¹´»·¬»¬æ » º¿²¼»² ¦« ß²º¿²¹ «²¼ ¿³ Û²¼» ·¬ ±©² ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ô ©¸·½¸ »²¿¾´»¼ ¬¸» ¼» з´±¬¦»·¬®¿«³ ª»®¹´»·½¸»²¼» Ú¿¸®ª»®ó °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬± ®»°±®¬ ¼·®»½¬´§ô «½¸» ¿«º »·²»³ ¼»º·²·»®¬»² п®½±«® ¬¿¬¬ô ¿²¼ ¬·³»´§ »¨·¬·²¹ ¿²¼ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ½±²º´·½¬ô »¾»²± Þ®»³ª»®«½¸»ò ß² ͬ¿²¼±®¬»² ·³ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿²¼ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ °®±¾´»³ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ͬ¿¼¬®¿«³ ª±² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² «²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸» »¨¬®¿±®¼·²¿®§ ·¬«¿¬·±²ò ̸» ³±¬ ·³°±®ó³·¬ ¸±¸»³ Ê»®µ»¸®¿«ºµ±³³»² ©«®¼»² ¬¿²¬ ³»¿² ±º ¼¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ ©»®» î ®±«²¼ ¹¿²¦¬<¹·¹»ô ¬¿¬·½¸» Ê·¼»±¿«º²¿¸³»² ¿²ó ±º ·²¬»®ª·»© ¸»´¼ ©·¬¸ ¿´´ °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®ó¹»º»®¬·¹¬ «²¼ ³·¬ ¼»³ ͧ¬»³ Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ¦«® ¬·½·°¿²¬ô ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ¿º¬»® í ©»»µô ¬¸» Ê·¼»±óÕ±²º´·µ¬¿²¿´§» ¿«¹»©»®¬»¬ò Ö»¼»³ »½±²¼ ±²» ¿º¬»® ¬»®³·²¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °®¿½¬·ó¼»® »½¸ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ©¿® »·² Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±ó ½¿´ °¸¿» ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬®·¿´ò ß¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ¬¸»®» ®¼»® º»¬ ¦«¹»±®¼²»¬ô ¼»® ¼·» з´±¬¬»·´²»¸³»® ©¿ ¿ ¬»´»°¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» º±® ¿´´ «²º±®»»»² ·² ¼·» Ô¿¹» ª»®»¬¦¬»ô µ±²µ®»¬» «²¼ °±¬»²ó »ª»²¬«¿´·¬·»ô ©¸·½¸ ¿´´±©»¼ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬·»´´» Õ±²º´·µ¬»ô ¬»½¸²·½¸» «²¼ Þ»¼·»²°®±¾ó ¬± ¿µ ¯«»¬·±² ¿¬ ¿²§ ¬·³» ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ´»³» ±©·» ¿²¼»®» ¿«A»®¹»©*¸²´·½¸» Í·¬«ó ¬«¼§ò¿¬·±²»² ¼·®»µ¬ «²¼ ¦»·¬²¿¸ ¦« »®º¿»²ò ß´ ¨··· ̸» ®»«´¬ ´»¼ ¬± ¿ ®»½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ©·½¸¬·¹¬» Ó·¬¬»´ ¦«® Ü¿¬»²»®¸»¾«²¹ ©«®ó ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬±®§ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¿²¼ ½´¿ó¼»² ¦©»· ײ¬»®ª·»©®«²¼»² ³·¬ ¿´´»² з´±¬¬»·´ó ·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ò²»¸³»®² ¼«®½¸¹»º$¸®¬ô ¼·» »®¬» º¿²¼ ²¿½¸ ¼®»· ɱ½¸»²ô ¼·» ¦©»·¬» ²¿½¸ ß¾½¸´« ¼»® °®¿µ¬·½¸»² з´±¬°¸¿» ¬¿¬¬ò Æ«<¬¦´·½¸ Ü¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ ©«®¼» º$® ¿´´» ²·½¸¬ ª±®¸»®¹»»¸»²»² Ú<´´» »·²» ¬»´»º±²·½¸» ر¬´·²» »·²¹»®·½¸¬»¬ô ¼·» ¼»² Ì»·´²»¸³»®² ¶»¼»®¦»·¬ ©<¸®»²¼ ¼» зó ̸»±®»¬·½¿´ °¿®¬ ´±¬ª»®«½¸ º$® Ú®¿¹»² ¦«® Ê»®º$¹«²¹ ¬¿²¼ò Û°»½·¿´´§ ·² ®»½»²¬ §»¿®ô ¿ ´±¬ ±º ²»© Ü·» ¹»©±²²»²»² Û®¹»¾²·» ³$²¼»¬»² ¬§°» ±º ¼»ª·½» ©»®» ´¿«²½¸»¼ò Þ»·¼» ½¸´·»A´·½¸ ·² »·²» Û³°º»¸´«²¹ ¦«® ¬®¿A»²ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» °»½¬®«³ ½±³°®·» ¾·½§ó ª»®µ»¸®®»½¸¬´·½¸»² Þ»¸¿²¼´«²¹ «²¼ Û·²±®ó ½´» ©·¬¸ »´»½¬®·½ ±® °»¬®±´ ¼®·ª»² ¿«¨·´·¿®§ ¼²«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ü»«¬½¸´¿²¼ò ³±¬±®ô ³±¬±® ¼®·ª»² °»¼¿´ ½±±¬»®ô ®±´´·²¹ ´«¹¹¿¹»ô »´ºó°®±°»´´»¼ ´¿©²ó³±©»®ô ³¿´´ ³±¬±®½§½´»ô ³¿´´ ½±±¬»®ô ½®±ó½±«²¬®§ Ü¿¬»²»®¸»¾«²¹ ¼»ª·½»ô ¯«¿¼ô »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ó½¸¿·® ¿²¼ ®±¿¼ó©±®¬¸§ ½¿¾·²ó½±±¬»®ò ̸»±®»¬·½¸»® Ì»·´ ̸» ´»¹¿´ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ´·½»²·²¹ · ±º¬»² ¼·ºº·½«´¬ò ײ ±³» ½¿» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» Ù»®¿¼» ·² ¼»² ´»¬¦¬»² Ö¿¸®»² ·²¼ »·²» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼»·¹²»¼ ¬± ¬¿µ» ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» λ·¸» ²»«¿®¬·¹»® Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ¿«º ¼»² Ó¿®µ¬ ±º ½»®¬¿·² ´»¹¿´ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²æ ¬¸· · ¬®«» º±® ¹»µ±³³»²ò Ü¿ Í°»µ¬®«³ ®»·½¸¬ ²»¾»² ±³» ½¿¾·²ó½±±¬»® ©¸·½¸ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ´·ó¼»³ Í»¹©¿§ ª±² Ú¿¸®®<¼»®² ³·¬ »´»µ¬®·½¸ ½»²»¼ ¿ »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ó½¸¿·® ¿²¼ ½¿² ¾» ±¼»® ¾»²¦·²¹»¬®·»¾»²»³ Ø·´º³±¬±® $¾»® «»¼ ·² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ô «° ¬± ¿ °»»¼ ±º ïë µ³ñ³±¬±®··»®¬» Ì®»¬®±´´»®ô º¿¸®»²¼» Õ±ºº»®ô »´¾ó ¸ ©·¬¸±«¬ ®·¼»® ´·½»²»ò Ú±® ¬¸· ½´¿·º·½¿ó¬º¿¸®»²¼» ο»²³<¸»®ô Õ´»·²¬³±¬±®®<¼»® ¬·±² ¿ ©¸±´» ¾«²¼´» ±º ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¸¿ª» ¬± «²¼ α´´»® ¾· ¸·² ¦« ¹»´<²¼»¹<²¹·¹»² ¾» ½±²·¼»®»¼æ ̸» ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» ®±¿¼ Ù»º<¸®¬»²ô Ï«¿¼ô »´»µ¬®·½¸»² α´´¬$¸´»² ¬®¿ºº·½ øͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®¹»»¬¦ô ͬÊÙ÷ô ¬¸» «²¼ ¬®¿A»²¬¿«¹´·½¸»² Õ¿¾·²»²®±´´»®²ò ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®ó Ü·» ®»½¸¬´·½¸» Û·²±®¼²«²¹ «²¼ Æ«´¿«²¹ Ñ®¼²«²¹ô ͬÊÑ÷ô ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·½»²·²¹ ¹»¬¿´¬»¬ ·½¸ ¸<«º·¹ ½¸©·»®·¹ò ײ »·²·¹»² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®óÆ«´¿«²¹ó Ú<´´»² ©«®¼»² ¼·» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ¿¾»® ¿«½¸ ±®¼²«²¹ô ͬÊÆÑ÷ô ¬¸» ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ ½±³ó ¼¿®¿«º¸·² »²¬©±®º»²ô ¾»¬·³³¬» ¹»»¬¦´·½¸» °«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» øк´·½¸¬ª»®·½¸»®«²¹¹»ó λ¹»´«²¹»² ¦« ²«¬¦»²æ ¾»·°·»´©»·» ¾»ó »¬¦ô ÐÚ×ÊÙ÷ô ¬¸» ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¬·³³¬» Õ¿¾·²»²®±´´»®ô ¼·» ¿´ »´»µ¬®·½¸» øÚ¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·ª»®±®¼²«²¹ô Ú»Ê÷ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ α´´¬$¸´» ¦«¹»´¿»² «²¼ º$¸®»®½¸»·²º®»· ±¬¸»® ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ò ̸» ·²¬»®½±«®» ¾· ïë µ³ñ¸ ¿«º ¼»® Ú¿¸®¾¿¸² ¹»²«¬¦¬ ©»®¼»² ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ «»® · ½±²¬®±´´»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¼$®º»²ò Þ»· ¼·»»® Û·²±®¼²«²¹ ·²¼ »·² ¹¿²ó ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ô ¬¸» ½±²¼·¬·±² «²ó ¦» Þ$²¼»´ ª±² ʱ®½¸®·º¬»² ¾»¿½¸¬´·½¸æ ¼¿ ¼»® ©¸·½¸ ¿ ¼»ª·½» ½¿² ¬¿µ» °¿®¬ ·² °«¾´·½ ͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®¹»»¬¦ øͬÊÙ÷ô ¼·» ͬ®¿A»²ó ¬®¿²°±®¬ · «°»®ª·»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ª»®µ»¸®óÑ®¼²«²¹ øͬÊÑ÷ô ¼·» ͬ®¿A»²ª»®ó ´·½»²·²¹ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øÍÌÊÆÑ÷ò µ»¸®óÆ«´¿«²¹±®¼²«²¹ øͬÊÆÑ÷ô ¼¿ ̸» Ù»®³¿² ´¿© ¼»¬»®³·²» ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± к´·½¸¬ª»®·½¸»®«²¹¹»»¬¦ øÐÚ´ÊÙ÷ô ¼·» ¬¸» ¬§°» ±º ª»¸·½´»ô ©¸»®» ¿²¼ ¸±© ¿ ½»®ó Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·ª»®±®¼²«²¹ øÚ»Ê÷ «²¼ ©»·¬»ó ¬¿·² ª»¸·½´» ½¿² ¾» «»¼æ ¬¸» ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ ®» »®¹<²¦»²¼» Ê»®±®¼²«²¹»²ò Ü¿ Ó·¬»·²ó ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ øͬÊÙ÷ ¼·¬·²¹«·¸» ®±«¹¸´§ ¿²¼»® ¼»® Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»® ®»¹»´¬ ¼¿¾»· ¾»¬©»»² ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´»ô ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ °»ó¼·» ͬÊÑô ¼·» Þ»¼·²¹«²¹»²ô «²¬»® ¼»²»² ½·¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²ò Ó±¬±® ª»¸·½´» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ¿³ Ê»®µ»¸® ¬»·´²»¸³»² ¼$®º»²ô øÕ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹»÷ ¿®» ¿´´ ª»¸·½´» ¬¸¿¬ ³±ª» ®»¹»´¬ ¼·» ͬÊÆÑò ¾§ »²¹·²» º±®½»ò ̸»» ¬§°» ±º ª»¸·½´» Ü¿ ¼»«¬½¸» λ½¸¬ ¾»¬·³³¬ ¼¿¾»· ¿²ó ¾¿·½¿´´§ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» «»¼ ±² ®±¿¼ ±²´§ô ¸¿²¼ ¼»® Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¿®¬ô ©± «²¼ ©·» ¾»¬·³³¬» ©¸»®»¿ ± ½¿´´»¼ °»½·¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²ó Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» »·²¹»»¬¦¬ ©»®¼»² ¼$®º»²æ ¹®±¾ °±®¬¿¬·±² ø¾»±²¼»®» Ú±®¬¾»©»¹«²¹³·¬¬»´÷ ¼·ºº»®»²¦·»®¬ ¼¿ ͬÊÙ ²¿½¸ Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹»²ô ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» «»¼ ±² º±±¬°¿¬¸ ¿²¼ ·¼»©¿´µ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»² «²¼ ¾»±²¼»®»² Ú±®¬¾»©»ó ±²´§ò ¨·ª Ì®§·²¹ ¬± ½´¿·º§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·²¬± ¬¸» »¨ó¹«²¹³·¬¬»´²ô ©±¾»· ¿´ Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹» ¿´´» ·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ½¿¬»¹±®·» ±²» ¸¿ ¬± ¬¿¬» ¬¸¿¬ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ¹»´¬»²ô ¼·» ¼«®½¸ Ó¿½¸·²»²µ®¿º¬ ·¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ´±±µ»¼ ¿¬ ¿ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ º±®¬¾»©»¹¬ ©»®¼»²ò Ü·»» ¼$®º»² ¹®«²¼<¬ó ¬¸« ©±«´¼ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» «»¼ ±² ®±¿¼ò ̸»² ¦´·½¸ ²«® ¿«º ¼»® Ú¿¸®¾¿¸² ¹»²«¬¦¬ ©»®¼»²ô ·¬ ©±«´¼ ¾» «¾¶»½¬ ¬± ´·½»²·²¹ô ¬± ½±³°«´ó¾»±²¼»®» Ú±®¬¾»©»¹«²¹³·¬¬»´ ²«® ¿«º ±®§ ·²«®¿²½»ô ¾»½¿«» ·¬ · º¿¬»® ¬¸¿² ê Ú«Aó «²¼ Ù»¸©»¹»²ò µ³ñ¸ò ß ®·¼»® ´·½»²½» ©±«´¼ ¾» ²»½»¿®§ô Ê»®«½¸¬ ³¿²ô ¼»² Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¼·» ¹»»¬ó ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ²±¬ ´·¬»¼ ·² yìÚ»Ê ¦´·½¸ ª±®¹»¹»¾»²»² Õ¿¬»¹±®·»² »·²¦«±®¼ó ø¬¸» ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ®»¹«´¿¬·±²÷ ±º ¬¸» ¿ªó ²»²ô ¬»´´¬ ³¿² º»¬ô ¼¿ »® ¿´ Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹ ·²¹ ½´¿«»ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸»² ©±«´¼ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¦« ¾»¬®¿½¸¬»² ©<®» «²¼ ¼¿³·¬ ¼·» Ú¿¸®¾¿¸² °±» ¿² ±ºº·½·¿´ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¿ °®±±º ¾»²«¬¦»² ³$¬»ò Û® ©<®» ¦«´¿«²¹°º´·ó ±º ´·½»²·²¹ ¿²¼ ·¬ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ½¸¬·¹ô »·²» Ê»®·½¸»®«²¹ ³$¬» º$® ·¸² ¿¾ó «½¸ ¿ ¾®¿µ»ô ´·¹¸¬ô ©¸»»´ô ¸±®²ô ³·®®±®ô ¹»½¸´±»² ©»®¼»²ô ¼¿ »® ½¸²»´´»® ¿´ ê °»»¼±ô »¿¬ »¬½ò ¸¿¼ ¬± ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» µ³ñ¸ º¿¸®»² µ¿²²ò Û·²» Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²· ©<®» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ͬÊÆÑ ø®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·½»²ó º$® ·¸² »®º±®¼»®´·½¸ô ¼¿ »® ²·½¸¬ ·³ ß«²¿¸ó ·²¹ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²÷ º±® ´¿½µ ±º ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ³»µ¿¬¿´±¹ ¼» yì Ú»Ê »²¬¸¿´¬»² ·¬ò ß´ ·²¬± ±¬¸»® ª»¸·½´» ½¿¬»¹±®·» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Ò¿½¸©»· ¼»® Æ«´¿«²¹ ³$¬» »·² ¿³¬´·ó ©±«´¼ ¸¿ª» ¬± ³»»¬ ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¿ ½¸» Õ»²²¦»·½¸»² ¾»º»¬·¹¬ ©»®¼»² «²¼ ¼·» °¿»²¹»® ³±¬±®ó½¿®ò ¬»½¸²·½¸» ß«¬¿¬¬«²¹ øÞ®»³»²ô Þ»´»«½¸ó ׬ · ±²» ±¾¶»½¬·ª» ±º ¬¸» ¬«¼§ ¬± º·²¼ ±«¬ ¬«²¹ô Þ»®»·º«²¹ô Ø«°»ô Í°·»¹»´ô Ì¿½¸±³ó ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ª·ó@óª· ¬¸» »¬»®ô Í·¬¦»ô »¬½ò÷ ³$¬» ¼»² ʱ®½¸®·º¬»² ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ¿®» ¶«¬·º·»¼ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬®¿ºº·½ º¿ó ͬÊÆÑ ¹»²$¹»² ³¿²¹»´ Û·²±®¼¾¿®µ»·¬ ·² ½·´·¬·»ô ·¬ ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ ¬± ½±»¨·¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¿²¼»®» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹µ¿¬»¹±®·»² ©<®»² ¼¿ º$® ®±¿¼ «»®ô ·¬ ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® ½¸¿®¿½¬»®ó Í»¹©¿§ ¼·» ß²º±®¼»®«²¹»² ¿² е©ò ·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¸±© ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¿½¬«¿´´§ ¾» Û ·¬ ²«² ·³ ο¸³»² ¼»® ͬ«¼·» ¦« °®$º»²ô ´·½»²»¼ò ±¾ ¼·»» ®»½¸¬´·½¸»² ß²º±®¼»®«²¹»² ¿² ¼»² ׬ ³·¹¸¬ ¾» ¸»´°º«´ ¬± ®»½¿´´ ¸±© ¬¸» Í»¹ó Í»¹©¿§ ¸·²·½¸¬´·½¸ ¼»® Ê»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»²ô ©¿§ · ½´¿·º·»¼ ·² ±¬¸»® ½±«²¬®·»ò ײ ¬¸» ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±² ³·¬ ¿²¼»®»² Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®² ËÍßô ©¸»®» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ¾»»² ±´¼ ±©·» »·²»® Ú¿¸®ó «²¼ ±²¬·¹»² °»¦·ó ·²½» îððîô ¿ º»¼»®¿´ ´¿© ¼»¬»®³·²» ¬¸¿¬ º·½¸»² Û·¹»²½¸¿º¬»² ¹»®»½¸¬ ©·®¼ «²¼ ©·» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿ e»´»½¬®·½ °»®±²¿´ ¿·¬·ª» »® ¬¿¬<½¸´·½¸ ¦«¹»´¿»² ©»®¼»² µ*²²¬»ò ³±¾·´·¬§ ¼»ª·½»u ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ½¿² ¿ ¿ Ø·´º®»·½¸ ¼¿¾»· ·¬ »·²» Þ»¬®¿½¸¬«²¹ô ©·» ³¿¬¬»® ±º °®·²½·°´» ¾» «»¼ ±² ·¼»©¿´µ ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ·² ¿²¼»®»² Ô<²¼»®² ¾»¸¿²¼»´¬ ¿²¼ °®·ª¿¬» ¹®±«²¼ò Þ«¬ ·¬ · «° ¬± ¬¸» ·²ó ©·®¼ò ײ ¼»² ËÍßô ©± ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ½¸±² »·¬ ¹´» ¬¿¬» ¿²¼ ´±½¿´ ¿«¬¸±®·¬·» ¬± ·²¬®±¼«½» îððî ª»®µ¿«º¬ ©·®¼ô ®»¹»´¬ »·² Þ«²¼»¹»»¬¦ô °»½·¿´ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ò ײ ³±¬ ¬¿¬» ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¼¿ »® ¿´ e°»®*²´·½¸»ô »´»µ¬®·½¸» Ó±¾·´ó ©¿§ ½¿² ¾» «»¼ «²®»¬®·½¬»¼´§ ±² ·¼»ó ·¬<¬¸·´º»u ¹®«²¼<¬¦´·½¸ ¿«º Ù»¸©»¹»² «²¼ ©¿´µ ¿²¼ ½§½´» ¬®¿½µô ±³» ¬¿¬» ¿´´±© Ю·ª¿¬¹»´<²¼» »·²¹»»¬¦¬ ©»®¼»² ¼¿®ºô $¾»®ó ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ·¬ «» ±² ®±¿¼ô ±º¬»² ±² ¬¸±» ´<¬ ¿¾»® °»¦·»´´» λ¹»´«²¹»² ¼»² Þ«²ó ©·¬¸ °»»¼ ´·³·¬ò ¼»¬¿¿¬»² «²¼ ´±µ¿´»² Þ»¸*®¼»²ò ײ ¼»² Ë° ¬± ²±©ô ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ³»·¬»² Þ«²¼»¬¿¿¬»² ·¬ ¼·» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¿«º °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬ · °±·¾´» ·² ç Û«®±°»¿² Ú«Aó ±¼»® ο¼©»¹»² «²»·²¹»½¸®<²µ¬ ¹»ó ½±«²¬®·»ô ·² Í°¿·² ¿²¼ ¬¸» Ò»¬¸»®´¿²¼ ·¬ ¬¿¬¬»¬ô »·²·¹» ͬ¿¿¬»² »®´¿«¾»² ¦«<¬¦´·½¸ ¼·» · ¬±´»®¿¬»¼ ·º ³±ª·²¹ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ô ·² Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¿«º Ú¿¸®¾¿¸²»²ô ¸<«º·¹ ¿«º ±´½¸»² Ø«²¹¿®§ô ᮬ«¹¿´ô Ù®»»½»ô Ú®¿²½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ³·¬ Ù»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬¾»¹®»²¦«²¹»²ò ݦ»½¸ λ°«¾´·½ ·¬ «» · °±·¾´» ¾§ ³·²ó ײ Û«®±°¿ ·¬ ¼·» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ·³ ·¬®§ ¼»½®»»ô ³±¬´§ º±® ³±ª·²¹ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² ο«³ ¾·´¿²¹ ·² ²»«² ͬ¿¿¬»² °»»¼ ¿²¼ ´·³·¬»¼ ¬± ·¼»©¿´µò ײ ׬¿´§ ¬¸» ³*¹´·½¸ô ·² Í°¿²·»² «²¼ ¼»² Ò·»¼»®´¿²¼»² Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ¾» «»¼ ±² ½§½´» ©·®¼ »® ³·¬ ͽ¸®·¬¬¹»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ ¹»¼«´¼»¬ô ¬®¿½µ «° ¬± ¿ °»»¼ ±º îð µ³ñ¸å ·² ß«¬®·¿ ·¬ ·² ˲¹¿®²ô ᮬ«¹¿´ô Ù®·»½¸»²´¿²¼ô Ú®¿²µ®»ó · ®»¹¿®¼»¼ ¿ ¾·½§½´» ¿²¼ ½¿² ±²´§ ¾» «»¼ ·½¸ «²¼ ̽¸»½¸·»² ·¬ »·²» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¼«®½¸ ±² ¬¸» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ º¿½·´·¬·»ò Ó·²·¬»®·¿´»®´¿ ³*¹´·½¸ô ·² ¼»® λ¹»´ ³·¬ Ô·µ» ·² Ù»®³¿²§ô ·² Þ»´¹·«³ô Ù®»¿¬ Þ®·¬¿·² ͽ¸®·¬¬¹»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ «²¼ ¿«º Ú«A¹<²¹»®ó ¿²¼ Í©·¬¦»®´¿²¼ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ¼»½··±² º´<½¸»² ¾»¹®»²¦¬ò ײ ׬¿´·»² ¼¿®º ¦«<¬¦´·½¸ ¨ª º·²¼·²¹ ¿®» ·² °®±½»ô ¿²¼ «²¬·´ ¼»½··±² ¿«º ο¼ª»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»² ¾· îð µ³ñ¸ ¹»ó · ³¿¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³«¬ ²±¬ ¾» «»¼ ·² º¿¸®»² ©»®¼»²å ·² J¬»®®»·½¸ ¹·´¬ »® ¿´ Ú¿¸®ó °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬ò®¿¼ «²¼ ¼¿®º ²«® ¿«º ¼»² »²¬°®»½¸»²¼»² Ê»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»² »·²¹»»¬¦¬ ©»®¼»²ò ײ Þ»´¹ó ɱ®´¼©·¼»ô »¬·³¿¬»¼ ïëòðð𠬱 îðòððð ·»²ô Ù®±A¾®·¬¿²²·»² «²¼ ¼»® ͽ¸©»·¦ ·²¼ô ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ±´¼ ³»¿²©¸·´»ô ³±¬ó ©·» ·² Ü»«¬½¸´¿²¼ô »²¬°®»½¸»²¼» Û²¬½ó ´§ ·² ¬¸» ËÍßò ß ½±²·¼»®¿¾´» ²«³¾»® ±º ¸»·¼«²¹°®±¦»» ·³ Ù¿²¹ô ¾· ¦« ¼»®»² ¬¸»³ ¿®» «»¼ ¾§ ·²¬·¬«¬·±²ô °±´·½»ô ¿º»¬§ ß¾½¸´« ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² ο«³ ¹«¿®¼ô ±² º¿·®ô ·² ¿·®°±®¬ ±® ¾§ ¿¼ª»®¬·ó ²·½¸¬ ¹»²«¬¦¬ ©»®¼»² ¼¿®ºò »®ô ¾«¬ ¬¸» ²«³¾»® ±º °®·ª¿¬» «»® · ®·ó Ó·¬¬´»®©»·´» ·²¼ ©»´¬©»·¬ ïëòðððóîðòððð ·²¹ò Ü«» ¬± ¬¸» º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» · ±² ¿´» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ª»®µ¿«º¬ô ¼·» ³»·¬»² ¼¿ª±² ·² ±²´§ ®»½»²¬´§ô ²± ®»´·¿¾´» ¬¿¬»³»²¬ ½¿² ¾» ¼»² ËÍßò Ê·»´» ¼¿ª±² ©·®¼ ¾»· ·²¬·¬«¬·±²»´´»² ³¿¼» ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ´±²¹ó¬»®³ Ò«¬¦»®²ô ¾»· б´·¦»·ô É¿½¸¼·»²¬»²ô ¿«º Ó»ó «» ¾§ ®·¼»® »¨°»®·»²½»ò ̱ ±³» »¨¬»²¬ô »²ô Ú´«¹¸<º»² ±¼»® ª±² É»®¾»¬®»·¾»²¼»² ¼·½«·±² °®± ¿²¼ ½±²¬®¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿®» »·²¹»»¬¦¬ô ¼±½¸ ¼»® ß²¬»·´ ¼»® Ю·ª¿¬²«¬¦»® ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ª»®§ »³±¬·±²¿´´§ ±º¬»² ¿ ¿ ¬»·¹¬ò Ü¿ ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ²±½¸ ²·½¸¬ ´¿²¹» ½´¿¸ ¾»¬©»»² °»®±² ©¸± ¿®» ·² º¿ª±«® ±º ª»®µ¿«º¬ ©·®¼ô ´¿»² ·½¸ ²±½¸ µ»·²» ª»®ó ³±¼»®² ¬»½¸²±´±¹§ ¿²¼ «» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©·¬¸ ´<´·½¸»² ß«¿¹»² ¦«® Ô¿²¹¦»·¬²«¬¦«²¹ ¹®»¿¬ »²¬¸«·¿³ ¿²¼ °®¿¹³¿¬·¬ ©¸± ¼± ¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¿« ¼»² Û·²¿¬¦»®º¿¸®«²¹»² ²±¬ »» ¿² ±°»²·²¹ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¬¸» »®³·¬¬»´²ò Ü·µ«·±²»² «³ ¼¿ Ú$® «²¼ §¬»³ ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬ ³»¿² ¿²¼ ®»¶»½¬ ·¬ º±® É·¼»® ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ©»®¼»² ¦«³ Ì»·´ »¸® ¾»·²¹ «²²»½»¿®§ ±® ¿ ³»®» º«² ¼»ª·½»ò »³±¬·±²¿´··»®¬ ¹»º$¸®¬ » ¬®»ºº»² ±º¬ л®±ó ײ «½¸ ½±²¬®±ª»®·» ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ¿®¹«ó ²»²ô ¼·» ²»«»® Ì»½¸²±´±¹·» ¿«º¹»½¸´±»² ³»²¬ ¿®» ±º¬»² ½·¬»¼ ¿ ¼·¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹»æ ¬¸» ¹»¹»²$¾»® ¬»¸»² «²¼ ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¾»ó ¸·¹¸ ©»·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ´·³·¬»¼ ®¿²¹» ±º ¿½¬·±²ô ¹»·¬»®¬ ²«¬¦»²ô ¿«º Ю¿¹³¿¬·µ»®ô ¼·» º$® ·¸² ¾»·²¹ ¬±± ´±© ±² ®±¿¼ô ²±¬ ¾»·²¹ ¿¾´» µ»·²» Ò·½¸» ·³ Ê»®¾«²¼ ¼»® Ê»®µ»¸®³·¬¬»´ ¬± «» ·¬ ³¿·² ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» «ºº·½·»²¬´§ ±² »¸»² «²¼ ·¸² ¿´ $¾»®º´$·¹ ±¼»® Í°¿Aó ·¼»©¿´µô ²¿³»´§ °»»¼ ¿²¼ ³¿²±»«ª®¿ó º¿¸®¦»«¹ ¿¾´»¸²»²ò ¾·´·¬§ò ̸» °±·¬·ª» ¿®¹«³»²¬ ¿®»æ ·¬ ²±·»ó ß´ Ò¿½¸¬»·´» ©»®¼»² ·² »²¬°®»½¸»²¼»² ¿²¼ °±´´«¬·±² ¿ª·²¹ «»ô ¬¸» ·³°®±ª»³»²¬ Ü·µ«·±²»² ¸<«º·¹ ¼¿ ¸±¸» Û·¹»²¹»©·½¸¬ ·² ¼¿·´§ ´·º» º±® ±³» °»±°´» ¸¿²¼·½¿°°»¼ «²¼ ¼·» ¾»¹®»²¦¬» λ·½¸©»·¬» ¹»²¿²²¬ô ¿«º ·² ³±¾·´·¬§ò ̸» ²«³¾»® ±º µ²±©² ¿½½·ó Ú¿¸®¾¿¸²»² ¹·´¬ »® ¸<«º·¹ ¿´ ¦« ´¿²¹¿³ô ¼»²¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ª»®§ ´·³·¬»¼å ±²» ¿«º Ù»¸©»¹»² µ¿²² »® »·²» Ø¿«°¬ª±®¬»·´»ô ©»´´ó®»°±®¬»¼ ½¿» ·² ߬´¿²¬¿ »»³ ¬± ¾» ͽ¸²»´´·¹µ»·¬ «²¼ É»²¼·¹µ»·¬ ²«® ¾»¹®»²¦¬ ½¿«»¼ °®·³¿®·´§ ¾§ ¿ º¿´» »¬·³¿¬·±² ±º ²«¬¦»²ò б·¬·ª ©·®¼ ¼»® ´<®³ó «²¼ ½¸¿¼¬±ºó ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò Ò»ª»®¬¸»´» ·² Í¿² Ú®¿²½·½±ô ¿ºó º¿®³» Û·²¿¬¦ ª»®³»®µ¬ô ¿«½¸ ¼·» Û®´»·½¸¬»®ó ¬»® ·²¬»²·ª» ¼»¾¿¬» ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² «²¹ô ¼·» »® ³¿²½¸»² Ó±¾·´·¬<¬¾»¸·²¼»®¬»² ·¼»©¿´µ · ²± ´±²¹»® °»®³·¬¬»¼ò ·³ ß´´¬¿¹ ¾®·²¹»² ©$®¼»ò Ü·» Æ¿¸´ ¼»® ¾»µ¿²ó ²¬ ¹»©±®¼»²»² ˲º<´´» ³·¬ Í»¹©¿§ ·²¼ Û³°·®·½¿´ °¿®¬ »¸® ¾»¹®»²¦¬ô »·² Ú¿´´ ¿« ߬´¿²¬¿ ½¸»·²¬ ·² »®¬»® Ô·²·» ¿«º »·²» Ú»¸´»·²½¸<¬¦«²¹ ¼» ײ ¬¸» ³¿·² °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬«¼§ ïï °¿®¬·½·ó Ú¿¸®»® ¦«®$½µ¦«º$¸®»² »·²ò Ì®±¬¦¼»³ ©«®ó °¿²¬ «» ¬¸» ê °®±ª·¼»¼ Í»¹©¿§ ®»¹«´¿®´§ ¼» ·² Í¿² Ú®¿²½·½± ²¿½¸ ·²¬»²·ª»® Ü·µ«ó ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °»®·±¼ô è ¬»¬ °»®±² ·±² ¼¿ Ú¿¸®»² ³·¬ ¼»³ Í»¹©¿§ ¿«º Ù»¸ó ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô í ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ò ©»¹»² ª»®¾±¬»²ò Ü¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ ¿ ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¾»º±®» ½±³ó °®·»¼ ¬»¬ ¼®·ª·²¹ ©·¬¸ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ô ª·¼»± Û³°·®·½¸»® Ì»·´ ½±²¬®±´ô ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¿²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ¿²¼ ׳ Ø¿«°¬¬»·´ ¼»® ͬ«¼·» ²«¬¦¬»² »´º ©¿ °¿®¬´§ ¼±²» ¬©·½» º±® ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» °«®ó Ю±¾¿²¼»² ¼·» »½¸ ¦«® Ê»®º$¹«²¹ ¹»¬»´´ó °±»æ Ì»¬ ¼®·ª·²¹ ¿²¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©»®» ¬»² Í»¹©¿§ ®»¹»´³<A·¹ ©<¸®»²¼ ¼» Ð·ó ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¾»º±®» ¿²¼ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ´±¬¦»·¬®¿«³å ¿½¸¬ Ì»·´²»¸³»® ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µó î ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ©»®» ¸»´¼ô í ©»»µ ¿º¬»® »²ô ¼®»· ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ò ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» ¬«¼§ò ß½½±³°¿²§·²¹ ª·¼»± ©»®» ¬¿µ»² »ª»®¿´ Ü·» ¿« ¼»² ½¸±² ¹»²¿²²¬»² Û´»³»²¬ó ¬·³» ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °»®·±¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ »² Ú¿¸®ª»®«½¸» ³·¬ Þ®»³¬»¬ô Ê·¼»±ô ¨ª· ¬«¼§ô ¿²¼ ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬¸» Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±®¼»® «²¼ ײ¬»®ª·»© ¾»¬»¸»²¼» ¬»´»°¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» ©»®» ¿´©¿§ ¿¬ ¼·°±·ó Ü¿¬»²»®¸»¾«²¹ º¿²¼ ¬»·´©»·» ¦« Ê»®¹´»·½¸ó ¬·±² ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò¦©»½µ»² ¦©»·³¿´ ¬¿¬¬æ Ü·» Ú¿¸®ª»®«½¸» «²¼ Þ®»³¬»¬ ©«®¼»² ª±® Þ»¹·²²ô ±©·» ²¿½¸ ß¾½¸´« ¼» з´±¬ª»®«½¸ ¼«®½¸¹»ó Ì»¬ó¼®·ª·²¹ º$¸®¬ò Ü·» ײ¬»®ª·»© º¿²¼»² ·² ¦©»· Ϋ²¼»² ¼®»· ɱ½¸»² ²¿½¸ Þ»¹·²²ô ±©·» ²¿½¸ Þ»º±®» ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ±²» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿²¼»¼ ß¾½¸´« ¬¿¬¬ò Ü·» Ê·¼»±¿«º²¿¸³»² ©«®ó ±«¬ ¬± ¬¸» ײ¬·¬«¬» º±® Ó±¾·´·¬§ ú Ì®¿²°±®¬ ¼»² ¾»¹´»·¬»²¼ ¦« ³»¸®»®»² Æ»·¬°«²µ¬»² ¾®±«¹¸¬ º·®¬ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ ®±¿¼ ©<¸®»²¼ ¼» ¹¿²¦»² з´±¬¦»·¬®¿«³ ¼«®½¸ó ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ¿²¼ ®·¼»® ½±²¬®±´ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸»» ¹»º$¸®¬ô ¿«½¸ ¼·» Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±®¼»® «²¼ ¼·» ¼¿¬¿ ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿´ ½±²¼·¬·±² ±º ¿ ¬»¬ ½·®½«·¬ ر¬´·²» ¬¿²¼»² µ±²¬·²«·»®´·½¸ ¼»² ¹»¿ó ½±«´¼ ¾» ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ º±® ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ̸· ³¬»² Æ»·¬®¿«³ $¾»® ¦«® Ê»®º$¹«²¹ò ½·®½«·¬ ·²¬»¹®¿¬»¼ »ª»®¿´ »´»³»²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ©»®» ¿¼¿°¬»¼ ¬± ´±½¿´ º¿½·´·¬·» ¿²¼ ©¸·½¸ ½±«´¼ ¾» »¬ «° ©·¬¸ º»© ¿²¼ ´±½¿´´§ ¿ª¿·´ó Ú¿¸®ª»®«½¸» ¿¾´» ³»¿²ò ̸» ¬»¬ ½·®½«·¬ ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ¬¿¬»³»²¬ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ Ó·¬ »·²»³ ¼»³ ײ¬·¬«¬ Ó±¾·´·¬<¬ ú Ê»®µ»¸® ¿²¼ ¿º»¬§ ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ô ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¦«® Ê»®º$¹«²¹ ¹»¬»´´¬»² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ µ±²²¬»² ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ®·¼»® »¨°»®·»²½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·³ ʱ®º»´¼ »®¬» ײº±®³¿¬·±²»² ¦«³ Ú¿¸®ª»®¸ó ¯«·½µ²» ±º «½½»º«´ ´»¿®²·²¹ò ̸» º±´ó¿´¬»² «²¼ ¦«® Ú¿¸®¾»¸»®®½¸«²¹ ¹»¿³³»´¬ ´±©·²¹ º»¿¬«®» ©»®» ¬»¬»¼æ ½±²¼«½¬ ¿²¼ ©»®¼»² «²¼ ¼¿®¿« ¼·» ο¸³»²¾»¼·²¹«²ó ¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬± ®·¼» ¿º»´§ ·² ¹»² »·²» Ì»¬°¿®½±«® º$® ¼»² »·¹»²¬´·½¸»² ²±®³¿´ ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ¬± ®»¿½¬ ¬± «²º±®»»»² ·¬ó з´±¬ª»®«½¸ º»¬¹»´»¹¬ ©»®¼»²ò Ü·»»® п®ó «¿¬·±²ô ¬± ®»¿½¬ ¿º»´§ ©¸»² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ±® ¹»¬ó½±«® ¾»¬¿²¼ ¿« ³»¸®»®»² Û´»³»²¬»²ô ¼·» ¬·²¹ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ô ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬¸» ©¿§ ¸±© ¿² ¼·» *®¬´·½¸»² Ù»¹»¾»²¸»·¬»² ¿²¹»°¿¬ ¬¸»§ ¼»¿´ ©·¬¸ «²»ª»² ¬»®®¿·²ò ͬ¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» «²¼ ³·¬ ©»²·¹»² «²¼ ©»·¬¹»¸»²¼ ´±µ¿´ ¦«® ½·®½«·¬ ©»®» e¼®·ª·²¹ ´¿´±³uô e¹±·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ Ê»®º$¹«²¹ ¬»¸»²¼»² Ó·¬¬»´² ¿«º¹»¾¿«¬ ¾»²¼ ±² ¿ ³¿´´ ®±¿¼©¿§ ©·¬¸ ¿ ²±¬½¸ ¾»ó©»®¼»² µ±²²¬»²ò Û® ±´´¬» » »®´¿«¾»²ô ¸·²¼ ±¾¬®«½¬»¼ ª·»©uô e±¾¬¿½´»ñ¹¿¬¸»®·²¹ ²<¸»®» ß«¿¹»² ¦«® Ø¿²¼¸¿¾¾¿®µ»·¬ «²¼ ±º °»±°´» ±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§uô e±°»²·²¹ ¼±±® ¼»® Í·½¸»®¸»·¬ ¾»·³ Ú¿¸®»² ¦« ¬®»ºº»²ô ±©·» ¾§ ¿ ½¿®uô e½¸¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼uô e½±³¾·²¿ó¦«® Þ»¼»«¬«²¹ ª±² Ú¿¸®óÛ®º¿¸®«²¹ «²¼ ¼»® ¬·±² ±º ´±°»ô «²»ª»² ¬»®®¿·² ±® ¾»²¼u ¿²¼ ͽ¸²»´´·¹µ»·¬ ¼» Ô»®²»®º±´¹»ò Ù»¬»¬»¬ e¬»¬ ¾®¿µ·²¹uò©«®¼» ¼¿¾»· ¼¿ Ê»®¸¿´¬»² «²¼ ¼·» Ú<¸·¹ó µ»·¬ ¼»® Ì»·´²»¸³»®ô ·² Ò±®³¿´·¬«¿¬·±²»² ߺ¬»® ¿¾±«¬ í ¸±«® »¨»®½·»ô ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ·½¸»® ¦« º¿¸®»²ô ¿«º «²ª±®¸»®¹»»¸»²» °»®º±®³¿²½» ±º ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ °®±ª»¼ ¬± Í·¬«¿¬·±²»² ¦« ®»¿¹·»®»²ô ¾»·³ Þ®»³»² ¾» «²»¨°»½¬»¼´§ ¹±±¼ò Þ¿·½ ®·¼·²¹ ¬¿µ ±¼»® ß«©»·½¸»² ·½¸»® ¦« ®»¿¹·»®»² «²¼ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ³¿¬»®»¼ ¯«·½µ´§ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ¼»® ˳¹¿²¹ ³·¬ Þ±¼»²«²»¾»²¸»·¬»²ò ͬ¿ó °®±¾´»³ò Ó±®» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¬¿µô ©¸·½¸ ²»»¼ó ¬·±²»² ¼» п®½±«® ©¿®»² eÍ´¿´±³ º¿¸®»²uô »¼ ¹®»¿¬»® ½±±®¼·²¿¬·±² «½¸ ¿ ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ eÕ«®ª»²º¿¸®¬ ·² ½¸³¿´»® Ú¿¸®¾¿¸² ³·¬ Û²¹ó ¬»»®·²¹ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¿³» ¬·³» ±® ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ·ó ¬»´´» ¸·²¬»® »·²»³ Í·½¸¬¸·²¼»®²·uô eØ·²¼»®ó ³«´¬¿²»±«´§ ±¾»®ª·²¹ ¬¸» «®®±«²¼·²¹ô ²·»ñл®±²»²¿²¿³³´«²¹»² ¿«º ¼»³ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¿½¯«·®»¼ ©·¬¸·² ï ¸±«®ò ̸» °®±¾ó Ú¿¸®©»¹uô eÌ$®*ºº²»² ª±³ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¿«uô ´»³ ¿®··²¹ ¿¬ ¬¸» ´¿´±³ ¬¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» e\²¼»®«²¹ ¼» Þ±¼»²¾»´¿¹uô eÕ±³¾·²¿ó ±¾¬¿½´» ¬¿¬·±² ¸±©»¼ ½´»¿®´§ ¬¸» ½±²½»²ó ¬·±² ª±² Ù»º<´´»ô «²»¾»²»³ ˲¬»®¹®«²¼ ¬®¿¬·±² ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ·²»¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®·¼»® ±¼»® Õ«®ª»u ±©·» eÞ®»³¬»¬uò ·² ½±³°´»¨ ·¬«¿¬·±²æ ¬¸»®» ©»®» °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ©¸»² ½¸¿²¹·²¹ ¼·®»½¬·±²ô Ü¿ Ú¿¸®ª»®³*¹»² ¿´´»® Ì»·´²»¸³»® »®©ó ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ µ»»°·²¹ ¬¸» ´·²» ¿²¼ ²±¬ ¬±«½¸·²¹ ·» ·½¸ ½¸±² ²¿½¸ ¼»® ®«²¼ ¼®»·¬$²¼·¹»² ¬¸» °§´±²ò ׬ ¼±» ²±¬ ¬¿µ» ´±²¹ ¬± ´»¿®² ¬¸» ͽ¸«´«²¹ ¿´ «²»®©¿®¬»¬ ¹«¬ò Ù®«²¼´»¹»²¼» ¾¿·½ ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´å ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó Ú¿¸®¿«º¹¿¾»² ©«®¼»² ½¸²»´´ ±«ª»®<² ©¿§ »»³ »¿§ ¿²¼ ·²¬«·¬·ª»ò Þ«¬ ·² ½±³ó¹»³»·¬»®¬ò ß²°®«½¸ª±´´»®» ß«º¹¿¾»²ô °´»¨ ·¬«¿¬·±² ·²»¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¬»²¼ ¬± ¼·» ¹®*A»®» Õ±±®¼·²¿¬·±² »®º±®¼»®¬»²ô ©·» ±ª»®»¬·³¿¬» ¬¸»·® °»®º±®³¿²½» ¿²¼ ®»¿½¬ ¹´»·½¸¦»·¬·¹» Ú¿¸®»² «²¼ Ô»²µ»²ô ±¼»® ¬±± ´¿¬»ô ·² ¿² ±ª»®¸¿¬§ ±® º¿´» ©¿§ò Ú¿¸®»² «²¼ ˳¹»¾«²¹ ¾»±¾¿½¸¬»² ©«®ó ¼»² ·²²»®¸¿´¾ ¼»® »®¬»² ͬ«²¼» ¿²¹»»·¹ó Þ»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ´¿®¹»´§ °±·¬·ª» ®»«´¬ ±º ²»¬ò Ü·» Ю±¾´»³» ¾»· ¼»® Í´¿´±³ó «²¼ ¼»® ¨ª·· ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ½±²ó Ø·²¼»®²·¬¿¬·±² ¦»·¹¬»² ¿²½¸¿«´·½¸ ¼¿ ·¬»¼ ±²´§ ·² ´¿´±³ ¼®·ª·²¹ô ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² Õ±²¦»²¬®¿¬·±²»®º±®¼»®²· «²¹»$¾¬»® Ú¿¸®»® »¨»®½·» ¿²¼ ·² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ò É·¬¸ ¿ íó·² µ±³°´»¨»² Í·¬«¿¬·±²»²æ ½¸©·»®·¹ º·»´»² ³±²¬¸ó®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¼·» Ô»²µ©»½¸»´ô »¾»²± ©·» ¼¿ Ø¿´¬»² ¿½¬»¼ ¿º»´§ ¿²¼ ¿°°®±°®·¿¬»´§ô ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼»® Ú¿¸®´·²·» «²¼ ¼¿ Ò·½¸¬¾»®$¸®»² ¼»® Ð§ó ½±«´¼ ¾» ¬»»®»¼ ³±±¬¸´§å ½±³°´·½¿¬»¼ ·¬ó´±²»ò Ù®«²¼´»¹»²¼» Ú¿¸®º<¸·¹µ»·¬»² ´¿»² «¿¬·±² ©»®» ·²¬«·¬·ª»´§ ½±³°®»¸»²¼»¼ ¿²¼ ·½¸ »¸® ½¸²»´´ ¿²»·¹²»²ô ¼·» Þ»¼·»²«²¹ ¬¸»² ½¿«¬·±«´§ ¿°°®±¿½¸»¼ò ¼» Í»¹©¿§ »®½¸»·²¬ »·²º¿½¸ «²¼ ·²¬«·¬·ªò ײ µ±³°´»¨»² Í·¬«¿¬·±²»² $¾»®½¸<¬¦»² ·½¸ «²¹»$¾¬» Ú¿¸®»® ¿¾»® ¸<«º·¹ «²¼ ®»¿¹·»®»² Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¦« °<¬ô ¦« ¸»µ¬·½¸ ±¼»® º¿´½¸ò ̱ ±¾¬¿·² ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ±² ¬¸» ß²¹»·½¸¬ ¼»® ¹®±A¬»·´ °±·¬·ª»² Û®¹»¾ó °®±½» ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹ô ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½»ô ²·» ¾»·³ »®¬»² Ü«®½¸¹¿²¹ ©«®¼»² ·² ¼»® ¬¸» ³»¼·«³ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿°°´·½¿ó ¦©»·¬»² Ϋ²¼» ²«® ²±½¸ Í´¿´±³ «²¼ Õ±³ó ¬·±² ¿º»¬§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ °®±½»ô ·² ¾·²¿¬·±²$¾«²¹ô ±©·» Þ®»³¬»¬ ¼«®½¸ó Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¸¿ª» ¹»º$¸®¬ò Ó·¬ ¼®»· Ó±²¿¬»² Ú¿¸®°®¿¨· ¸¿¾»² ¾»»² ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¾»·¼» ¬¸» ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¸·»® ¿´´» Ì»·´²»¸³»® ·½¸»® «²¼ ¿²¹»³»»² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ò ̸»§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ¿¹·»®¬ô ¼·» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ©«®¼»² »¸® º´$·¹ ±² ª·¼»± ¿²¼ ¿²¿´§»¼ «·²¹ ¬¸» ±º¬©¿®» ¹»¬»«»®¬ô ¿²°®«½¸ª±´´» Í·¬«¿¬·±²»² ·²¬«·ó Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ò É·¬¸·² îð³ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¸±«´¼ ¬·ª »®º¿¬ «²¼ »²¬°®»½¸»²¼ ª±®·½¸¬·¹ ¿²ó ¾» °»»¼»¼ «° ¬± ·¬ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ¹»º¿¸®»²ò îðµ³ñ¸ ¿²¼ ¬¸»² ±² ¿ ½»®¬¿·² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ´·²» ¬±°°»¼ò ê ¬»¬ ®·¼»® ©»®» ¾»¹·²²»® ©·¬¸ ´·¬¬´» ¬± ²± »¨°»®·»²½»ô ï ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ ¿¾±«¬ ïð Þ®»³¬»¬ ¸±«® ®·¼·²¹ °®¿½¬·½»ò ˳ ²<¸»®» ײº±®³¿¬·±²»² $¾»® ¼»² ß¾ó Þ¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸·º¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¹®¿ª·¬§ ´¿«º ¼» Þ®»³ª±®¹¿²¹ô ¼·» Þ®»³©»¹»ô ¾»¸·²¼ ¬¸» ·³¿¹·²¿®§ ¿¨· ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» î ¼·» ³·¬¬´»®» Þ®»³ª»®¦*¹»®«²¹ «²¼ ¼·» Ê»®ó ©¸»»´ ¬±° ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸» »´»½¬®±²·½ ©»²¼«²¹·½¸»®¸»·¬ ¾»·³ Þ®»³ª±®¹¿²¹ ¦« ¬®§ ¬± ¾¿´¿²½» ¬¸» ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸·º¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» »®¸¿´¬»²ô ©«®¼»² ²»¾»² ¼»² ª»®¹´»·½¸»²¼»² ½»²¬®» ¹®¿ª·¬§ ¾§ ¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ´±©·²¹ Þ®»³¬»¬ ¦«<¬¦´·½¸» Þ®»³¬»¬ ·² Õ¿·»®ó ¼±©² ®»°»½¬·ª»´§ ¾§ ³±ª·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ò ´¿«¬»®² ¼«®½¸¹»º$¸®¬ô ¿«º Ê·¼»± ¿«º¹»¦»·½¸ó ɸ»² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬±± º¿¬ ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ °®±¾ó²»¬ «²¼ ³·¬ ¼»® ͱº¬©¿®» Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ¿«ó ´»³ ½¿² ¿®·»æ ²¿³»´§ ©·²¹·²¹ô ´± ±º ¹»©»®¬»¬ò ײ²»®¸¿´¾ ª±² îð ³ ±´´¬» ¼¿ ½±²¬®±´ ¿²¼ ·² ½¿» ±º ´»¿²·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¿«º ¼·» Ø*½¸¬¹»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ ¬±± ³«½¸ ½®¿¸»òª±² îð µ³ñ¸ ¾»½¸´»«²·¹¬ ©»®¼»² «²¼ ¿¾ »·²»® ¾»¬·³³¬»² Þ®»³´·²·» ¿¾¹»¾®»³¬ò ̸» ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ½±²º·®³»¼ ¬¸» Í»½¸ Ì»¬º¿¸®»® ©¿®»² ß²º<²¹»® ³·¬ ¹»®ó ®»«´¬ ³¿¼» ·² ¬¸» ½±«®» ±º ¬¸» ¬»¬ ®·¼·²¹æ ·²¹»® ¾· µ»·²»® Ú¿¸®»®º¿¸®«²¹ô »·² Ú¿¸®»® Û°»½·¿´´§ ·²»¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¸¿ª» °®±¾ó ¸¿¬¬» ®«²¼ ïð ͬ«²¼»² Ú¿¸®»®º¿¸®«²¹ò ´»³ ©·¬¸ ¾®¿µ·²¹ô ¾«¬ ¿º¬»® º»© ¸±«® ±º ¬»¬·²¹ ¬¸» ²«³¾»® ±º °®±¾´»³ ©¿ ¬®±²¹ó Ù»¾®»³¬ ©·®¼ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ¼«®½¸ Î$½µó ´§ ®»¼«½»¼ò ײ ½±³°¿®·±² ¬± ´±©»®ô ¾«¬ ª»®´¿¹»®«²¹ ¼» ͽ¸©»®°«²µ¬» ¸·²¬»® ¼·» ½±²¬®±´´»¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ¦©·½¸»² ¼»² Î<¼»®² ¹»¼¿½¸¬» ß½¸»ò Ü·» ¾»½±³» ½´»¿®´§ ´±²¹»® ·º ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¾®¿µ» Û´»µ¬®±²·µ ª»®«½¸¬ ¼·» ͽ¸©»®°«²µ¬ª»®ó ¬±± º¿¬ ¿²¼ ¸¿ °®±¾´»³ ½±²¬®±´´·²¹ ¬¸» ´¿¹»®«²¹ ¼«®½¸ »²¬°®»½¸»²¼» Ú¿¸®¬®»¼«¦ó ¼»ª·½»ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ³»¿«®»³»²¬ ·»®«²¹ ¾¦©ò Î$½µ©<®¬º¿¸®¬ ¿«¦«¹´»·½¸»²ò ·² ¬¸» Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¬¸» ³»ó Þ»· ͽ¸²»´´¾®»³«²¹»² ³*¹´·½¸» ͽ¸©·»®ó ¼·«³ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ ©¿ ¿¾±«¬ ë³ñn »ª»² ·¹µ»·¬»² µ*²²»² ¼¿¾»· ß«º½¸¿«µ»´²ô Õ±²ó º±® ´»¿®²»®ò ر©»ª»® ¬¸»» ³»¿«®»³»²¬ ¬®±´´ª»®´«¬ «²¼ ͬ«®¦ ¾»· ¦« ¬¿®µ»³ Æ«®$½µó ª¿®·»¼ ¬± ±³» »¨¬»²¬æ ·² íéû ±º ¿´´ ½¿» ´»¸²»² »·²ò ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ ©¿ ´» ¬¸¿² ëôð³ñnô ·² Ü·» ¦«<¬¦´·½¸»² Þ®»³¬»¬ ¾»¬<¬·¹¬»² ïìû ´» ¬¸¿² íôë³ñnò ¼·» ½¸±² ·³ ο¸³»² ¼»® Ú¿¸®ª»®«½¸» »®ó ³·¬¬»´¬»² Û®¹»¾²·»æ ͽ¸©·»®·¹µ»·¬»² ¾»· Þ®»³ª±®¹<²¹»² ¬®»¬»² ª±® ¿´´»³ ¾»· «²»®ó ¨ª··· Ê·¼»±º¿¸®»²»² Ú¿¸®»®² ¿«ºô ½¸±² ²¿½¸ ©»²·¹»² ͬ«²¼»² Ю¿¨· ®»¼«¦·»®¬ ·½¸ ¼»® ß²¬»·´ »¸® ̱ º·²¼ ±«¬ ¸±© ©»´´ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ º·¬ ·²¬± ¼»«¬´·½¸ò Ü«®½¸ ¼·» ¿² ͽ¸²»´´¾®»³«²¹»² °«¾´·½ ¬®¿ºº·½ô »°»½·¿´´§ ¿²¼ »¨»³°´¿®§ ©·¬¸ ¹»´»¹»²¬´·½¸ ¿²½¸´·»A»²¼»² Õ±²¬®±´´°®±¾ó ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ²»«®¿´¹·½ °´¿½»ô ¿²¼ ¸±© ¬®±²¹ ´»³» »®¸*¸¬ ·½¸ ¼»® Þ®»³©»¹ »ºº»µ¬·ª ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ · ©¸»² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ·³ Ê»®¹´»·½¸ ¦« ©»²·¹»® ½¸²»´´»²ô ¼¿º$® «»¼ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»ô ª·¼»± ½¿³»®¿ ¸¿ª» µ±²¬®±´´·»®¬»®»² Þ®»³ª±®¹<²¹»²ò Ü·» ¾»· ¾»»² °±·¬·±²»¼ ¿¬ ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» °´¿½»ò ¼»² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®»® Þ®»³¬»¬ ¹»³»ó ̸»» ³±«²¬»¼ ½¿³»®¿ ¬±±µ °·½¬«®» ±º »²» ³·¬¬´»®» Þ®»³ª»®¦*¹»®«²¹ ¾»¬®«¹ ¬¸» ¿³»ô ½±²¬¿²¬ ¼»¬¿·´ ±ª»® ¿ °»®·±¼ ±º ½¸±² ¾»· Ú¿¸®¿²º<²¹»®² ®«²¼ ë³ñnô ¿´´»®ó ¿¾±«¬ è ¸±«®ò ß°°®±°®·¿¬» °±·¬·±² º±® ¼·²¹ ©·»»² ¼·» Ó»«²¹»² »·²» ¹»©·» ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ¿®» °´¿½» ©·¬¸ ¸·¹¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ͽ¸©¿²µ«²¹¾®»·¬» ¿«ºæ ·² íé û ¿´´»® Ú<´´» ¼»²·¬§ô ©·¬¸ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ô ±ª»®´¿°°·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¾»¬®«¹ ·» ©»²·¹»® ¿´ ëôð³ñn ·² ïì û ¿´´»® ¿ ©»´´ ¿ °´¿½»ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ±º¬»² ª··¬»¼ Ú<´´» ©»²·¹»® ¿´ íôë³ñnò ¾§ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ò ̸±» °´¿½» ©»®» »°»½·¿´´§ °»¼»ó Ê·¼»± ¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¿²¼ ½®±·²¹ò з½¬«®» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¬¿µ»² ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸ó Æ«® Þ»«®¬»·´«²¹ô ©·» ¹«¬ ·½¸ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ »² ±² î ¼¿§ ¿²¼ í °´¿½» ·² »¿½¸ ½·¬§ò ײ ·² ¼¿ Ê»®µ»¸®¹»½¸»¸»² ·²¾»±²¼»®» Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¬¸» eÓ»»°´¿¬¦u ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» «²¼ »¨»³°´¿®·½¸ ¿² ²»«®¿´¹·½¸»² Ы²µ¬»² ¿«¬«³² º¿·®ô ¬¸» eͬ«³³°´¿¬¦uô ¿ °¿®¬ ±º »·²º$¹¬ «²¼ ©·» ¸±½¸ ¼¿ Õ±²º´·µ¬°±¬»²¦·¿´ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ©·¬¸ ¾« ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¾»·³ Þ»¬®·»¾ ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² ο«³ ·¬ô ©«®ó ½»²¬®¿´ ¬±°ô ¿²¼ ¬¸» eØ¿³³»®¹®¿¾»²uô ¿²ó ¼»² ¿² ¹»»·¹²»¬»² ͬ¿²¼±®¬»² Ê·¼»±µ¿³ó ±¬¸»® °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ô ¸¿ª» »®¿ ³±²¬·»®¬ò Ü·»» ¬¿¬·±²<®»² Õ¿³»®¿ ¾»»² ª·¼»± ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ò ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² º·´³¬»² $¾»® »·²»² Æ»·¬®¿«³ ª±² ®«²¼ ¿½¸¬ ¬¸» ½®±·²¹ eÕ¿®½¸»®¬®¿A»ñÕ¿·»®¬®¿A»u ͬ«²¼»² »·²»² ¹´»·½¸¾´»·¾»²¼»² ß«½¸²·¬¬ò ¸¿ ¾»»² ª·¼»± ±¾»®ª»¼ô ¿ ¶«²½¬·±² ©¸»®» Ù»»·¹²»¬» ͬ¿²¼±®¬» º$® Ê·¼»±¿«º²¿¸³»² ¬¸» ¬®¿½¬·±² ´·²» eÍ¿¿®¾¿¸²uô ¾«ô ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ·²¼ ¼¿¾»· Ñ®¬» ³·¬ ¸±¸»® Ê»®µ»¸®¼·½¸¬»ô ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¬®±²¹ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ³»»¬ô ª»®½¸·»¼»²»²ô ·½¸ $¾»®´¿¹»®²¼»² Ê»®µ»¸®ó º«®¬¸»®³±®» ¬¸» ½®±·²¹ eÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ñ ¿®¬»² «²¼ Ñ®¬»ô ¼·» ª±² ¼»² з´±¬¬»·´²»¸³»®² Ü«¼©»·´»®¬®¿A»uô ©¸»®» ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ³·¬ ¼»³ Í»¹©¿§ ¸<«º·¹ º®»¯«»²¬·»®¬ ©«®¼»²ò °®»½·²½¬ ½®±» ¬¸» ³¿·² ¬®¿ºº·½ ®±¿¼ô ¿²¼ Ü·» ·²¼ ·²¾»±²¼»®» Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²»² ¿ ²±¬½¸ ±º ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ±º ¬¸» «²¼ Õ®»«¦«²¹¾»®»·½¸»ò Ù»º·´³¬ ©«®¼» ·² eÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»uò Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² «²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¶»©»·´ ¿² ¦©»· Ì¿¹»²ô ¿«º¹»²±³³»² ©«®¼»² ¼¿¾»· ·²ó ̸» ª·¼»± ¬¿°» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »¨¿³·²»¼ º±® ¹»¿³¬ ¼®»· ͬ¿²¼±®¬»ò ײ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¸¿²ó ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿²¼ ½±²º´·½¬ ¾»¬©»»² Í»¹©¿§ ¼»´¬» » ·½¸ «³ ¼»² Ó»»°´¿¬¦ ©<¸®»²¼ ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «»®ô ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·»¼ ¼»® Ø»®¾¬µ·®³»ô ¼»² ͬ«³³°´¿¬¦ô »·²»² ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ «·²¹ ¬¸» ±º¬©¿®» Ê·Ê߬®¿ºó ß¾½¸²·¬¬ ¼»® Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²» ³·¬ Þ«ª»®µ»ó º·½rò ¸® «²¼ ¦»²¬®¿´»® Ø¿´¬»¬»´´» ±©·» ¼»² Ø¿³ó ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿®» ¬¸» ¿¼¿°¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»¿½ó³»®¹®¿¾»²ô »·² ©»·¬»®» ͬ$½µ Ú«A¹<²¹»®ó ¬·±² ¬± ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °®±½»¼«®» «½¸ ¿ ¦±²»ò ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ©«®¼» ¼·» Õ®»«¦«²¹ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¿²¼ ¹»¬¬·²¹ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ò ݱ²º´·½¬ Õ¿®½¸»®¬®¿A»ñÕ¿·»®¬®¿A» ¹»º·´³¬ô ¿² ¼»® ¿®» ¹·ª»² ·² ½¿» ±º ¿ ¬¸®»¿¬»²·²¹ ½±´´··±²ô Í¿¿®¾¿¸²ô Þ«ô ײ¼·ª·¼«¿´ª»®µ»¸® «²¼ ¬¿®µ» ¬¸»§ ½¿² ¾» ¿ª±·¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ®»¿½¬·±² ±º ¿¬ Ú«A¹<²¹»®¬®*³» ª»®µ»¸®»²ô ¼·» Õ®»«¦«²¹ ´»¿¬ ±²» ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ «»® ±® ¬¸»§ °®±ª±µ» Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ñÜ«¼©»·´»®¬®¿A»ô ©± ·½¸ ¿½½·¼»²¬ò¼·» Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²» ³·¬ »·²»® Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»ó ¸®¬®¿A» µ®»«¦»² «²¼ »·²» Û²¹¬»´´» ¼»® Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ ìè ¸±«® ±º ª·¼ó Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ô ¼»® Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²» ¹»º·´³¬ò »± ®»½±®¼·²¹ íê »°·±¼» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¿º¬»® »ª¿´«¿¬·±² Ü·» ¹»©±²²»²»² Ê·¼»±¿«º¦»·½¸²«²¹»² é ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ô ¿´´ ±º ©¸·½¸ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ©«®¼»² ¿«º ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±²»² «²¼ Õ±²º´·µ¬» ®»ª»¿´ º«®¬¸»® ½±²º´·½¬ ±® ¿½½·¼»²¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ò ¦©·½¸»² Í»¹©¿§º¿¸®»®² «²¼ ¿²¼»®»² ̸» ®»«´¬ «¹¹»¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · º·¬ó Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®² ¼«®½¸¹»»¸»²ô ·²¼»¨·ó ¬·²¹ ª»®§ ©»´´ ·²¬± ¬¸» ¬®¿²°±®¬ §¬»³ ¿²¼ »®¬ «²¼ ³·¬ Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ¿«¹»©»®¬»¬ò ײ¬»®ó ¾§ ·¬ ½¿°¿¾·´·¬§ ¬± ®·¼» ´±©´§ô ¬± ¬±° »¿·´§ ¿µ¬·±²»² ·²¼ ¼¿¾»· ß¾¬·³³«²¹»² ª±² Ê»®ó ¿²¼ ·¬ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§ ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¸¿´¬»²©»·»² ¿«º ¿²¼»®» Ê»®µ»¸®ª±®¹<²¹» ¨·¨ · ´±©»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸¿¬ ±º ¾·½§½´» ±® ·²´·²» µ¿¬ó ø¦òÞò ß¾¾®»³»²ô ß«©»·½¸»²÷ò Õ±²º´·µ¬» ·²¹ò´·»¹»² ¾»· Õ±´´··±²µ«® ª±®ô ·» ´¿»² ·½¸ »²¬©»¼»® ¼«®½¸ λ¿µ¬·±² ³·²¼»¬»² »·²» Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»® ª»®³»·¼»² ±¼»® º$¸®»² η¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¿²¼ ¸±¬´·²» ¦« ˲º<´´»²ò Û¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» ê Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ »¯«·°°»¼ ײ ¼»² ®«²¼ ìè ͬ«²¼»² Ê·¼»±¿«º²¿¸³»² ©·¬¸ ¿ ¼·½¬¿¬·²¹ ³¿½¸·²» ¿ ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ©«®¼»² íê п¿¹»² ¼» Í»¹©¿§ »®º¿¬ ¿²¼ ¿ °·²ó±² ³·½®±°¸±²» º±® ¼±½«³»²¬¿ó «²¼ ²¿½¸ ß«©»®¬«²¹ ·»¾»² ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±²»² ¬·±²ò ̸· ¸±«´¼ »²¿¾´» ¿ ¯«·½µô «²½±³°´·ó ¾»±¾¿½¸¬»¬ô ¼·» ¿´´»¿³¬ µ»·² ©»·¬»®» Õ±²ó ½¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¬·³»´§ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ º´·µ¬ó ±¼»® ˲º¿´´°±¬»²¦·¿´ ¿«º©·»»²ò Ü·» ¸¿°°»²·²¹ ±º ¿´´ °»½·¿´ »ª»²¬ ©¸·´» ®·¼ó Û®¹»¾²·» ´»¹»² ²¿¸»ô ¼¿ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò É®·¬¬»² ®»½±®¼ ¿º¬»® ¸·º¬ ·½¸ »¸® ¹«¬ ·² ¼¿ Ê»®µ»¸®¹»º$¹» »·²±®¼ó ¸±«´¼ ¾» ¿ª±·¼»¼ò Ü«®·²¹ ®·¼·²¹ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ²»¬ «²¼ ¼«®½¸ ¼·» Ó*¹´·½¸µ»·¬ ¼»® Ô¿²¹¿³ó ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®»½»·ª»¼ ¿² ·²¬®«½¬·±² ¿²¼ º¿¸®¬ô ¼» »·²º¿½¸»² ͬ»¸»²¾´»·¾»² «²¼ ¿ ¸±®¬ ¹«·¼»´·²» ¸±© ¬± «» ¬¸» ®»½±®¼»®ò »·²»® É»²¼·¹µ»·¬ »·² Õ±²º´·µ¬°±¬»²¦·¿´ ¿«ºó ̸» ¹«·¼»´·²» ¬¿¬»¼ ©¸·½¸ »ª»²¬ ¸±«´¼ ©»·¬ô ¼¿ «²¬»® ¼»³ ª±² Ú¿¸®®<¼»®² ±¼»® ¾» ¼±½«³»²¬»¼æ ݱ²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ ײ´·²»µ¿¬»®² ¿²¦«·»¼»´² ·¬ò «»® ®»°»½¬·ª»´§ ±¾¬¿½´» ·² °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²ó °±®¬ ±® ±¬¸»® »ª»²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ®»«´¬»¼ ·² ¿ ´± ±º ½±²¬®±´ ±® º¿´´ò ̸» ½·®½«³¬¿²½» ´·µ» Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±®¼»® «²¼ ر¬´·²» °´¿½»ô ¬®¿ºº·½ ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ¹®±«²¼ ½±²¼·¬·±²å Ö»¼»® ¼»® »½¸ Í»¹©¿§ ©«®¼» ³·¬ ©»¿¬¸»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»¿½¬·±² ±º ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ô »·²»³ Ü·µ¬·»®¹»®<¬ ¿´ Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±®¼»® «²¼ ¬¸» ½±²»¯«»²½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿«³»¼ ®»¿±² »·²»³ ß²¬»½µ³·µ®±º±² ¿«¹»¬¿¬¬»¬ò ͱ ©»®» ±º ·²¬»®»¬ô ¬±±ò Þ§ ¼±½«³»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ±´´¬»² ¾»· ¾»±²¼»®»² Û®»·¹²·»² ¿´´»® ¬¸» »ª»²¬ ¬¿¬»³»²¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» °±·¾´» ß®¬ ©<¸®»²¼ ¼»® Ò«¬¦«²¹ ½¸²»´´ô «²µ±³ó ±² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ·² °«¾´·½ °´·¦·»®¬ «²¼ ¦»·¬²¿¸ µ«®¦» Þ»®·½¸¬» ¦«® µ±²µó ¬®¿²°±®¬ô ±² °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¿½½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ °®±¾ó ®»¬»² Ú¿´´·¬«¿¬·±² »®º¿¬ ©»®¼»² µ*²²»²ò ´»³ ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ׬ ¸±«´¼ ¿´± ͽ¸®·º¬´·½¸» Ю±¬±µ±´´» ²¿½¸ ͽ¸·½¸¬»²¼» ¾» °±·¾´» ¬± ®»½»·ª» µ²±©´»¼¹» ¿¾±«¬ ±´´¬»² ª»®³·»¼»² ©»®¼»²ò ׳ ο¸³»² ¼»® »ª»®§ ¼¿§ ¼·ºº·½«´¬·»ò Ú¿¸®¦»«¹½¸«´«²¹ »®¸·»´¬»² ¼·» Ì»·´²»¸³»® É·¬¸·² ¬¸» íó³±²¬¸ ¬»¬·²¹ °»®·±¼ ç »·²» Û·²©»·«²¹ «²¼ »·²»² µ²¿°°»² Ô»·¬ó »ª»²¬ ©»®» ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ±² ¬¸» ê ®·¼·²¹ º¿¼»² ¦«³ ß«º°®»½¸»²ò Ü·»»® ¹¿¾ ª±®ô ®»½±®¼»®ô ´» »ª»²¬ ¬¸¿² ±®·¹·²¿´´§ ¿ó©»´½¸» Û®»·¹²·» »®º¿¬ ©»®¼»² ±´´¬»²æ «³»¼ò ̸· ³·¹¸¬ ¾» ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» ³¿´´»® Õ±²º´·µ¬» ³·¬ Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®² ¾¦©ò Ù»ó ²«³¾»® ±º «½¸ »ª»²¬ ·² ¹»²»®¿´ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¹»²¬<²¼»² ·³ Ê»®µ»¸®®¿«³ ±¼»® ±²¬·¹» ·²¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ±º ³·²±® »ª»²¬ ¿ ²±¬ ¾»·²¹ Û®»·¹²·»ô ¼·» ¦« »·²»³ Õ±²¬®±´´ª»®´«¬ ±¼»® ©±®¬¸ ®»½±®¼·²¹ò ì »ª»²¬ ©»®» ®·¼·²¹ °®±¾ó ͬ«®¦ ¹»º$¸®¬ ¸¿¾»²ò Ü¿²»¾»² ©¿®»² ¼·» ´»³ô ï ©¿ ¿ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸±«¬ ¿²§ <«A»®»² ˳¬<²¼» ø¦òÞò Ñ®¬ô Ê»®µ»¸®·¬«ó º«®¬¸»® ½±²»¯«»²½»ô ï ©¿ ¿² ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿¬·±²ô Þ±¼»²¾»½¸¿ºº»²¸»·¬ô É»¬¬»®÷ô ±©·» ¿²¼ î ©»®» ¿½½·¼»²¬ô ±²» ±º ©¸·½¸ ®»«´¬»¼ ¼·» λ¿µ¬·±²»² ¿´´»® Þ»¬»·´·¹¬»²ô ¼·» Ú±´¹»² ·² ¿ ´·¹¸¬ ¼¿³¿¹» ±º ¿ ¼»ª·½»ò ̸» ®»½±®¼»¼ «²¼ ¼·» ª»®³«¬»¬»² Ë®¿½¸»² ª±² ײ¬»®»»ò »ª»²¬ ³±¬´§ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ¸¿´º ±º Ü«®½¸ ¼·» ¦« »®º¿»²¼»² Û®»·¹²·» ±´´ó ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò¬»² ß«¿¹»² $¾»® Õ±²º´·µ¬» ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ·³ ͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®ô ˲º¿´´°±¬»²¦·¿´» «²¼ ̱ º·²¼ ¿²©»® ¬± º«®¬¸»®ô ¿½¬«¿´ ¿²¼ «²ó Ю±¾´»³» ·² ¼»® Ø¿²¼¸¿¾«²¹ ¿«º¹»¦»·¹¬ »¨°»½¬»¼ ¯«»¬·±²ô ®»³¿®µ ¿²¼ °®±¾´»³ ©»®¼»²ô ·» ±´´¬»² ¿¾»® ¿«½¸ Ø·²©»·» ¦« ±º ¿´´ µ·²¼ô ¿ ¬»´»°¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ »¬¿¾ó ¿´´¬<¹´·½¸»² ͽ¸©·»®·¹µ»·¬»² ´·»º»®²ò ´·¸»¼ò ׬ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² »¨°»½¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ³¿ó ¶±® °¿®¬ ±º ¿®··²¹ ¯«»¬·±² ¿²¼ °®±¾´»³ ײ²»®¸¿´¾ ¼» ¼®»·³±²¿¬·¹»² Ì»¬¦»·ó ¾»·²¹ ¿¼¼®»»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¸±¬´·²» ©±«´¼ ¸±© ¬®¿«³» ©«®¼»² ²»«² Û®»·¹²·» ¿«º ¼·» «° ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ í ©»»µô ¾«¬ ¿ ·¬ ¬«®²»¼ ±«¬ô »½¸ Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±®¼»® ¿«º¹»°®±½¸»²ò Ü¿ ¬¸» ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ ±²´§ «»¼ ±²½»ô ¾»½¿«» ©¿®»² ©»²·¹»® Û®»·¹²·» ¿´ «®°®$²¹´·½¸ ¬¸» º»© ¿®··²¹ ¯«»¬·±² ±® °®±¾´»³ ½±«´¼ ª»®³«¬»¬ô ©±¸´ ¦«®$½µ¦«º$¸®»² ¿«º »·²» ¹»ó «ºº·½·»²¬´§ ¾» ¿²©»®»¼ ¿³±²¹¬ ¬¸» ½±´ó²»®»´´ ¹»®·²¹» Æ¿¸´ ¼»®¿®¬·¹»® Û®»·¹²·»ô ´»¿¹«» ®»°»½¬·ª»´§ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ©¿ «²¼ ¼·» Û·²¬«º«²¹ ª±² Þ¿¹¿¬»´´»®»·¹²·»² ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ¾» ¬¸» ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» ³»¼·«³ò ¿´ ²·½¸¬ ©·½¸¬·¹ ¹»²«¹ ¦«³ ¿«º°®»½¸»²ò ¨¨ ײ¬»®ª·»©Ê·»® Û®»·¹²·» ©¿®»² Ú¿¸®°®±¾´»³»ô »·²» »·² ¬»½¸²·½¸» Ю±¾´»³ ±¸²» ©»·¬»®» Ú±´ó Ú±® ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ®»¿±² î ®±«²¼ ±º ·²ó ¹»²ô »·²» ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±²ô ±©·» ¦©»· ˲º<´´»ô ¬»®ª·»© ¬±±µ °´¿½»ô ¬¸» º·®¬ ±²» í ©»»µ »·²»® ¼¿ª±² º$¸®¬» ¦«® Þ»½¸<¼·¹«²¹ »·²» ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¬¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ¬¸» »½±²¼ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ò Ü·» ¿«º¹»°®±½¸»²»² Û®»·¹²·» ±²» ¿¬ ¬¸» »²¼ò ̸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ©»®» ¹«·¼»¼ º¿²¼»² ©»·¬¹»¸»²¼ ·² ¼»® »®¬»² Ø<´º¬» ¼» ±²» ©·¬¸ ¿² ¿°°±·²¬»¼ ¯«»¬·±²²¿·®» ¬± з´±¬¦»·¬®¿«³ ¬¿¬¬ò ¿ ½±³°´»¨ ±º ë ¬±°·½æ e¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ó ª·½»uô e¼»ª·½» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½uô e·²¬»®¿½¬·±² Æ«® Õ´<®«²¹ ©»·¬»®»®ô ¿µ¬«»´´»®ô «²»®©¿®¬ó ·² °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬uô eº»»´·²¹ ±º ¿º»¬§ ¿²¼ »¬»® Ú®¿¹»²ô ß²³»®µ«²¹»² «²¼ Ю±¾´»³» »²¼¿²¹»®·²¹ °±¬»²¬·¿´u ¿ ©»´´ ¿ e»´ºó¿ó¿´´»® ß®¬ô ©«®¼» ¼¿²»¾»² »·²» ¬»´»º±²·½¸» »³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬uò Þ«¬ ر¬´·²» ¦«® Ê»®º$¹«²¹ ¹»¬»´´¬ò Û ©«®¼» »®ó ¬¸»®» ©¿ »²±«¹¸ ¬·³» º±® º«®¬¸»® ¯«»ó©¿®¬»¬ô ¼¿ »·² Ù®±A¬»·´ ¼»® ¿«º¬®»¬»²¼»² ¬·±²ò ײ ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ îè ¯«»¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¿ Ú®¿¹»² «²¼ Ю±¾´»³»ô º$® ¼·» ¼·» ر¬´·²» ·² ³»¼·¿² ¼«®¿¬·±² ±º íë ³·²«¬» °»® ·²¬»®ª·»© ß²°®«½¸ ¹»²±³³»² ©»®¼»² ©$®¼» ·² ¼»² ©»®» ¹·ª»²ò ̸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ º±½«»¼ ±² »®¬»² ¼®»· ɱ½¸»² »²¬¬»¸»²ô ª»®©»²¼»¬ ½±³°¿®¿¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ±º ®·¼·²¹ ©«®¼» ¼·» ر¬´·²» ¿´´»®¼·²¹ ²«® »·² »·²¦·¹ó µ·´´ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»® »¨ó» Ó¿´ô ¼¿ ¼·» ©»²·¹»² ¿«º¬®»¬»²¼»² Ú®¿¹»² °»®·»²½»ô ¬¸»®»º±®» ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±²²¿·®» ©¿ ±¼»® Ю±¾´»³» ¸·²®»·½¸»²¼ ·³ Õ±´´»¹»²µó ¸±®¬»®æ ïç ¯«»¬·±² ¿²¼ ¿¾±«¬ îë ³·²«¬» ®»· ¾»¿²¬©±®¬»¬ ©»®¼»² µ±²²¬»² ¾¦©ò ¼»® ¬·³» º±® »¿½¸ ·²¬»®ª·»©ò Ú¿¸®¬»²®»µ±®¼»® ¿´ ¼¿ ¹»»·¹²»¬» Ó»¼·«³ ¿²¹»»¸»² ©«®¼»ò ̸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ¸±©»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¿´´ °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±«´¼ ¸¿²¼´» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©»´´ ײ¬»®ª·»© ®·¹¸¬ º®±³ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ò Ø¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ ©¿ ¬¸±«¹¸¬ ¬± ¾» ³±¬ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ©¸»² Æ« Ê»®¹´»·½¸¦©»½µ»² º¿²¼»² ¦©»· ײ¬»®ó ®·¼·²¹ ±² ©»¬ô ´·°°»®§ ±® ´±±» ¹®±«²¼å ª·»©®«²¼»² ¬¿¬¬ô ¼·» »®¬» ²¿½¸ ¼®»· É±ó ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ½¸»² Ô¿«º¦»·¬ ¼» з´±¬ª»®«½¸ô ¼·» ¦©»·¬» ©¿§ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¹¿ª» ¹»²»®¿´´§ ¾»¬¬»® ¦« ¼»®»² Û²¼»ò Þ»º®¿¹¬ ©«®¼» ·² ¹»º$¸®¬»² ²±¬» ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ®»¬®±°»½¬·ª»´§ ײ¬»®ª·»© ³·¬ º»¬¹»´»¹¬»³ Ú®¿¹»²µ¿¬¿´±¹ ·¬ ©¿ ½±²·¼»®»¼ ´» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ò ̸» ¬¿¬»ó ¦« º$²º ̸»³»²µ±³°´»¨»²æ eÚ¿¸®¦»«¹¾»ó ³»²¬ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «» ·² ¾¿¼ ©»¿¬¸»® ¼·»²«²¹uô eÚ¿¸®¦»«¹»·¹»²½¸¿º¬»²uô e×²ó ©»®» ´» °±·¬·ª»æ Þ»½¿«» ±º ¾»½±³·²¹ ¬»®¿µ¬·±² ·³ Ê»®µ»¸®®¿«³uô eÍ·½¸»®¸»·¬ó ½±±´ ¾§ ´¿½µ·²¹ ¿½¬·ª·¬§ ±² ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ·¬ ©¿ ¹»º$¸´ «²¼ Ù»º<¸®¼«²¹°±¬»²¦·¿´uô ±©·» ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ¾» °±±®´§ «¿¾´» ¿ ±±² ¿ eÍ»´¾¬»·²½¸<¬¦«²¹ ¼»® з´±¬¬»·´²»¸³»®uò ¬¸» ©»¿¬¸»® ¾»½¿³» ½±´¼ô ¬±®³§ ±® ©»¬å ±² Ü¿²»¾»² ¾´·»¾ ¿¾»® ο«³ º$® ©»·¬»®¹»ó ²±©§ ¿²¼ ·½§ ®±¿¼ ¬¸»®» ©»®» °®±¾´»³ ¸»²¼» «²¼ Î$½µº®¿¹»²ò ײ ¼»® »®¬»² Ϋ²¼» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¹®·°ò ©«®¼»² îè Ú®¿¹»² ³·¬ »·²»® ³·¬¬´»®»² Þ»º®¿ó ¹«²¹¼¿«»® ª±² íë Ó·²«¬»² ¹»¬»´´¬ò ײ ¼»® ̸» ®¿¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼·²¹ ½¸¿®ó ¦©»·¬»² Ϋ²¼» ¬¿²¼ ¼·» Ê»®¹´»·½¸¾¿®µ»·¬ ¿½¬»®·¬·½ ©»®» ¹±±¼ô ·² ¿ª»®¿¹»ô ¿²¼ ª»®§ «²¼ Û²¬©·½µ´«²¹ ¼»® Ú¿¸®º<¸·¹µ»·¬»²ô ±©·» ¹±±¼ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§ô ¿½½»´ó ¼·» Þ»¼»«¬«²¹ ª±² Ú¿¸®»®º¿¸®«²¹ ·³ ʱ®ó »®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ®¿²¹»ò ̸» ®¿¬·²¹ ©¿ ´±©»¬ ¼»®¹®«²¼ô ¼»¸¿´¾ ©«®¼» ¼»® Ú®¿¹»¾±¹»² ©¸»² ·¬ ½¿³» ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿°¿¾·´·¬§ ¬± ¿«º ïç Ú®¿¹»² ø½¿ò îë Ó·²«¬»²÷ ª»®µ$®¦¬ò µ»»° ¬®¿½µ ¿´®»¿¼§ ¿ ´·¬¬´» ´±°» ·² ¬¸» ¬»®ó ®¿·² ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¿ ª¿®§·²¹ ·²º´¿¬·±² °®»«®» ·² Ü·» ײ¬»®ª·»© »®¹¿¾»²ô ¼¿ ¿´´» з´±¬ó ¬¸» ©¸»»´ °®±ª±µ» ¿ ´·¹¸¬ ½±®²»®·²¹ò ¬»·´²»¸³»® ³·¬ ¼»® Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¾»¼·»²«²¹ ª±² ß²º¿²¹ ¿² ¹«¬ ¦«®»½¸¬ µ¿³»²ò ß³ ½¸©·»®ó ݱ²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿ ·¹¬»² ©«®¼» ¼»® ˳¹¿²¹ ³·¬ ¼»³ Í»¹©¿§ ·¹²¿´´·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» °®·²¹ «°»²ó ¾»·³ Ú¿¸®»² ¿«º ²¿»²ô ¹´¿¬¬»² ±¼»® ´±½µó ·±²ô ©¸·½¸ · ¹«¿®¿²¬·»¼ ±²´§ ¾§ ¬¸» ©¸»»´ »®»² Ѿ»®º´<½¸»² »³°º«²¼»²ô ¹®«²¼<¬ó ¿²¼ ©¿ ¬¸±«¹¸¬ ¬± ²»»¼ ·³°®±ª»³»²¬ô ©¿ ¦´·½¸ ©«®¼» ·² ¼»® ¦©»·¬»² Ϋ²¼» ¦«® Ú®¿¹» ³·»¼ ³±¬ ±º ¿´´ò Þ«¬ ¿´± ¬¸» ´·¹¸¬·²¹ ·²ó ª±² ͽ¸©·»®·¹µ»·¬»² ·³ ˳¹¿²¹ ³·¬ ¼»³ ¬¿´´¿¬·±² ©¿ ½®·¬·½·¦»¼ ø¬¸» °®±ª·¼»¼ Í»¹ó Í»¹©¿§ ¾»»®» Ò±¬»² ¹»¹»¾»² ·² ¼»® ©¿§ ¸¿¼ ±²´§ ¿ ¾¿½µ´·¹¸¬÷ò Î$½µ½¸¿« ©«®¼» »® ¿´ ©»²·¹»® ½¸©·»®·¹ ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿²¼ ½±²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ »³°º«²¼»²ò É»²·¹ °±·¬·ª <«A»®¬»² ·½¸ ¼·» «»® ±½½«®®»¼ ±½½¿·±²¿´´§ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± Ì»·´²»¸³»® ¦«® Ò«¬¦¾¿®µ»·¬ ¾»· ½¸´»½¸¬»³ ¨¨· ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ³»³±®§ ¿¾±«¬ îð ¬·³» É»¬¬»®æ É»¹»² ¼»® ß«µ$¸´«²¹ ¼«®½¸ ³¿²ó °»® °»®±² ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °»ó¹»´²¼» Þ»©»¹«²¹ ©«®¼» ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¾»· ®·±¼ô ¸¿´º ±º ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²¬ ©»®» ¿·¼ ¬± ¸¿ª» Õ<´¬»ô É·²¼ ±¼»® Ò·»¼»®½¸´<¹»² ¿´ ½¸ó ¸¿°°»²»¼ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ í ©»»µò ̸» ³¿¶±®·¬§ ´»½¸¬ ²«¬¦¾¿® »³°º«²¼»²ô ¾»· ͽ¸²»»ó ±¼»® ±º ¬¸»» ·²½·¼»²¬ ©»®» ¬¸» ¬¿®¬´·²¹ ±º ±¬¸»® Û·¹´<¬¬» ¸¿¬ » Ю±¾´»³» ³·¬ ¼»® Ø¿º¬«²¹ ®±¿¼ «»®ô °®±¾¿¾´§ ³¿·²´§ ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» «²«ó øÙ®·°÷ò «¿´ ·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ª»®§ ·´»²¬ ¿°°®±¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» Ü·» Ú¿¸®»·¹»²½¸¿º¬»² ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ©«®ó ¼»ª·½»ò ѽ½¿·±²¿´´§ ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±½½«®®»¼ô ¼»² ·³ Ü«®½¸½¸²·¬¬ ³·¬ ¹«¬ ¾»©»®¬»¬ô »¸® ®¿®»´§ ½®¿¸»ô ©¸·½¸ ¿´± ·²½´«¼»¼ ¬®·µ·²¹ ¹«¬ ©«®¼» ¼¿¾»· ¼·» Ó¿²*ª®·»®º<¸·¹µ»·¬ô ¼¿ ±¾¶»½¬ ´·µ» ©¿´´ô ¼±±®º®¿³»ô ½«°¾±¿®¼ Þ»½¸´»«²·¹«²¹ª»®³*¹»² «²¼ ¼·» λ·½¸ó ¿²¼ ®¿·´·²¹ò ̸»®» ©»®» ²± ¿½½·¼»²¬ ©·¬¸ ©»·¬» ¾»«®¬»·´¬ò Ü·» Í°«®¬®»«» ©«®¼» ¿³ ½¸ó ·²¶«®·»ò ´»½¸¬»¬»² ¾»©»®¬»¬ ½¸±² »·²» ¹»®·²¹» ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» »¨°»®·»²½» ¿²¼ ¶«¼¹»ó Í»·¬»²²»·¹«²¹ ¼» ¾»º¿¸®»²»² Ù»´<²¼» ³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬®¿½µ µ¿²²ô »¾»²± ©·» ¼»® ½¸©¿²µ»²¼» Ô«º¬ó ±º ³¿·² ¬®¿ºº·½ ®±¿¼ ¿²¼ ±º ®±¿¼ ®»¬®·½¬»¼ ¼®«½µ ·² ¼»² λ·º»² ¦« »·²»® ´»·½¸¬»² Õ«®ó ¬± íð µ³ñ¸ ©»®» ²±¬ ¿¬ ¿´´ «·¬»¼ ¬± ½±²¼·ó ª»²º¿¸®¬ º$¸®»²ò ¬·±²¿´´§ «·¬»¼ º±® «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§å ½§ó ß² ¼»® ¬»½¸²·½¸»² ß«¬¿¬¬«²¹ ©«®¼» ¿³ ½´» ¬®¿½µô °»¼»¬®·¿²ó ¿²¼ ·¼»©¿´µô °»ó ¸<«º·¹¬»² ¼¿ Ú»¸´»² »·²»® Í·¹²¿´»·²®·½¸ó ¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¿²¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¼«½»¼ ¿®»¿ ¬«²¹ «²¼ ¼·» ª»®¾»»®«²¹©$®¼·¹» Ú»¼»®ó ¸±©»ª»® ©»®» ª»®§ ©»´´ «·¬»¼ò ï𠱺 ¬¸» ïï «²¹ ¹»²¿²²¬ô ¼·» ¿«½¸´·»A´·½¸ ¼«®½¸ ¼·» ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±²·¼»® ¿ °»»¼ λ·º»² ®»¿´··»®¬ ©·®¼ò ß¾»® ¿«½¸ ¼·» Þ»´»«½¸ó ´·³·¬ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»¿±²¿¾´» ±² °»¼»ó ¬«²¹»·²®·½¸¬«²¹ ø¼·» ¦«® Ê»®º$¹«²¹ ¹»¬»´´ó ¬®·¿² ¿®»¿ò ¬»² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ©¿®»² ²«® ³·¬ »·²»³ Î$½µ¬ó ß´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º»´¬ ¿º» ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» ®¿¸´»® ¿«¹»¬¿¬¬»¬÷ ©«®¼» ¾»³<²¹»´¬ò Í»¹©¿§ô ±² ¬¸» ¾¿· ±º ¬¸»·® »¨°»®·»²½» ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±²»² «²¼ Õ±²º´·µ¬» ³·¬ ¿²¼»®»² ¬¸»§ ½±²·¼»® ¼¿²¹»®±« ·¬«¿¬·±² ¬± ±½ó Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®² µ¿³»² ¹»´»¹»²¬´·½¸ ½«® ®¿®»´§ô ¬¸» »²¼¿²¹»®·²¹ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ª±®ô ²¿½¸ ¼»® Û®·²²»®«²¹ ¼»® Ì»·´²»¸³»® «½¸ ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ·º ¬¸»§ ¸¿°°»² ¿¬ ¿´´ô ¾»·²¹ ©<¸®»²¼ ¼» ¹»¿³¬»² з´±¬¦»·¬®¿«³ ®«²¼ ®¿¬¸»® ´±©ò êðû ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °»®±² ¦©¿²¦·¹³¿´ °®± Ì»·´²»¸³»®ô ©±¾»· »¬©¿ ¼·» º¿ª±«®»¼ ©»¿®·²¹ ¿ °®±¬»½¬·ª» ¸»´³»¬ô ìðû Ø<´º¬» ¼¿ª±² ·² ¼·» »®¬»² ¼®»· ɱ½¸»² »·²ó ¸±©»ª»® ±²´§ °»»¼ ¼»°»²¼»²¬æ ©¸»² ®·¼ó ¹»±®¼²»¬ ©«®¼»ò Þ»·³ ¹®*A¬»² Ì»·´ ¼·»»® ·²¹ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ ²± ¸»´³»¬ ©¿ ¬¸±«¹¸¬ Û®»·¹²·» ¸¿²¼»´¬ » ·½¸ «³ Û®½¸®»½µó ¬± ¾» ²»½»¿®§ò »² ¿²¼»®»® Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®ô ª»®³«¬´·½¸ ɸ»² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ «»¼ ´±²¹»® ø³±®» ¸¿«°¬<½¸´·½¸ ¦«®$½µ¦«º$¸®»² ¿«º ¼»² «²ó ¬¸¿² î ¸±«®÷ ±³» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±³°´¿·²»¼ ¹»©±¸²¬»² ß²¾´·½µ «²¼ ¼¿ »¸® ´»·» ß²ó ¿¾±«¬ ²«³¾²» ·² ¬¸» º»»¬ ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬´§ ¿½¸ó ²<¸»®² ¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ò Ù»´»¹»²¬´·½¸ µ¿³ » ·²¹ º»»¬ ¿²¼ ´»¹ ½¿«»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ´±²¹ ¿²¼ ¦« ײ¬»®¿µ¬·±²»² «²¼ »´¬»² ¦« Æ«¿³³»²ó ³±¬·±²´» ¬¿²¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬*A»²ô ©±¾»· ¸·»®«²¬»® ¿«½¸ Þ»®$¸®«²¹»² ´¿½µ·²¹ °®·²¹ «°»²·±²ò ³·¬ Ù»¹»²¬<²¼»² ø¦òÞò É<²¼»² Ì$®®¿¸ó ³»²ô ͽ¸®<²µ»²ô Ù»´<²¼»®²÷ «¾«³³·»®¬ Ó±¬ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®»°±®¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»·® ®·¼·²¹ ©«®¼»²ò ˲º<´´» ³·¬ Ê»®´»¬¦«²¹»² º¿²¼»² µ·´´ ¸¿¼ ½±²·¼»®¿¾´§ ·³°®±ª»¼ ¾»¬©»»² µ»·²» ¬¿¬¬ò ¬¸» î ·²¬»®ª·»©ô »°»½·¿´´§ ½±±®¼·²¿¬·±²ô ¬¸» °»®½»°¬·±² ±º ¼¿²¹»®±« ·¬«¿¬·±² ¿²¼ Ò¿½¸ ¼»® Û®º¿¸®«²¹ «²¼ Û·²½¸<¬¦«²¹ ¼»® ¿ ³«½¸ ¾»¬¬»® º»»´·²¹ ±º ¿º»¬§ ©»®» ³»²ó з´±¬¬»·´²»¸³»® ·²¼ ¼·» Ú¿¸®¾¿¸²»² ª±² ¬·±²»¼ò Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»¸®¬®¿A»² «²¼ Ì»³°±óíðóÆ±ó ²»² ¹¿® ²·½¸¬ ¾· ¾»¼·²¹¬ º$® ¼»² Í»¹©¿§ ¹»»·¹²»¬ô ο¼ª»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»²ô Ú«Aó «²¼ ß»³»²¬ Ù»¸©»¹»ô Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²»² «²¼ ª»®µ»¸®ó ¾»®«¸·¹¬» Þ»®»·½¸» ¼¿¹»¹»² »¸®ò Û·²» Ù»ó Ø¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬¾»½¸®<²µ«²¹ º$® ¼»² Í»¹ó ©¿§ ¿«º Ú«A¹<²¹»®º´<½¸»² ¸¿´¬»² ¦»¸² ¼»® ̸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¾¿·½¿´´§ ¿²¼ ·²¬«·¬·ª»´§ »´º Þ»º®¿¹¬»² º$® ·²²ª±´´ò ª»®§ »¿§ ¬± ¸¿²¼´»ô ²»ª»®¬¸»´» ±³» ·²ó ½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°°»²»¼ ©¸·½¸ °®±¾¿¾´§ ³¿·²´§ ß´´» Ì»·´²»¸³»® º$¸´¬»² ·½¸ ·½¸»® ¾»· ¼»® ¨¨·· ©»®» ½¿«»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ Þ»²«¬¦«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ô ¿«º Þ¿· ·¸®»® ¬·´´ ©»®» ´»¿®²·²¹ ¸±© ¬± ®·¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ¹»³¿½¸¬»² Û®º¿¸®«²¹»² ½¸<¬¦»² ·» ¼¿ Þ»·¼» ³¿´´»® ®·¼·²¹ ·²»½«®·¬·» é ³¿¶±® ʱ®µ±³³»² ¹»º<¸®´·½¸»® Í·¬«¿¬·±²»² ¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°°»²»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» °¿®¬´§ ¼±½«ó»´¬»² »·²ô ¼¿ Ù»º¿¸®»²°±¬»²¦·¿´ ¼·»»® ³»²¬»¼ ±² ¬¸» ®»½±®¼»®ô °¿®¬´§ ®»°±®¬»¼ ª·¿ Í·¬«¿¬·±²»²ô ©»²² ·» ¼»²² ¿«º¬®»¬»² ¿´ ¸±¬´·²» ¿²¼ »¨°´¿·²»¼ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©ò»¸»® ¹»®·²¹ò Ü·» Ó»¸®¸»·¬ ¼»® Þ»º®¿¹¬»² °®¿½¸»² ·½¸ º$® »·²»² ͽ¸«¬¦¸»´³ ¿«ô Ì©± ±º ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²¬ ½¿«»¼ ¾®»¿µ ·² ¬¸» ¬»·´©»·» ¿´´»®¼·²¹ ¿¾¸<²¹·¹ ª±² ¼»® Ù»ó ¸¿²¼´»¾¿® ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ·² ¬©± ±¬¸»® ·²½·ó ½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬æ ¾»· ͽ¸®·¬¬¬»³°± »· »® ²·½¸¬ ¼»²¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® «ºº»®»¼ º®±³ ¾´«» ³¿®µå ²±¬©»²¼·¹ò ²± ±¬¸»® ·²¶«®·» ©»®» »»²ò Þ¿·½¿´´§ ¿´´ ¿½½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°°»²»¼ ¾»½¿«» ±º ©®±²¹ ¼»ó Þ»· ´<²¹»®»® Þ»²«¬¦«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ½··±² ±® º¿´» ½±²¼«½¬ò ß¾±ª» ¿´´ ·² ¬¸» ø³»¸® ¿´ ¦©»· ͬ«²¼»²÷ ¬®¿¬»² ¾»· »·²·¹»² º·®¬ ©»»µô ¬¸» °¸§·½¿´ ´·³·¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼»® Ì»·´²»¸³»® Ì¿«¾¸»·¬¹»º$¸´» «²¼ ´»·½¸¬» ©»®» ·³·´¿®´§ «²µ²±©² ¿ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©¿ò ͽ¸³»®¦»² ·² Ú$A»² «²¼ Þ»·²»² ¿«ºô ¾»¼ó ͱ³» ¾±®¼»®´·²» ·¬«¿¬·±² ©·´´ ²»ª»® ¾» »¨ó·²¹¬ ¼«®½¸ ¼¿ ´¿²¹»ô ¾»©»¹«²¹´±» ͬ»ó °»®·»²½»¼ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¼»ª·½»ò ׬ ¸¿ ¾»»² ¸»² ¿«º ¼»³ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ «²¼ ¼·» ³¿²¹»´²¼» ±ª»®»¬·³¿¬»¼ ¬± ©¸¿¬ »¨¬»²¬ ¬¸» »´»½¬®±²ó Ú»¼»®«²¹ò ·½ ½¿² ³¿µ» ½±®®»½¬·±² ·² »¨¬®»³» ·¬«¿ó ׸®» Ú¿¸®º<¸·¹µ»·¬»²ô ± ¹¿¾»² ¼·» ³»·¬»² ¬·±² ¿²¼ ¸±© ³«½¸ °±©»® ¬¸» ¬©± ïòëµÉ Þ»º®¿¹¬»² ¿²ô ¸<¬¬»² ·½¸ ¦©·½¸»² ¼»² »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±® ½¿² ¼»ª»´±°ò ¾»·¼»² ײ¬»®ª·»© ³»®µ´·½¸ ª»®¾»»®¬ô ·²ó ׬ · ±º¬»² «²¼»®»¬·³¿¬»¼ ¸±© ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ¾»±²¼»®» ¼·» Õ±±®¼·²¿¬·±² «²¼ ¼¿ Û·²ó ¬¸» ¹®·° · º±® ¿ »´ºó¾¿´¿²½·²¹ ¼»ª·½»ò ײ ½¸<¬¦»² ¹»º<¸®´·½¸»® Í·¬«¿¬·±²»² ±©·» ¬¸» ¬®¿·²·²¹ ±ºº»®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¬± »·² ¾»»®» Í·½¸»®¸»·¬¹»º$¸´ ©«®¼»² ¸·»® »¿½¸ ¾«§»® ±º ¿ »¹©¿§ ±³» ±º ¬¸» °®±¾ó¹»²¿²²¬ò ´»³¿¬·½ ·¬«¿¬·±² ¿®» ¬¿«¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ©¿®²·²¹ ¿®» ¹·ª»²ò ̸· · ¼±²» »ò¹ò º±® ®·¼·²¹ «°ó Þ»©»®¬«²¹ ¸·´´ô °¿·²¹ ±ª»® ½«®¾ ¿²¼ «®°¿·²¹ ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ´±°»ò Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¾»¼·»²«²¹ Ô·³·¬ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «» Ü»® Í»¹©¿§ ·¬ ¹®«²¼<¬¦´·½¸ »¸® »·²ó ̸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¾» ´·³·¬»¼ ¾§ º¿½¸ «²¼ ·²¬«·¬·ª ¦« ¾»¼·»²»²ô ¬®±¬¦¼»³ ¹»ó ´·¹¸¬ ½±³°´¿·²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ³·¹¸¬ ¾» ½¿«»¼ ½¸¿¸»² »·²» λ·¸» ª±² ʱ®º<´´»²ô ¼·» ©±¸´ ¾§ ´±²¹ ¿²¼ ³±¬·±²´» ¬¿²¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸» ª±® ¿´´»³ ¼¿®¿«º ¦«®$½µ¦«º$¸®»² ·²¼ô ¼¿ °´¿¬º±®³ò ݱ´¼ô ©·²¼ô ®¿·²ô ²±©§ ±® ·½§ ¼·» Ì»·´²»¸³»® ²±½¸ ·³ Ô»®²°®±¦» ·³ Ë³ó ®±¿¼ ¿®» º¿½¬±®ô ©¸·½¸ ½¿² ¬®±²¹´§ ´·³·¬ ¹¿²¹ ³·¬ ¼»³ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ©¿®»²ò Ò»¾»² µ´»·ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «»ò ²»®»² Ú¿¸®«²·½¸»®¸»·¬»² µ¿³ » ¦« ·»¾»² ¹®*A»®»² ʱ®º<´´»²ô ¼·» ¬»·´©»·» ¿«º ¼»² ̱²¾<²¼»®² ¼±µ«³»²¬·»®¬ô $¾»® ¼·» ر¬´·²» Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¹»³»´¼»¬ «²¼ ·² ¼»² ײ¬»®ª·»© »®´<«¬»®¬ »¯«·°³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©«®¼»²ò ײ »ª»®§ ¼¿§ «» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» °±¬»²¬·¿´ Þ»· ¦©»·»² ¼·»»® ʱ®º<´´» µ¿³ » ¦« ·³°®±ª»³»²¬ ±º ±³» ¼»¬¿·´ ¾»½¿³» »ª·ó Þ®$½¸»² ¿³ Ô»²µ»® ¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ô ¾»· ¦©»ó ¼»²¬ò Þ»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ´±© ³±¬±® ±«²¼ ¬¸» ·»² ¬®«¹»² ¼·» Ú¿¸®»® ¾´¿«» Ú´»½µ»² ¼¿ª±²å ¼»ª·½» · ¸¿®¼´§ ¿«¼·¾´»ô ¿ ¾»´´ ¿ ©¿®²·²¹ » µ¿³ ¦« µ»·²»² ©»·¬»®¹»¸»²¼»² Ê»®´»¬¦«²ó ·¹²¿´ · ²»½»¿®§ò Ú«®¬¸»®³±®» ¿ «ºº·½·»²¬ ¹»²ò Ù®«²¼<¬¦´·½¸ ´¿»² ·½¸ ¿´´» ʱ®º<´´» ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ · ²»½»¿®§ ± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¿«º Ú»¸´»·²½¸<¬¦«²¹»² ±¼»® Ú»¸´ª»®¸¿´¬»² ©¿§ ½¿² ¾» »»² ·² ¬¸» ¼¿®µ²»ò Ë° ¬± ²±© ¦«®$½µº$¸®»²ò Ü·» °¸§·µ¿´·½¸»² Ù®»²¦»²ô ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» · »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ®»º´»½¬·±² «®ó ¼·» º$® ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¹»´¬»²ô ©¿®»² º$® ¼·» º¿½» ±²´§ò ̸» ©¸»»´ ¬»²¼ ¬± ´±±» ¯«·½µó Ò«¬¦»® ª±® ¿´´»³ ·² ¼»² »®¬»² ɱ½¸»² ´§ °®»«®»ô ©¸·½¸ ½¿² ´»¿¼ ¬± ´¿¬»®¿´ °·² ²±½¸ <¸²´·½¸ «²¹»©±¸²¬ô ©·» ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ ¬®¿·¹¸¬ ±²ò ̸» ¼·°´¿§ ½¿²²±¬ »´¾¬ò Ó¿²½¸» Ù®»²¦·¬«¿¬·±²»² ·²¼ ³·¬ ®»½±®¼ ¼·ºº»®»²¬·¿¬»¼ º¿«´¬ ®»°±®¬ ª»®§ ©»´´ô $¾´·½¸»² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»² ²·½¸¬ »®®»·½¸¾¿®ò Û °±·¾´§ ¬¸» ¿½±«¬·½ ¿²¼ ¬¿½¬·´» ©¿®²·²¹ ·² ©«®¼» $¾»®½¸<¬¦¬ô ·² ©»´½¸»³ Ó¿A ¼·» ½¿» ±º »³»®¹»²½§ ©·¬½¸ ±ºº ¸±«´¼ ¾» »²ó ¨¨··· ¸¿²½»¼ò ß ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ · °±·¬·±²»¼ ±² ¬¸» Û´»µ¬®±²·µ ·² Û¨¬®»³·¬«¿¬·±²»² µ±®®·¹·»®»²¼ ¸»·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» ¸·²¾±²» ¿²¼ ¸¿ ¸¿®° ³»¬¿´ »·²¹®»·º»² µ¿²² «²¼ ©»´½¸» Õ®¿º¬ ¼·» ¾»·¼»²ô »¼¹»ô ¿ ®»¾±«²¼ °®±¬»½¬·±² »»³ ¬± ¾» ¶» ïôë µÉ ¬¿®µ»² Û´»µ¬®±³±¬±®»² »²¬©·½µ»´² ¿¼ª·¿¾´»òµ*²²»²ò Ü·» Þ»¼»«¬«²¹ ¼»® Ø¿º¬«²¹ º$® »·² »´¾¬¾¿´¿²½·»®»²¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ©·®¼ ¸<«º·¹ «²¬»®½¸<¬¦¬ò ײ ¼»² ͽ¸«´«²¹»² ¼» Ø»®ó λ¿½¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «»® ¬»´´»® ©·®¼ ¿«º »·²·¹» ¼»® ¿«º¹»¬®»¬»²»² Í·¬ó «¿¬·±²»²ô ©·» ¿«º ¼¿ Ú¿¸®»² ¿³ Ø¿²¹ô ¼¿ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ¿ ²»© ¿²¼ «²««¿´ ¼»ª·½» D¾»®©·²¼»² ª±² Þ±®¼¬»·²»² «²¼ ¼¿ D¾»®ó ¸¿ ®¿·»¼ ¿¬¬»²¬·±² ¿²¼ ½«®·±·¬§ ¿³±²¹¬ ½¸®»·¬»² ¼»® Ó¿¨·³¿´²»·¹«²¹ »·²¹»¹¿²¹»² ¿´´ ®±¿¼ «»®ò ɸ»² ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·ó «²¼ ª±® Ù»º¿¸®»² ¹»©¿®²¬ò °¿²¬ ¬±°°»¼ ·¬ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¬¿µ» ´±²¹ ¾»º±®» ³¿²§ °»±°´» ¹¿¬¸»®»¼ ©¸± ©»®» ½«®·±« ¬± ´»¿®² ¿¾±«¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ·¬ º«²½¬·±²·²¹ô °®·½» Þ»»·²¬®<½¸¬·¹«²¹»² ¼»® Ò«¬¦¾¿®µ»·¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»¿±² º±® ·¬ «» ¾§ °±´·½»ñ Ó«²·½·ó °¿´ Ѻº·½»ò ͱ³»¬·³» ½®·¬·½·³ ©¿ ¾®±«¹¸¬ Ü·» Ò«¬¦¾¿®µ»·¬ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ µ¿²² ¼«®½¸ º±®©¿®¼ô ¾«¬ °±·¬·ª» ®»¿½¬·±² ©»®» ³±®» ´»·½¸¬» Þ»½¸©»®¼»² »·²¹»½¸®<²µ¬ ©»®ó ½±³³±²ò É·¬¸ ·²½®»¿·²¹ ¼«®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °·ó¼»²ô ¼·» ¼«®½¸ ´¿²¹»ô ¾»©»¹«²¹´±» ´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¿²¼ ¿² ¿½½±³°¿²§·²¹ ®»°±®¬·²¹ ·² ͬ»¸»² ¿«º ¼»® д¿¬¬º±®³ »²¬¬»¸»² µ*²²»²ò ¬¸» ³»¼·¿ °»±°´» ¹±¬ «»¼ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ß«½¸ Õ<´¬»ô É·²¼ô λ¹»²ô ͽ¸²»»ó ±¼»® Û·ó ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¾»½¿³» ³±®» ¿²¼ ³±®» º¿ó¹´<¬¬» µ*²²»² ·» Ò«¬¦¾¿®µ»·¬ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ³·´·¿® ·² ¬¸» ½·¬§ò¬¿®µ ¾»½¸®<²µ»²ò Ì»½¸²·½¸» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»·¹»²½¸¿º¬»² Û¨°»®·»²½» º±® ¬¸» «¬·´·¦¿¬·±² ¾§ «²¼ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¿«¬¿¬¬«²¹ °±´·½» ¿²¼ Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» ß«º¹®«²¼ ¼» ´»·»² Ó±¬±®¹»®<«½¸» ·¬ ̸» »¨°»®·»²½» ·² «¬·´·¦·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ µ¿«³ ¦« ¸*®»²ô »·²» Õ´·²¹»´ º±® ±ºº·½» °«®°±» ©»®» ¼»½®·¾»¼ ª»®§ ¿´ Ù»º¿¸®»²·¹²¿´ ·¬ ²±¬©»²¼·¹ò Û¾»²± °±·¬·ª»´§ò ̸» ¸·¹¸ º´»¨·¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ®¿²¹» »·²» ¿«®»·½¸»²¼» Þ»´»«½¸¬«²¹»·²®·½¸ó ¸¿ª» °±·¬·ª»´§ ¾»»² ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¾»·²¹ îòë ¬«²¹ô ¼¿³·¬ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ¾»· Ü«²µ»´¸»·¬ ¹»ó ¬± í ¬·³» ¸·¹¸»® ·² ½±³°¿®·±² ¬± ¬¸» °¿¬®±´ »¸»² ©»®¼»² µ¿²²å ¾·´¿²¹ ·¬ ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¼«¬§ ±² º±±¬ò ̸» ±ºº·½·¿´ ½±«´¼ °¿¬®±´ ½»®ó ²«® ³·¬ λº´»µ¬·±²º´<½¸»² ¿«¹»¬¿¬¬»¬ò Ü·» ¬¿·² ¿®»¿ ³±®» ±º¬»² ¿²¼ ©»®» º¿¬»® ©·¬¸ λ·º»² ª»®´·»®»² ¬»·´©»·» ½¸²»´´ Ü®«½µô ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ̸» ¸·¹¸»® ¬¿²¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸» ©¿ ¦« Í»·¬»²¼®¿´´ ¾»· Ù»®¿¼»¿«º¿¸®¬ °´¿¬º±®³ ¾®±«¹¸¬ ³±®» ª·»© ¿²¼ °®»»²½»ò º$¸®»² µ¿²²ò Ü¿ ß²¦»·¹»¼·°´¿§ µ¿²² ¼·ºó ̸» ¿½½»°¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ·² ¬¸» °»¼»ó º»®»²¦·»®¬» Ú»¸´»®³»´¼«²¹»² ²«® ½¸´»½¸¬ ¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ©¿ ®»°±®¬»¼ ¬± ¾» ª»®§ ¹±±¼ ¼¿®¬»´´»²ô ³*¹´·½¸»®©»·» ±´´¬» ¼·» ¿µ«ó ·² ½±²¬®¿¬ ¬± °±´·½» ½¿® ±® ¾·½§½´»ò ¬·½¸» «²¼ ¬¿µ¬·´» É¿®²³»´¼«²¹ ¾»· ¼»® Ò±ó ¬¿¾½¸¿´¬«²¹ ª»®¬<®µ¬ ©»®¼»²ò Ü¿ ·½¸ ¼·» ͬ¿²¼°´¿¬¬º±®³ ¿«º ͽ¸·»²¾»·²¸*¸» ¾»º·²¼»¬ Ì®¿²º»®¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ®»«´¬ «²¼ ®»½¸¬ ¸¿®¬»ô ³»¬¿´´»²» Õ¿²¬»² ¸¿¬ô ©<®» Þ§ ¬¸» «» ·² ¬¸» ¼¿·´§ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¾§ ¬¸» »·² ß²°®¿´´½¸«¬¦ ·²²ª±´´ò ·²¬»²·ª» «¬·´·¦¿¬·±² ±ª»® ³¿²§ ¸±«® ¿ ¼¿§ ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¿®» »¨»³°´¿®§ λ¿µ¬·±² ¿²¼»®»® Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»® ¬®¿²º»®¿¾´» ¬± »ª»®§¼¿§ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ¿²¼ ¼»ó ´·ª»® ¿² ·¼»¿ ¸±© ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ º·¬ ·²¬± ¬¸» Ü»® Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿¬ ¿´ ²»«¿®¬·¹» «²¼ «²ó ¬®¿ºº·½ §¬»³ ©¸»² «»¼ ¿°°®±°®·¿¬»´§ ¿²¼ ¹»©±¸²¬» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ß«º³»®µ¿³µ»·¬ «²¼ «·¬¿¾´§ò Ò»«¹·»® ¾»· ¿´´»² Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»®² ª»®«®¿½¸¬ò Þ´·»¾»² ¼·» з´±¬¬»·´²»¸³»® ¬»ó ¸»²ô ¿³³»´¬»² ·½¸ ·²²»®¸¿´¾ µ$®¦»¬»® Ï«»¬·±² Æ»·¬ п¿²¬»²ô ¼·» ²»«¹·»®·¹ ©¿®»² ¿«º ¼¿ É·¬¸ ®»°»½¬ ¬± ´·½»²·²¹ô ¿º»¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ô Ú«²µ¬·±²©»·»ô Ю»· «²¼ ¼»² Ù®ó ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² «²¼ º$® ¼»² Û·²¿¬¦ ¾»· б´·¦»·ñÑ®¼²«²¹¿³¬ò °«¬ º±®©¿®¼ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬«¼§ ½±«´¼ ¾» «ºó Ù»´»¹»²¬´·½¸ ©«®¼» Õ®·¬·µ ¹»<«A»®¬ô °±·¬·ª» º·½·»²¬´§ ¿²©»®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ®»«´¬ò λ±²¿²¦ $¾»®©±¹ ¿¾»®ò Ó·¬ ¦«²»¸³»²¼ó »® Ü¿«»® ¼» Ê»®«½¸ «²¼ ¾»¹´»·¬»²¼»® Þ»®·½¸¬»®¬¿¬¬«²¹ ¬®¿¬ »·² Ù»©*¸²«²¹»ºº»µ¬ ¨¨·ª λ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ¿¼³··±² »·²ô ¼·» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹» ¹»¸*®¬»² ¦«²»¸³»²¼ »´¾¬ª»®¬<²¼´·½¸ ¦«³ ͬ¿¼¬¾·´¼ò Ú±® ´·½»²·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ¿² ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ¾¿· º±® ¬¸» ¼»½··±² · ©¸»¬¸»® Û®º¿¸®«²¹»² º$® ¼·» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¿²¼ ¸±© ©»´´ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ º·¬ ·²¬± ¬¸» »¨ó ¾»· б´·¦»· «²¼ Ñ®¼²«²¹¿³¬ ·¬·²¹ ¬®¿²°±®¬ §¬»³ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬®¿ºó ׳ ¼·»²¬´·½¸»² Û·²¿¬¦ ©«®¼» ¼·» ͽ¸²»´ó º·½ º´±© ¿²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ò Ú±® ¬¸¿¬ °«®°±» ¬¸» ®±¿¼ °»®º±®³¿²½»ô ¬¸» ´·¹µ»·¬ô ¸±¸» Ú´»¨·¾·´·¬<¬ «²¼ λ·½¸©»·¬» ¸»®ó ¼»ª·½» »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ª±®¹»¸±¾»²ô ¼·» ·³ Ê»®¹´»·½¸ ¦«³ ͬ®»·º»²ó ¼·»²¬ ¦« Ú«A «³ ¼»² Ú¿µ¬±® ¦©»·»·²¸¿´¾ ¾· ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿½¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» ¬¿µ»² ·²¬± ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±²ò¼®»· ¸*¸»® ©¿®ò Þ»¬·³³¬» Þ»®»·½¸» µ±²ó ²¬»² ¸<«º·¹»® ¾»¬®»·º¬ ©»®¼»²ò Ü»® »®¸*¸¬» ͬ¿²¼±®¬ ¿«º ¼»® д¿¬¬º±®³ ª»®½¸¿ºº¬» ³»¸® ᬻ²¬·¿´ ©¿§ ±º ¿¼³··±² D¾»®¾´·½µ «²¼ ³»¸® Ю<»²¦ò Ü·» ßµ¦»°¬¿²¦ ¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ·² Ú«A¹<²¹»®¾»®»·½¸»² ©«®ó Þ¿»¼ ±² ¬¸»» ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±² ©¸·½¸ °±ó ¼» ¿´ »¸® ¹«¬ ¹»½¸·´¼»®¬ô ·³ Ù»¹»²¿¬¦ ¦« ·¾·´·¬·» ±ºº»® ¬¸» Ù»®³¿² ´¿© ¬± ´·½»²» ͬ®»·º»²©¿¹»² ±¼»® Ú¿¸®®¿¼ò ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§á ̸»®» ¿®» ³±®» ¿´¬»®²¿¬·ª» ¬± ¾» ½±²·¼ó D¾»®¬®¿¹¾¿®µ»·¬ ¼»® Û®¹»¾²·» »®»¼ô ¿´´ ±º ©¸·½¸ ®»¯«·®» »·¬¸»® ´»¹¿´ ¿´¬»®¿ó ¼» з´±¬ª»®«½¸ ¬·±² ±® ³±¼·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±® ¾±¬¸ò Þ»·¼» ¬¸» ¿¾±ª» ³»²¬·±²»¼ °±·¾·´·¬§ ¬± Ü«®½¸ ¼»² ·²¬»²·ª»² Û·²¿¬¦ $¾»® ª·»´» ½´¿·º§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ °¿»²¹»® ³±¬±®ó ͬ«²¼»² ¬<¹´·½¸ ·²¼ ¼·» Û®¹»¾²·» ¼» ½¿® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±«´¼ ¿´± ¾» ½´¿·º·»¼ ¿ з´±¬ª»®«½¸ ³±¼»´´¸¿º¬ ¿«º ¼»² Ê»®µ»¸®ó ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´»ô ©¸»»´ó½¸¿·®ô ¾·½§½´» ¿´´¬¿¹ $¾»®¬®¿¹¾¿® «²¼ ¦»·¹»²ô ©·» ·½¸ ¼¿ ©·¬¸ ³±¬±® «°°±®¬ ø´·¹¸¬ ³±°»¼÷ô ¾«¬ ·² ¿²§ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¾»· ¿²¹»³»»²»³ «²¼ ¿²¹»ó ½¿» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ¬± ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» °¿¬»² Ù»¾®¿«½¸ ·² ¼¿ Ê»®µ»¸®¹»½¸»ó °»½·º·½ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º »¿½¸ ¬§°» ¸»² »·²º$¹¬ò ±º ¼»ª·½»ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ±²´§ ¾» ½¸¿®¿½ó ¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ´·¹¸¬ ³±°»¼ ·º ¬¸» ©»·¹¸¬ ®»¯«·®»ó Ú®¿¹»¬»´´«²¹»² ³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ´·¹¸¬ ³±°»¼ ¿ª·²¹ ½´¿«» ¿®» ¿´¬»®»¼ò Ü·» ·³ ο¸³»² ¼»® ͬ«¼·» ¿«º¹»©±®º»²»² Ú®¿¹»² ¸·²·½¸¬´·½¸ ¼»® Æ«´¿«²¹ô ¼»® ß ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼·ºº»® º®±³ ±¬¸»® ³±¬±®ó Í·½¸»®¸»·¬ «²¼ ¼»® Þ»¼»«¬«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿® ¿ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ¿ °»½·¿´ ¬®¿²°±®¬ µ±²²¬»² ¿«º¹®«²¼ ¼»® ª±®´·»¹»²¼»² Û®¹»¾ó ³»¿² ø¾»±²¼»®» Ú±®¬¾»©»¹«²¹³·¬¬»´÷ ²·» ¸·²®»·½¸»²¼ ¾»¿²¬©±®¬»¬ ©»®¼»²ò ½±«´¼ ¾» ½±²·¼»®»¼ô ¸±©»ª»® ¬¸· ©±«´¼ ®»¯«·®» ¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ¼»½··±² ¾§ ¬¸» ³·²·¬®§ô ½±«®¬ ±® ¿ ³±¼·º·½¿¬·±² ±º yïêøî÷ Û³°º»¸´«²¹ º$® ¼·» Æ«´¿«²¹ ͬÊÆÑ ø¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·½»²·²¹ ®»¹«´¿ó ¬·±²÷ò Í«½¸ ¿ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ©±«´¼ ¿´´±© É·½¸¬·¹» Ù®«²¼´¿¹» ¾»· ¼»® Û²¬½¸»·¼«²¹ ¿² «²®»¬®·½¬»¼ «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸±«¬ $¾»® ¼·» Æ«´¿«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ü»«¬ó ²»»¼ º±® ¿¼³··±²ô ®·¼·²¹ ´·½»²½»ô ½±³°«´ó ½¸´¿²¼ ·¬ô ±¾ «²¼ ©·» ·½¸ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ±®§ ·²«®¿²½» ¿²¼ ¸»´³»¬ô ¾«¬ ©±«´¼ ®»ó ¸·²·½¸¬´·½¸ ¼» Ê»®µ»¸®º´«» «²¼ »·²» ¬®·½¬ ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬± °»¼»¬®·¿² Õ±²º´·µ¬°±¬»²¦·¿´ ¹«¬ ·² ¼·» ¾»¬»¸»²¼» ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¿¼¿°¬»¼ Ê»®µ»¸®¬®«µ¬«® »·²º$¹¬ò Þ»®$½µ·½¸¬·¹¬ ©»®ó °»»¼ò ¼»² ³$»² ¼¿¾»· ¿«½¸ ¼·» Ú¿¸®»·¹»²½¸¿ºó ¬»² «²¼ ¼·» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¿«¬¿¬¬«²¹ô ±©·» ¼·» ß ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ®»¼«½¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ½±²¬®«½¬·±² Þ»¼·»²¾¿®µ»·¬ «²¼ ¼·» Û®´»®²¾¿®µ»·¬ ¼»® Þ»ó ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ¬± êµ³ñ¸ ©±«´¼ ¼·»²«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ò ¸¿ª» ¬¸» ¿³» »ºº»½¬ ¬¸» ²»»¼ º±® ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô ¸»´³»¬ ¿²¼ ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» ©±«´¼ ¾» ¿¾±´·¸»¼ô ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» Ó*¹´·½¸µ»·¬»² ¼»® Æ«´¿«²¹ ©±«´¼ ¾» ®»¬®·½¬»¼ ¬± °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»ó É»´½¸» Ó*¹´·½¸µ»·¬»² ¾·»¬»¬ ¼¿ ¼»«¬½¸» ¿ ¿²¼ ½±«´¼ ¸¿®¼´§ ³¿µ» «» ±º ·¬ °»½·º·½ λ½¸¬ ¦«® Æ«´¿«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ª±® ¼»³ ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹»ò Ø·²¬»®¹®«²¼ ¼·»»² Û®©<¹«²¹»²á ¨¨ª ׺ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ³±ó Ü¿¦« µ±³³»² ³»¸®»®» Ê¿®·¿²¬»² ·² ¬±®ó½¿® ±º °»½·¿´ ¬§°» ø»ò¹ò ¿ e»´»½¬®·½ Þ»¬®¿½¸¬ô ¼·» ¿¾»® ¿´´» »²¬©»¼»® ®»½¸¬´·ó °»®±²¿´ ¿·¬·ª» ³±¾·´·¬§ ¼»ª·½»u÷ ¬¸» ®»ó½¸» \²¼»®«²¹»² ±¼»® Ó±¼·º·µ¿¬·±²»² ¿³ ¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¿¼³··±²ô ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ô ±¼»® ¾»·¼» »®º±®¼»®²ò Ò»¾»² ¼»® ·²«®¿²½»ô ±¾´·¹¿¬±®§ ¸»´³»¬ ¿²¼ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸±² ¼¿®¹»¬»´´¬»² Ó*¹´·½¸µ»·¬ »·²»® Û·²±®ó »¯«·°³»²¬ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¸¿°»¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¼²«²¹ ¿´ е© µ*²²¬» ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ¿´ Ó±º¿ô ²»»¼ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ®»°»½¬ ¬± ¬¸» °»½·¿´·¬·» ±º Õ®¿²µ»²º¿¸®¬«¸´ô Ú¿¸®®¿¼ ³·¬ Ø·´º³±¬±® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Ú±® ¬¸· ¬¸» ͬÊÆÑ ø¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºó øÔ»·½¸¬³±º¿÷ »·²¹»±®¼²»¬ ©»®¼»²ô ³$¬» º·½ ´·½»²·²¹ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²÷ ©±«´¼ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» ¼¿¾»· ¿¾»® ·³³»® ¼·» °»¦·º·½¸»²ô ¬»½¸ó ½¸¿²¹»¼ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ò²·½¸»² ß²º±®¼»®«²¹»² ¼·»» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹¬ó §° »®º$´´»²ò ß´ Ô»·½¸¬³±º¿ µ¿²² »® ²«® ¾»· »·²»® \²¼»®«²¹ ¼»® Ù»©·½¸¬»®º±®¼»®²· λ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ¿¼³··±² ¼»® Ô»·½¸¬³±º¿óß«²¿¸³»ª»®±®¼²«²¹ »·²ó ¹»±®¼²»¬ ©»®¼»²ò ̸» Ù»®³¿² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¼»º·²» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¿²¼ °®»®»¯«··¬» º±® ¼»ª·½»ô Ü¿ »® ·½¸ »¸® ª±² ¿²¼»®»² Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«ó ¬¸»·® ¿·¹²»¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ®±¿¼ ¹»² «²¬»®½¸»·¼»¬ô ©<®» »·²» Û·²±®¼²«²¹ ¿´ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ·² °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¾»±²¼»®» Ú±®¬¾»©»¹«²¹³·¬¬»´ ¼»²µ¾¿®ô ¬§°» ±º ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ²±¬ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¿°°´·ó ¼·» ¿´´»®¼·²¹ ¼«®½¸ »·²» »²¬°®»½¸»²¼» ½¿¬·±²ò ß´´ ¿¬¬»³°¬ ¬± ¼»º·²» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³·²·¬»®·»´´»ô ®·½¸¬»®´·½¸» Û²¬½¸»·¼«²¹ ©·¬¸·² »¨·¬·²¹ ½¿¬»¹±®·» ©·´´ ¬¸»®»º±®» ´»¿¼ ±¼»® »·²» Ó±¼·º·µ¿¬·±² ¼» yïê øî÷ ͬÊÆÑ ¬± ¬¸» º¿½¬ô ¬¸¿¬ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ º±® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» «²¬»®³¿«»®¬ ©»®¼»² ³$¬»ò Ü·» ©$®¼» ¿®» ¬± ¾» ³»¬ô ©¸·½¸ ¬»½¸²·½¿´´§ ¿®» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ »·²» º®»·¦$¹·¹» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ ±¸²» ¬± º«´º·´ ±® ©¸·½¸ ¿®» «²®»¿±²¿¾´» ©·¬¸ ®»ó Û®º±®¼»®²· ª±² Æ«´¿«²¹ô Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·ô °»½¬ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «»ò ׬ ½±«´¼ ¸¿°°»² к´·½¸¬ª»®·½¸»®«²¹ «²¼ Ø»´³ »®³*¹´·½¸»²ô ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·´´ ¾» ½´¿·º·»¼ ¬± ¿ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿´´»®¼·²¹ ¾»½¸®<²µ¬ ¿«º Ú«Aª»®µ»¸®ó ¿®»¿ ·² ©¸·½¸ ·¬ ¼±» ²±¬ º·¬ °®±°»®´§ ¿²¼ ·² º´<½¸»² ³·¬ »²¬°®»½¸»²¼ ¿²¹»°¿¬»® Ù»ó ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ ó ¿²¼ ¼¿²¹»® °±¬»²¬·¿´ · ½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ò ª»®§ ¸·¹¸ º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿ ©»´´ ¿ º±® ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «»®ò ײ ±³» ½¿» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿²ó \¸²´·½¸ ©$®¼» ·½¸ »·²» ¬»½¸²·½¸» λ¼«¦ó ²±¬ «» ·¬ °»½·º·½ ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹»ò ·»®«²¹ ¼»® ¾¿«¿®¬¾»¼·²¹¬»² Ø*½¸¬¹»ó ½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ ¿«º ³¿¨·³¿´ ê µ³ñ¸ ¿«©·®µ»² ̱ º«´º·´ ¿´´ ¬¸»» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ¬± ®»ó ± º·»´»² Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·óô Ø»´³ó ©·» Ê»®ó º´»½¬ ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©» ®»½±³ó ·½¸»®«²¹°º´·½¸¬ ©»¹ô ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ©<®» ³»²¼ ·²¬»¹®¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ¿ e»´»½¬®·½ ¿«º »·²» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¿«º Ú«Aª»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»² ¿·¬·ª» ³±¾·´·¬§ ¼»ª·½»uô ¿ ³±¬±®·¦»¼ ª»ó ¾»½¸®<²µ¬ «²¼ µ*²²¬» »·²» °»¦·º·½¸»² ¸·½´» ±º °»½·¿´ ¬§°»ô ·²¬± ¬¸» ͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»ó ʱ®¬»·´» µ¿«³ ¿«°·»´»²ò ¸®óÆ«´¿«²¹±®¼²«²¹ ͬÊÆÑ ø¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·½»²·²¹ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²÷ò É$®¼» ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ¿´ Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹ »·¹»ó ²»® ß®¬ »·²¹»±®¼²»¬ô ø¦òÞò e»´»µ¬®±²·½¸» Ó±ó ̸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ¿´´±©»¼ ¾·´·¬<¬¸·´º»u÷ô ´·»A»² ·½¸ ¼·» ß²º±®¼»®«²¹»² ±² ½§½´» ´¿²»ô ·² ¬®¿ºº·½ó½¿´³»¼ ¿®»¿ô ¿² Æ«´¿«²¹ô Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·ô Ê»®·½¸»®«²¹ô ·² °»¼»¬®·¿² ¦±²»ô ·² ¬¸» ´¿¬ ¬©± ©·¬¸ ¿ Ø»´³°º´·½¸¬ô ±©·» ¼·» ¬»½¸²·½¸» ß«¬¿¬ó ´·³·¬¿¬·±² ¬± ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ò Ô·µ» º±® ³±¬±®ó ¬«²¹ »²¬°®»½¸»²¼ ¼»² Û®º±®¼»®²·»² «²¼ ¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ¿ ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» «²¬»® É$®¼·¹«²¹ ¼»® Þ»±²¼»®¸»·¬»² ¼» »»³ ¿¼ª·¿¾´»ô ¿² ¿¼¶«¬³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ®»¹ó Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ¹»¬¿´¬»²ò Ü¿¾»· ³$¬» ¼·» ͬÊó «´¿¬·±² º±® ·²«®¿²½» ¼±» ²±¬ »»³ ¬± ¾» ÆÑ »²¬°®»½¸»²¼ ¹»<²¼»®¬ ©»®¼»²ò ²»½»¿®§ò ݱ®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ±²´§ ¾» ®»¯«·®»¼ ¬± ½¿®®§ ¿ ³¿´´ ·²ó «®¿²½» °´¿¬»ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾ó Û³°º»¸´«²¹ º$® ¼·» Æ«´¿«²¹ ²·ª»®±®¼²«²¹ ø¬¸» ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ®»¹«´¿ó Ü¿ ¼»«¬½¸» ͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®®»½¸¬ ´»¹¬ ¬·±²÷ ¿ ®·¼»® ´·½»²½» · ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ ·² ¬¸· ß²º±®¼»®«²¹»² «²¼ ʱ®¹¿¾»² ¿² Ú¿¸®¦»«¹»ô ½¿»ô ¬¸» ¬®¿·²·²¹ · «ºº·½·»²¬ ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ¼»®»² ¦«¹»©·»»²» Ê»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»² «²¼ ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ´·²µ ¬¸» »´´ ±º ¿ Í»¹©¿§ ¬± Ê»®¸¿´¬»² ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² ο«³ º¿¸®¦»«¹ó ±¾´·¹¿¬±®§ ®·¼·²¹ ¬»¬ ¿²¼ ¿ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬§°¾»¦±¹»² «²¼ ²·½¸¬ ¿²©»²¼«²¹¾»¦±¹»² ¸¿ ¸±©² ¬¸¿¬ ³¿·²´§ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» º»¬ò ͱ º$¸®»² ¿´´» Ê»®«½¸»ô ¼»² Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ·³°®±ª» ¬¸» ¿º» ¸¿²ó ·² ¾»¬»¸»²¼» Õ¿¬»¹±®·»² »·²¦«±®¼²»² ¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸»®» · ¿ ´±©»® ®·µ ¨¨ª· ±º ¿½½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ´» ¼¿²¹»® ±º º¿´´ ½±²ó¼¿¦«ô ¼¿ ¦«³ »·²»² ¿² ¼¿ Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ²»½¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ½±³°¿®·±² ¬± ß²º±®¼»®«²¹»² ¹»¬»´´¬ ©»®¼»²ô ¼·» ¬»½¸ó ¿ ¾·½§½´»ò ß² ¿²¿´±¹±« ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ®»½ó²·½¸ ½¸©»® ¦« »®º$´´»²ô ±¼»® ¿²¹»·½¸¬ ±³³»²¼·²¹ ¬¸» «» ±º ¿ °®±¬»½¬·ª» ¸»´³»¬ ¼»® Ò«¬¦«²¹ «²ª»®¸<´¬²·³<A·¹ ·²¼ò ˲¬»® ©·¬¸±«¬ ¬¸» ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ ˳¬<²¼»² ©·®¼ ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ ± »·²»® Ê»®µ»ó »»³ ¬± ¾» «ºº·½·»²¬ò ¸®º´<½¸» ¦«¹»±®¼²»¬ô ·² ¼·» »® ·½¸ ²«® ½¸ó ´»½¸¬ »·²º$¹¬ «²¼ ¿«º ¼»® ¼¿ Õ±²º´·µ¬ó «²¼ ̸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Ù»º¿¸®»²°±¬»²¦·¿´ º$® Ú¿¸®»® ©·» ¿²¼»®» · ²±¬ §»¬ «ºº·½·»²¬ º±® «·²¹ ·¬ ·² °«¾´·½ Ê»®µ»¸®¬»·´²»¸³»® »¸® ¸±½¸ ·¬ò ײ »·²·¹»² °¿½»ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ Ú<´´»² µ¿²² ¼»® Í»¹©¿§ »·²» °»¦·º·½¸»² ©·¬¸ ¿ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ¿ ¬¿²¼¿®¼ô ´·µ» ·¬ · ʱ®¬»·´» ²·½¸¬ ¿«°·»´»²ò ®»¯«·®»¼ º±® ¾·½§½´»ô ¿ ¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·¬ ¿´± ˳ ¿´´ ¼·»»² ß²°®$½¸»² ¹»®»½¸¬ ¦« ©»®ó ¸±«´¼ ¸¿ª» ¿ ¾»´´ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ¼»² «²¼ «²¬»® Þ»®$½µ·½¸¬·¹«²¹ ¼»® Û®¹»¾ó ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¸» °®±ª·¼»¼ ¾®¿µ» ¬»½¸ó ²·» ¼» з´±¬ª»®«½¸ »³°º»¸´»² ©·®ô ¼»² ²±´±¹§ »»³ ¬± ¾» «ºº·½·»²¬ º±® ¬¸» ®»½±³ó Í»¹©¿§ ¿´ »´»µ¬®±²·½¸» Ó±¾·´·¬<¬¸·´º»ô ¿´ ³»²¼»¼ «»ô ¬¸» »¯«·°³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹ »·¹»²»® ß®¬ ³·¬ ·² ¼·» ͬ®¿A»²ó ©·¬¸ ®»¿®óª·»© ³·®®±® ¿²¼ °»»¼± ¼±» ²±¬ ª»®µ»¸®óÆ«´¿«²¹±®¼²«²¹ ¿«º¦«²»¸³»²ò »»³ ¿¾±´«¬»´§ ²»½»¿®§ò Ü¿¾»· ±´´¬» »® ±©±¸´ ¿«º ο¼ª»®µ»¸®ó º´<½¸»²ô ¿´ ¿«½¸ ·² ª»®µ»¸®¾»®«¸·¹¬»² Þ»®»·½¸»² «²¼ ¿«º Ú«Aª»®µ»¸®º´<½¸»²ô ¿«º ´»¬¦¬»®»² Þ»·¼»² ³·¬ »·²»® Þ»½¸®<²µ«²¹ ¿«º ͽ¸®·¬¬¹»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬ô ¹»²«¬¦¬ ©»®¼»² ¼$®º»²ò Û·²» к´·½¸¬ª»®·½¸»®«²¹ ©·» º$® Ó±ó º¿ »®½¸»·²¬ ·²²ª±´´ô »·²» ß²°¿«²¹ ¼»® ʱ®½¸®·º¬»² ¦«® Ê»®·½¸»®«²¹°º´·½¸¬ ²·½¸¬ ²±¬©»²¼·¹ò Û²¬°®»½¸»²¼ ±´´»² ¼·» Í»¹ó ©¿§ ²«® ³·¬ »·²»³ µ´»·²»² Ê»®·½¸»®«²¹ó µ»²²¦»·½¸»² ¿«¹»¬¿¬¬»¬ ©»®¼»²ò Û·²» Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²· ·¬ «²¬»® ¼·»»² ˳¬<²¼»² ²¿½¸ ¼»® Ú¿¸®»®´¿«¾²·ª»®±®¼²«²¹ ²·½¸¬ ²±¬©»²¼·¹ô ¼·» ·³ Æ«¿³³»²¸¿²¹ ³·¬ ¼»³ Û®©»®¾ »·²» Í»¹©¿§ ª±³ Ø»®¬»´´»® ª±®¹»¹»¾»²»²ô ±¾´·¹¿¬±®·½¸»² ͽ¸«´«²¹ó ³¿A²¿¸³»² ·²¼ ¿«®»·½¸»²¼ô ¼¿®$¾»® ¸·²¿« ¬»·¹»®¬ô ± ¦»·¹¬ ¼»® з´±¬ª»®«½¸ô ª±® ¿´´»³ Ú¿¸®°®¿¨· «²¼ Ú¿¸®»®º¿¸®«²¹ ¼·» Í·½¸»®¸»·¬ ·³ ˳¹¿²¹ ³·¬ ¼»³ Í»¹©¿§ò Ü¿ ˲º¿´´®··µ± «²¼ ¼·» Ù»º<¸®´·½¸µ»·¬ ª±² ͬ$®¦»² »®½¸»·²»² ¾»·³ Í»¹©¿§ ·³ Ê»®ó ¹´»·½¸ »¬©¿ ¦«³ Ú¿¸®®¿¼ ¹»®·²¹»®ò Û·²» ¿²¿´ó ±¹» λ¹»´«²¹ ¾»¦$¹´·½¸ »·²»® Û³°º»¸´«²¹ ¦«® Ò«¬¦«²¹ ª±² ͽ¸«¬¦¸»´³»² ±¸²» »¨°´·¦ó ·¬» Ø»´³°º´·½¸¬ ½¸»·²¬ ¿«®»·½¸»²¼ò Ü·» ¬»½¸²·½¸» ß«¬¿¬¬«²¹ ¼» Í»¹©¿§ º$® ¼»² Û·²¿¬¦ ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² ο«³ ·¬ ²±½¸ «²¦«®»·½¸»²¼ò Ü»® Í»¹©¿§ ±´´¬» »®·»²ó ³<A·¹ ³·¬ »·²»® Þ»´»«½¸¬«²¹»·²®·½¸¬«²¹ô ª»®¹´»·½¸¾¿® ¦« ¼»® º$® Ú¿¸®®<¼»® ª±®¹»ó ½¸®·»¾»²»²å ¿«¹»®$¬»¬ ©»®¼»²ô »¾»²± ³·¬ »·²»® Ù´±½µ»ò Ò¿½¸ ¼»² Û®¹»¾²·»² ¼» з´±¬ª»®«½¸ ½¸»·²¬ ¼·» ª±®¸¿²¼»²» Þ®»³¬»½¸²·µ º$® ¼·» »³°º±¸´»²» Ò«¬¦«²¹ ¿«®»·½¸»²¼ô ¼·» ß«¬¿¬¬«²¹ ¼» Ú¿¸®¦»«¹ ³·¬ Î$½µ°·»¹»´ «²¼ Ì¿½¸±³»¬»® »®½¸»·²¬ ¿´ ²·½¸¬ ¦©·²¹»²¼ ²±¬©»²¼·¹ò Þ¿½µ¹®±«²¼ í ïз´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¿¹»ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ¬»»®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸®»» »´»½¬®·½ eµ»§u ±º ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ½±´±«®å ¬¸» »´»½¬®·½ ½¸·° ·²½±®°±®¿¬»¼ ·² »¿½¸ µ»§ ¼·®»½¬´§ ·²º´«»²½ó ïòïÜ»ª·½» » ¬¸» ½±³°«¬»® »³¾±¼·»¼ ·² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» µ»§ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ¿²¼ ®±¬¿¬·²¹ °»»¼ ¼·ºº»®ò ײ îððï Ü»¿² Õ¿³»² °®»»²¬»¼ ¸· ·²ª»²ó ¬·±²ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Ø«³¿² Ì®¿²°±®¬»® øØÌ÷ ̸» ¾´¿½µ µ»§ · ³»¿²¬ º±® ¾»¹·²²»®ô ¾»ó ·² ¬¸» ËÍßò ̸» ¼»ª·½» ¸¿¼ ¿´®»¿¼§ ¿¬¬®¿½¬ó ½¿«» ·¬ ±²´§ ¿´´±© ¿ ´±© ®±¬¿¬·²¹ °»»¼ »¼ ¿¬¬»²¬·±² «²¼»® ·¬ ½±¼» ²¿³» e¹·²¹»®uô ¿²¼ ¿ ®·¼·²¹ °»»¼ ·² ¬¸» ®¿²¹» ±º ¿ ©¿´µó ¿´¬¸±«¹¸ ·¬ ©¿ ±²´§ µ²±©²ô ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ©±«´¼ ·²¹ °»»¼ «° ¬± çòêµ³ñ¸ò Ó±®» »¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®»ª±´«¬·±²·¦» ³±¾·´·¬§ò ®·¼»® ½¿² ®»¿½¸ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ¿¾±«¬ ïîòçµ³ñ¸ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» §»´´±© µ»§ò ̸» ®»¼ µ»§ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ØÌ · ¾¿»¼ ±² ¬»½¸²±´ó · ³»¿²¬ º±® »¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®·¼»®å ·¬ ¿´´±© ±¹§ô ©¸·½¸ ©¿ ±®·¹·²¿´´§ ¼»ª»´±°»¼ º±® ¬¸» ¯«·½µ ¬«®²·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® e·Þ±¬uò ̸· ½¸¿·® °±ó ¿¬ ¿ °»»¼ ±º «° ¬± îðµ³ñ¸ò ̸· ¹®¿¼«¿ó »» ·¨ ©¸»»´ ¿²¼ ½¿² ¿«¬±³¿¬·½¿´´§ ¬·±² ¹«¿®¿²¬»» ¿² »ºº»½¬·ª» °»»¼ ´·³·¬ ±º ½´·³¾ ¬»° ¿²¼ »²¿¾´» ¬¸» ¼®·ª»®ô ¬± ®»¿½¸ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ¸·¹¸»® °´¿½»¼ ±¾¶»½¬ º±® »¨¿³°´» ·² ¿ ½«°ó ¾±¿®¼ô ¾§ ¹»¬¬·²¹ ±² ·¬ ¾¿½µ ©¸»»´ò ̸» ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ¾»»² ¼»·¹²»¼ ¬± »²ó ¿³» ½±³°±²»²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ¹«¿®¿²¬»» ¬¸» ´¿®¹» ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ®¿¼·« ±º ¿½¬·±²æ É·¬¸ ·Þ±¬ ¾¿´¿²½»ô ¿®» ·²¬»¹®¿¬»¼ ·²¬± ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸±«´¼ ³±ª» ±² ¬¸» ©¿§ ¿²¼ ¿´´±© ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¬± ¾¿´¿²½» ±² ¶«¬ ¿³» °´¿½»ô ¿ ¸» ©±«´¼ ¼± ¿ ¿ °»¼»¬®·ó ¬©± ©¸»»´ò ¿²ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ·²½®»¿» ¬¸» °»¼»ó ¬®·¿² º´»¨·¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ®¿¼·« ±º ¿½¬·±² ¿²¼ ¾§ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±²·¬ ±º ¿ °´¿¬º±®³ ©·¬¸ ¼±·²¹ ± º±®³ ¿ ´·²µ ¾»¬©»»² ¸±®¬ ¬®¿½µ ¿ ¹®·° °±´» ±² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ®±¼ · ¿¬ó ©·¬¸·² ©¿´µ·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ¿²¼ ³»¼·«³ ¿²¼ ¬¿½¸»¼ò Ѳ ¾±¬¸ ·¼» ±º ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ ¬¸» ´±²¹ ¬®¿½µ ««¿´´§ ®»¿½¸»¼ ¾§ ½¿®ò ¬©± ©¸»»´ ¿¾±«¬ ìë½³ ·² ¼·¿³»¬»® ¿®» ³±«²¬»¼ ·² ·²¹´» ©¸»»´ «°»²·±² ©·¬¸ ¿² »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±® ·² »¿½¸ ©¸»»´ ¸«¾ò ̸» °´¿¬ó º±®³ ½±²¬¿·² ¿½½«³«´¿¬±®ô ¬»»®·²¹ »´»½ó ¬®±²·½ô ¬·´¬ »²±® ¿²¼ ¹§®±½±°»ò ̸»§ ¿®» ½±²¬·²«±«´§ ³»¿«®·²¹ ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¹®¿ª·¬§ ±º ¾±¬¸ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ±º ¬¸» «°®·¹¸¬ °»²¼«´«³ ¬¸»§ °®±ª·¼» º±® ¬¸» ¬¿¾·´·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ̸»§ ¬¸»®»¾§ ¬»»® ¬¸» »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±® ·² «½¸ ©¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¹®¿ª·¬§ · ¿´©¿§ ª»®¬·½¿´ ¬± ¬¸» ·³¿¹·²¿®§ ¿¨· ¾»ó ¬©»»² ¬¸» ¬©± ©¸»»´ò Ô»¿²·²¹ º±®©¿®¼ ±® ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ·²¼«½» ¿½½»´»®¿¬·±² ±® ´±©·²¹ ¼±©² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ±°»®¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» ®±¬¿®§ ©·¬½¸ ±² ¬¸» ¹®·° °±´» ¬»»® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Þ§ ¬»»®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬©± ©¸»»´ ¿¹¿·²¬ »¿½¸ ±¬¸»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¬«®² ±² ¬¸» °±¬ò Þ¿½µ©¿®¼ ®·¼·²¹ · ¾¿·½¿´´§ ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¾·´·¬§ ¬± ¬«®² ±² ¬¸» °±¬ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¬¿¬»ó ³»²¬ô ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©»·¹¸·²¹ íèµ¹ øÍ»¹©¿§ ØÌ ·ïéð÷ ¸¿ ¿ ½¿®®§·²¹ ½¿°¿½·¬§ º±® «»º«´ ´±¿¼ «° ¬± ïïèµ¹ ¿²¼ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º îðµ³ñ¸ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ®¿²¹» ±º ¿½¬·±² ¼»ó °»²¼ ±² ¬¸» ¬§°» ±º ¿½½«³«´¿¬±®ô ±² ¬¸» ©»·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬»®®¿·² ¿²¼ ½¿² »¨¬»²¼ ¬± îëµ³ò Ú·¹«®» ïæ ¿ ®»°®»»²¬¿¬·ª» ±º ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» ±º Ò»«²ó µ·®½¸»² ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¾» «»¼ ·² ¬¸®»» ®·¼·²¹ ͱ«®½»æ Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ ì ïòîз´±¬ °®±¶»½¬ïòíЮ±¶»½¬ °¿®¬²»® Ú±«® §»¿® ¿º¬»® ´¿«²½¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ©»´´ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ó¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¬§°» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »¬¿¾´·¸»¼ ·² ·¬ ¸±³»ó½±«²¬®§ ËÍß ¿²¼ · º·»´¼ó¬»¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» º®¿³» ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¾§ °®»¿¼·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ ¬¸» ©±®´¼ò ײ îððëô ¾»ó¬¸» °¿¬®±´´·²¹ Ü·¬®·½¬ б´·½» ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¬©»»² ïëòððð ¿²¼ îðòððð Í»¹©¿§ Å«²±ºó¿²¼ ¾§ ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²å º·½·¿´ »¬·³¿¬»ô ¾¿»¼ ±² ·²¬»®²»¬ ®»»¿®½¸Ã¬¸» ¬«¼§ · ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ·² ¬¸» ®»°±²·¾·´·¬§ ¿®» «»¼ ©±®´¼©·¼»ò ײ Û«®±°»¿² ½±«²¬®·»ô ±º ¬¸» Í¿¿®´¿²¼ Ó·²·¬®§ º±® ײ¬»®·±®ô Ú¿³ó ¬±±ô ±²» ½¿² »» ¹®±©·²¹ ²«³¾»® ±º ¬¸» ·´§ô ɱ³»² ߺº¿·® ¿²¼ Í°±®¬ øÓ·²·¬»®·«³ Í»¹©¿§ô ¿¾±ª» ¿´´ ¿¬ º¿·®ô ¿·®°±®¬ ±® ·²¼«óº$® ײ²»®»ô Ú¿³·´·»ô Ú®¿«»² «²¼ Í°±®¬÷ ¿²¼ ¬®·¿´ °´¿²¬ò ײ Ú®¿²½»ô ׬¿´§ ¿²¼ ß«¬®·¿ô ¬¸» ¬¸» Ó·²·¬®§ º±® Û½±²±³·½ ߺº¿·® ¿²¼ Ô¿ó Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ¾»»² ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ³»¿²©¸·´» ¾±«® øÓ·²·¬»®·«³ º$® É·®¬½¸¿º¬ «²¼ ß®¾»·¬÷ò ¿²¼ · «»¼ º±® ·¹¸¬ »»·²¹ô ·² ¼»ª·½» ®»²¬¿´ Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ °®±ª·¼»¼ ¬¸» ²»½»¿®§ ¬± «°°´»³»²¬ ¬¸» ¬®¿ª»´ ½¸¿·² ¿²¼ ¬± ±³» ¼»ª·½»ò Ѳ ¾»¸¿´º ±º ¬¸» Ú»¼»®¿´ Ó·²·¬®§ »¨¬»²¬ º±® °®·ª¿¬» «»ò ±º Ì®¿²°±®¬ô Þ«·´¼·²¹ ¿²¼ Ë®¾¿² ߺº¿·® øÞ«²¼»³·²·¬»®·«³ º$® Ê»®µ»¸®ô Þ¿« «²¼ ײ ¬¸» Ú»¼»®¿´ λ°«¾´·½ ±º Ù»®³¿²§ô ±²» ɱ¸²«²¹©»»²÷ ¬¸» Ú»¼»®¿´ Ø·¹¸©¿§ Î»ó ±º ¬¸» °±¬»²¬·¿´´§ ¹®»¿¬»¬ Û«®±°»¿² ³¿®ó »¿®½¸ ײ¬·¬«¬» øÞ«²¼»¿²¬¿´¬ º$® ͬ®¿A»²ó µ»¬ô ¼»³¿²¼ ·²½®»¿» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¹®±©·²¹ ©»»² Þßͬ÷ ´±±µ ¿º¬»® ¿²¼ º·²¿²½» ¬¸» º¿³·´·¿®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò Þ»½¿«» ±º ®»»¿®½¸ ¿²¼ ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ °®±¶»½¬ô ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ´¿½µ·²¹ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»«´¬·²¹ ½·»²¬·º·½¿´´§ ¿½½±³°¿²·» ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ´¿½µ ±º ·²«®¿²½» ½±ª»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ̸» ײ·¬«¬» º±® Ó±¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ Ì®¿²°±®¬ ·³ó ±²´§ ¾» «»¼ ±² °®·ª¿¬» ¹®±«²¼ô «° ¬± ²±©ò ±ª» ±º ¬¸» Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ˲·ª»®·¬§ ±º Õ¿·»®ó ̸»®»º±®» ·¬ · ®¿¬¸»® ®¿®»´§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ´¿«¬»®² ½¿®®·» ±«¬ ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ò ½¿² ¼»³±²¬®¿¬» ·¬ ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹»ô ²¿³»´§ ¿ ¯«·½µ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§ ±² ¸±®¬ ¿²¼ ³»¼·«³ ïòìÜ»º·²·¬·±² ±º °®±¾´»³ ¼·¬¿²½»ò ײ îððîô ·² ½±±°»®¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ³¿²«ó ײ Ù»®³¿²§ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ²±¬ §»¬ ¾»»² º¿½¬«®»® Í»¹©¿§ Ô´½òô ¬¸» Ü»«¬½¸» б¬ ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¬± ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ô ·ò»ò ·¬ ½¿² ±²´§ ¾» ßÙ øÙ»®³¿² б¬¿´ Í»®ª·½»÷ ©¿²¬»¼ ¬± ¬»¬ «»¼ ±² °®·ª¿¬» ¹®±«²¼ò ̱ «» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ´·¹¸¬´§ ³±¼·º·»¼ ª»®·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² °«¾´·½ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¹®±«²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» · ¿ «³ó ØÌ º±® ¬¸» ³¿·´ ¼»´·ª»®§ ·² ¬¸» º®¿³» ±º ¿ ³¿®§ ±ºº»²½» ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yîìͬÊÙ ·òÊò³ò º·»´¼ ¬«¼§ ·² Ü®»¼»²ò ײ ±®¼»® ¬± ¹»¬ ¿² ø´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½÷ô yêç¿øî÷ »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ô ¬¸» Ü»«¬½¸» б¬ ßÙ Ò±òí ͬÊÆÑ ø®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿ó ¿°°®±¿½¸»¼ ¬¸» »¨°»®¬ ½±³³·¬¬»» ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬·±²÷ ¿²¼ · °«²·¸»¼ ¾§ ¿ º·²» ±º ëðÛ«®± Ú»¼»®¿´ ¿²¼ ¼·¬®·½¬ ´»ª»´ eÌ»½¸²·½¿´ Ó±¬±®ó øÒ±òïéèÞÕ¿¬Êô ®»¹«´¿¬·±² º±® ½¿¬¿´±¹«» ±º ·²¹u øÞ«²¼óÔ<²¼»®óÚ¿½¸¿«½¸« eÌ»½¸ó º·²»÷ò ر©»ª»®ô ¬¸» ¿·³ · ¿ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ²·½¸» Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®©»»²u÷ô ©¸·½¸ ¸±©»ª»® ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¿ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¹®¿²¬ «½¸ ¿² »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ ¼«» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ¬± ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿º»¬§ ®»¿±² ·² ¬®¿ºº·½ò ̸» »¨·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ º®¿³» «°°±®¬ ¬¸» °»ó ײ îððë ¿¹¿·²ô Í»¹©¿§ ¿°°®±¿½¸»¼ ¬¸» ½·º·½ ¼»ª·½» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ô ¬¸» »´»½¬®±²·½ Ú»¼»®¿´ Ó·²·¬®§ ±º Ì®¿²°±®¬ô Þ«·´¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¿¾·´·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬»»®·²¹ ·² ¿ ª»®§ ´·³·¬»¼ Ë®¾¿² ߺº¿·® øÞ«²¼»³·²·¬»®·«³ º$® Ê»®µ»ó ©¿§ò ß²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «¿¹» ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ ¸®ô Þ¿« «²¼ ͬ¿¼¬»²¬©·½µ´«²¹ô ÞÓÊÞÍ÷ ¿²¼ ·² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¿µ»¼ º±® °»®³··±² ¬± ½¿®®§ ±«¬ ¿ °·´±¬ ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ · ¬·´´ ²±¬ »¨¿½¬´§ µ²±©²ò ¬«¼§ò ײ ¬¸» Ú»¼»®¿´ ͬ¿¬» Í¿¿®´¿²¼ ¿² ·²ó ̸· ´»¿¼ ¬± ¿ ²«³¾»® ±º ¯«»¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ¬»®»¬·²¹ °¿®¬²»® ¸¿¼ ¾»»² º±«²¼ò ¬·´´ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» ¿²©»®»¼ò Í·²½» Í»°¬»³¾»® îððëô ¿ ¬®¿¼·²¹ ½±³ó ݱ²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿´ «»ô º±½« · ´¿·¼ °¿²§ º±® Í»¹©¿§ô ¿ «¾·¼·¿®§ ±º Í»¹©¿§ ±² ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² º±® «»ô ®»°»½¬·ª»´§ ¬¸» ß«¬®·¿ô ¸¿ ¬¿®¬»¼ ¾«·²» ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ´·½»²·²¹ô ±² ¬¸» «¬·´·¦¿¬·±² ·² ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» ¿²¼ ½±²½»²¬®¿¬» ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ´¿½µ·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ «½¸ ¿ ®±¿¼ô ½§½´» ¬®¿½µô °»ó ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ±² ½±³³»®½·¿´ ½´·»²¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¿²¼ ·¼»©¿´µò Ú«®¬¸»®ó ³¿®µ»¬·²¹ ·² ¿·®°±®¬ ¿²¼ º¿·®ò ³±®» ±¬¸»® ¯«»¬·±² ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» ½±²·¼ó »®»¼ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô ·²«®¿²½»ô ë ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¿²¼ »ª»² ¬¸» °±·¾´» ±¾´·ó©¿§ ©¸»² ·²¬»®¿½¬·²¹ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «ó ¹¿¬·±² ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ò »® ¿²¼ ±¾¶»½¬ ·² ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿á ɸ»®» ½¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ½±²¼«½¬»¼ ·² ̸» ´¿®¹» ½·¬§ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ø¿°°®±¨ò ¬¸» ¿º»¬ ©¿§ º±® ¿´´ ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ïéçôððð ½·¬·¦»²÷ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ³»¼·«³ó·¦»¼ ©·¬¸ ®»°»½¬ ¬± ·¬ ½±²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬±©² ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ø¿°°®±¨ò ìçòèðð ½·¬·ó °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ·¬ ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«®á ¦»²÷ ©·¬¸ ¬¸»·® ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬®«½¬«®»ô ͸±«´¼ ¬¸»®» ¾» ¿ ³·²·³«³ ¿¹» ´·³·¬·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ô °¿ª»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ¬±°±¹®¿¸§ ¿®» ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ · ·¬ ¿¬ ¿´´ ¿ ¹±±¼ ¬¿®¬·²¹ °±·²¬ º±® ¬¸»» ½±²·¼»®¿ó ²»½»¿®§á ¬·±²ò ݱ²½»®²·²¹ «¬·´·¬§ ª¿´«»æ ïòëß·³ Ú±® ©¸·½¸ «» ¿²¼ «»® ¹®±«° · ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ ·²¬»®»¬·²¹ ¬± ®·¼»á ײ ¬¸» º®¿³» ±º ¿ ¬¸®»»ó³±²¬¸ó°·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ɸ·½¸ ¿°»½¬ ®»¹¿®¼·²¹ ½·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ©·¬¸ ¬©± ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¹®±«°ô º®±³ Í»°¬»³ó °±´·¬·½ ½±«´¼ ½±³» «° ©¸»² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾»® îë ¬± Ò±ª»³¾»® íðô îððëô ¬¸» ®»»¿®½¸ · «»¼ ©·¼»´§á °®±¶»½¬ ¿·³»¼ ¿¬ ¹¿¬¸»®·²¹ ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ±² ¬¸» °»®º±®³¿²½» ±º Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»®ô ±² ¬¸» «¬·´·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ ±º ïòêÓ»¬¸±¼ ¿²¼ °®±½»¼«®» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½» ¿²¼ ¿¬ »ª¿´«ó ¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» ¼¿¬¿ò ̸»» ¼¿¬¿ ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» ̸» ½·»²¬·º·½ ¿²¿´§· ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¿²©»® ¬± ¿ ²«³¾»® ±º ±°»² ¯«»¬·±² ¿²¼ °«¾´·½ °¿½» · ¼·ª·¼»¼ ·²¬± ¬¸®»» ©±®µ º±®³ ¬¸» ¾¿· º±® ¬¸» ®»½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² ª·ó «²·¬æ ¬¸» ¬¸»±®»¬·½¿´ ¿²¼ »³°·®·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿ @óª· ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ´»¹¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ ½´¿·ó ½±´´»½¬·±² º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸»» ¼¿¬¿ ¸±«´¼ ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ¯«»¬·±²ô ·²¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¾» ¬¸» ¼»½··ª» ¾¿· º±® ¿ °±·¾´» ®»¹·¬®¿ó ±¾¬¿·²»¼ ®»«´¬ ¿²¼ º·²¿´´§ ¾¿»¼ ±² ¬¸· ¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ¿²¿´§· ¿² »¨°»®¬ ®»½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² ¸±© ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¾» ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ò É·¬¸·² ¬¸» ¬®·¿´ ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ¯«»¬·±² ¿®» ®»´»ª¿²¬ô »ò¹òæ Ü¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ ݱ²½»®²·²¹ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²æ ײ ¬¸» ¬¸»±®»¬·½¿´ °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ ܱ» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³»»¬ ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¿ ´·¬»®¿¬«®» ·²¯«·®§ »¨¿³·²» ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ·¬«¿¬·±² º±® Í»¹©¿§ ·²·¼» ¬¸» ½±«²¬®§ øͬÊÆÑ÷ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ·¬ ©¸»»´ô ¬»»®·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿¾®±¿¼ò ߪ¿·´¿¾´» ®»°±®¬ ±² ¬¸» «» º¿½·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ §¬»³á ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ »¨°»®·»²½» ³¿¼» «° ¬± ر© ¸±«´¼ ¬¸» ´¿½µ ±º ¿ ®·¼»® »¿¬ ¾» ²±© ¿®» ®»ª·»©»¼ò ß «®ª»§ ±º ·³·´¿® ¿²¼ ¸¿²¼´»¼á ½±³°¿®¿¾´» ²±ª»´ ¼»ª·½» «½¸ ¿ ¹±°»¼ô ɸ¿¬ µ·²¼ ±º ·¹²¿´´·²¹ ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·ó °±©»® ¾±¿®¼ ±® ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ¿½¬«¿´ ¬·» ¿®» ²»»¼»¼á ´»¹¿´ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ±ºº»® ¬¸» º®¿³» º±® ¬¸» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ײ ©¸·½¸ º±®³ ½¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ®»¹·ó ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸· ¿²¼ ¿ «®ª»§ ±º ¬¸» ¬»®»¼ô ¸±© ¸±«´¼ ·¬ ¾» ¸¿²¼´»¼ ª·ó@óª· ®»´»ª¿²¬ ´»¹¿´ ¾¿· ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ¸±«´¼ ¿²ó ¿² ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ²«³¾»® °´¿¬»ô ®·¼»® ´·ó ©»® ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² ¿·³·²¹ °»½·º·½¿´´§ ¿¬ ¬¸» ½»²½»ô ·²«®¿²½» ±® ¸»´³»¬á ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ò Ý¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ·² ¬¸» º®¿³» ±º ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ®«´» ±® ¿®» ½¸¿²¹» ̸» »³°·®·½¿´ °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ · ±® «°°´»³»²¬ ¬± ¬¸» ®«´» ²»½»¿®§á ¬¸» ³±¬ »¨¬»²·ª» ±²»å ·¬ ½±²·¬ ±º ¬¸» °·ó ´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ©¸·½¸ ¬±±µ °´¿½» º±® ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ ݱ²½»®²·²¹ ¿º»¬§æ ¾»¬©»»² Í»°¬»³¾»® îë ¿²¼ Ò±ª»³¾»® íðô îððëò ̸» º®¿³»©±®µ ¸¿ ¾»»² ¿¹®»»¼ ±² ر© ´±²¹ ¼±» ·¬ ¬¿µ» ¬± ®·¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾»º±®» ·² ½´±» ½±±°»®¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ ¿º»´§ô ©¸¿¬ µ·²¼ ±º µ²±©´»¼¹» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ó °¿®¬²»®ò ª·½»ô ·¬ ®±¿¼ °»®º±®³¿²½» ¿²¼ «» ·² °«¾ó ´·½ °¿½» · ²»½»¿®§á ̱ °®±ª·¼» ¿ ©·¼»® °»½¬®«³ ±º ©¿§ ¿²¼ ر© ³«½¸ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¸¿ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¿½¬·ª·¬·» º±® ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ê «»¼ ¿²¼ °´¿½» ¬¸¿¬ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ª··¬»¼ ¾§ °®»·±² ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»® °®±¹®» ¬± ½±²¬®±´ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸¿ ¾»»² ½¿®®·»¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ±º ¿°»½¬ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ®·¼ó ±«¬ ©·¬¸ ¬©± ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¹®±«°æ ײ Í¿¿®ó·²¹ ¿º»¬§ ¿²¼ ±º ¬¸» ³±¬ ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ½¸¿´ó ¾®$½µ»²ô »ª»² °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °¿¬®±´´·²¹ ´»²¹»ò Ü·¬®·½¬ б´·½» ®»¹«´¿®´§ ¿²¼ ¿´¬»®²¿¬·ª»´§ Í»´»½¬»¼ °´¿½» ©·¬¸ ¿ ¸·¹¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¼»²·¬§ «»¼ ¬¸®»» ¼»ª·½» ø¿´´ ¬±¹»¬¸»® «° ¬± ²·²»÷ô ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ª·¼»± ½±²¬®±´´»¼ º®±³ ¿ ¬¿¾´» ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ±®·¹·²¿´´§ ·¨ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ½¿³»®¿ °±·¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» «»¼ ¬¸» ¬¸®»» ¼»ª·½»ô ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ®»ª·»©»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» §¬»³ Ê·Êß¬ó ±² ¿ ®»¹«´¿® ¾¿· ¬¸»®» ©»®» ±²´§ ¬¸®»» °»®ó r ®¿ºº·½ º±® ª·¼»± ½±²º´·½¬ ¿²¿´§·ò ±² ¬± «» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ß´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ É·¬¸ ·¨ ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® º±® ¬¸» ¬»¬ ¼»ó ²±®³¿´´§ ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¬¸»·® ®±«¬·²» ¼«¬§ ¿²¼ ª·½» ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©±®» «²·º±®³ô ©¸·´» «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ©»®» ¿¾´» ¬± ¼±½«³»²¬ ¼·®»½¬´§ ¿²¼ ¬·³»´§ É·¬¸·² ¬¸» ´·³·¬ ±º ¬¸» »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ô ¿´´ °®¿½¬·½¿´ ½±²º´·½¬ô ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ô ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ¿´± ¾»»² «»¼ ©»¿®·²¹ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ °®±¾´»³ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ±¬¸»® »¨ó ½·ª·´·¿² ½´±¬¸» ½»°¬·±²¿´ ·¬«¿¬·±²ò ̸» °®±¬±½±´ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ߺ¬»® ½±²«´¬¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ±ºº·½·¿´ ±º ¬¸» ¹¿ª» ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ±² º®»¯«»²½§ ¿²¼ »®·ó б´·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½»ô ¬¸» ³¿²«ó ±«²» ±º »¨½»°¬·±²¿´ ·¬«¿¬·±² ©¸·´» º¿½¬«®»® »¯«·°°»¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©·¬¸ ¾¿¹ô «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ²±®³¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ò ´±½µô °·²²»¼ ¾¿¬¬»®§ ¼®·ª»² ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ô ¿ ¬¸»§ ¿®» ²±®³¿´´§ «»¼ º±® ¾·ó̸» ³±®» ¹»²»®¿´ ·³°®»·±²ô »¨°»®·ó ½§½´»ò»²½» ¿²¼ °®±¾´»³ ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ®»½±®¼»¼ Ѿ»®ª·²¹ ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ·² ¬©± ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ô ¬¸» º·®¬ ±º ©¸·½¸ ®±«¬·²» ¬®¿ºº·½ ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» ®»«´¬ ±² ¬±±µ °´¿½» ¬¸®»» ©»»µ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¬¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» «¿¹» ½¿°¿½·¬·»ô ½±³°¿¬·¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ô ¬¸» »½±²¼ ±²» ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ »²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ̸» ¬©± ·²¬»®ª·»© °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ¿º»¬§ò ̸» ¿·³ ©¿ ®±«²¼ ¸±«´¼ »²¿¾´» ¿ ½±³°¿®·±² ¿²¼ ¬± ±¾¬¿·² ®»«´¬ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¼®¿© ½±²½´«·±² ±º ¬¸» ´»¿®²·²¹ °®±¹®» °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ »°»½·¿´´§ ¾§ ¿² ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ·²¬»²·ª» ·²°»½¬·±² ±º ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®ó ß °»½·¿´ ¬»´»°¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ »¬¿¾ó ·¬·½ ®»´»ª¿²¬ º±® ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ±º ´·¸»¼ ¬± ¼»¿´ ©·¬¸ ¿²¼ ®»¹·¬»® °®±¾´»³ °±·¾´» °®±¾´»³ ·² ®±«¬·²» °®¿½¬·»ò ¿²¼ ·²½·¼»²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ±¬¸»®©·» ¸¿¼ ²±¬ ¾»»² ½±ª»®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ³»²¬·±²»¼ ·²¬®«ó ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ±º ®»«´¬ ³»²¬ò ̸· ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» ¿¬ ¿²§ ¿²¼ ½±²»¯«»²½» ¬·³» ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ·² ½¿» ¬¸» °¿®ó ¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¿²§ ¯«»¬·±²ò λ«´¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ¿½¸·»ª»¼ ±² »ª»®¿´ ´»ª»´æ λ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² É·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬¸» ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¬»¬ λ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºó ®·¼·²¹ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ±² ¿ ½·®½«·¬ ©·¬¸ ¼»º·²»¼ º·½ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ©»®» ¬¿µ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» »²¼ ³¿¼» ±² ¬¸» ¾¿· ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ̸· ¸±«´¼ ¹·ª» ¿² ·³ó ½©íííìíëíêíéíèíçìðìïìîìíìììëìêìéìèìçëðëïëîï ïòЮ±¶»½¬ ±®¹¿²·¿¬·±² îòÍ·³·´¿® ¼»ª·½» íòÔ»¹¿´ ¾¿· ìòß½¬«¿´ »¨°»®·»²½» ëòÌ»¬ ®·¼·²¹ êòѾ»®ª¿¬·±² éòη¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® èòײ¬»®ª·»© çòײ¬»®·³ ®»°±®¬ ïðòÍ«³³¿®§ ±º ®»«´¬ ïïòÚ·²¿´ ®»°±®¬ ïîòЮ»»²¬¿¬·±² Ú·¹«®» îæ ¬·³»ó¬¿¾´» º±® ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ eÍ»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»u é «³³¿®§ ±º ¬¸» »³°·®·½¿´ ®»«´¬ ¿²¼ ¾§ ¿¾±«¬ ¬¸» ³»¿«®» øÒ±ò ê è÷ °´¿²²»¼ ½±²·¼»®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬¸»±®»¬·½¿´ °¿®¬ò º±® ½·»²¬·º·½ «°»®ª··±² ¾§ ®»°®»»²¬¿ó ¬·ª» ±º ·³±ª»ò ߺ¬»® ¬¸» ·²¬®«½¬·±² ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± °¿ ¿ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ½·®½«·¬ Ì·³»ó¬¿¾´» ø½±³°¿®» Ò±ò ë÷ò ̸» ±ª»®¿´´ ¼«®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ ©¿ ß«¹«¬ îëô îððëæ ͬ¿®¬ °®» ½±²º»®»²½» ·² ±®·¹·²¿´´§ °´¿²²»¼ ¬± ´¿¬ º±«® ³±²¬¸ô ¬¿®¬ó ¬¸» Ü·¬®·½¬ б´·½» ¿¼³·²·¬®¿¬·±² øÔ¿²¼»ó ·²¹ ±² Ö«´§ ïëô îððë ¿²¼ »²¼·²¹ ±² Ò±ª»³ó °±´·¦»·¼·®»µ¬·±²÷ ©·¬¸ ®»°®»»²¬¿¬·ª» ±º ¾»® íðô îððëò Þ»½¿«» ±º ²»»¼ ±º º«®¬¸»® ¿´´ °®±¶»½¬ °¿®¬²»® ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò ½±ó±®¼·²¿¬·±² ¿³±²¹¬ ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ °¿®¬²»® ß«¹«¬ îëô îððëæ ͬ¿®¬ ±º ¿ ¬¸®»»ó³±²¬¸´§ ¬¸» ¹®¿²¬·²¹ ±º ¿² »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ ¿²¼ °·´±¬ °¸¿»ô ©¸·½¸ ©»²¬ «²¬·´ Ò±ª»³¾»® ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² íðô îððëò ¼»´¿§»¼ «²¬·´ Í»°¬»³¾»® îëò ̸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ß«¹«¬ îçô îððëæ Ê·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² Ò»ó ®«² ±ª»® ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ «° ¬± Ò±ª»³¾»® íðô «²µ·®½¸»²ò îððëò ̸» ®«²²·²¹ °»®·±¼ ±º ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ Í»°¬»³¾»® ëô îððëæ Ê·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² ©¿ °®±´±²¹»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ¿²§ º«®¬¸»® »¨°»²» Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ò ¬± Ö¿²«¿® íïô îððêò ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬·³»ó¬¿¾´» ¿½ó ½±®¼·²¹´§ ¿¼¿°¬»¼ò ̸» º·²¿´ ³»»¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»°¬»³¾»® ïíô îððëæ Ú·®¬ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²ó °®±¶»½¬ °¿®¬·½·°»²¬ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ±² Ö¿²«¿®§ ¬»®ª·»© ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ïïô îððê ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸· ®»°±®¬ ¸¿ ¬«¼§ ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ò ¾»»² °®»»²¬»¼ ¬¸»²ò Í»°¬»³¾»® ïìô îððëæ Ú·®¬ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²ó ¬»®ª·»© ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ̸» ¿½¬·ª·¬·» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼·ª·¼»¼ ·²¬± ©±®µ ¬«¼§ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò °¿½µ¿¹»å ¬¸» ¬¸»±®»¬·½¿´ °¿®¬ ½±³°®·» Í»°¬»³¾»® îíô îððëæ Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ·² Õ¿·ó ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ©±®µ °¿½µ¿¹» »®´¿«¬»®²ò ïòeÍ«®ª»§ ±º ·³·´¿® ¼»ª·½»u Í»°¬»³¾»® íðô îððëæ Ü»´·ª»®§ ±º ¬¸» ·²ó îòeЮ»»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¾¿·u ¿²¼ ¬»®·³ ®»°±®¬ò íòeß½¬«¿´ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ¿²¼ °®»¿¼ ѽ¬±¾»® ïíô îððëæ Ê·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·²·¼» ¬¸» ½±«²¬®§ ¿²¼ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò ¿¾®±¿¼u ѽ¬±¾»® îéô îððëæ ײ¬»®·³ ³»»¬·²¹ ±º ¿´´ ìò̸» »³°·®·½¿´ °¿®¬ ½±²·¬ ±º ¬¸» ©±®µ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô ¸±®¬ ®»ª·»© °¿½µ¿¹» ±² ¬¸» ¿½¬«¿´ ¬¿¬» ±º ¬¸» ½¸»³»ô ±«¬´±±µ ±² ¿²¼ ½±±®¼·²¿¬·±² ±º º«®¬¸»® °®±½»»¼ó ëòeλ¿´·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ®·¼·²¹ ·²¹ò ¬»¬u Ò±ª»³¾»® îìô îððëæ Ê·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² êòeλ¿´·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ª·¼»± ±¾ó Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò »®ª¿¬·±²u Ü»½»³¾»® ëô îððëæ Í»½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ±º ¬¸» éòeÛª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®u ¿²¼ ½·®½«·¬ ¿²¼ »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»© èòeλ¿´·¦¿¬·±² ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» «»® ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ·²¬»®ª·»©u Ü»½»³¾»® íïô îððëæ Ü»´·ª»®§ ±º ¬¸» º·²¿´ ®»°±®¬ ø¼®¿º¬÷ ïòéß½¬·ª·¬·» Ö¿²«¿®§ ïïô îððê ø½¸»¼«´»¼÷æ Ú·²¿´ ³»»¬ó ·²¹ ©·¬¸ °®»»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®»«´¬ò Ö«´§ îðô îððëæ Õ·½µó±ººó³»»¬·²¹ ©·¬¸ ®»°ó Ö¿²«¿®§ íïô îððêæ Ü»´·ª»®§ ±º ¬¸» º·²¿´ ®»ó ®»»²¬¿¬·ª» ±º ¿´´ °®±¶»½¬ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬å °±®¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» ´¿¬»¬ò ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ³»»¬·²¹ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±«´¼ ½±³» ¬± µ²±© »¿½¸ ±¬¸»® ¿²¼ ±² ¬¸» ¾¿ó · ±º ¬¸» ·³±ª» ±ºº»® ¼·½« ¬¸» °®±½»ó ¼«®» ¿²¼ ±°»² ¯«»¬·±²ò ß«¹«¬ ïê ¿²¼ ïéô îððëæ ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ®»°®»»²¬¿¬·ª» ±º Í»¹ó ©¿§ Ô´½ò ¿²¼ Í»¹©¿§ ß«¬®·¿ ¬¿«¹¸¬ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸±© ¬± ®·¼» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Þ®·»º·²¹ ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ×ò Ü¿¬¿ ½±´´»½¬·²¹ ïï îÝ´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ¬§°·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» ±º ¿»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ò ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ îòïòïÓ±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» îòïÍ«®ª»§ ±º ·³·´¿® ¼»ª·½» Þ»·¼» ¬¸» ½´¿·½ »´»½¬®·½¿´ ±® ½±³¾«ó ¬·±² »²¹·²» °±©»®»¼ ¾·½§½´» ¬¸»®» ¿®» ײ ¬¸» ´¿¬ §»¿®ô ´·µ» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³¿²§ ±³» ²±ª»´ ¾·½§½´»ó´·µ» ¼»ª·½»ò ̸»§ ¿´´ ±¬¸»® «²½±²ª»²¬·±²¿´ô ²±ª»´ ³¿´´ ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ·² ½±³³±²ô ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»§ ¼·°±» ±º ¿ ³»ó ¸¿ª» ¿°°»¿®»¼ ¿²¼ ¿®» ª»®§ °±°«´¿® ¬¸¿²µ ¬± ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ®»¿±²ò ̸» ¼»ª·½» ¾»·²¹ °®±ó ¼«½»¼ ·² ³¿²§ ³¿´´ó ¿²¼ ³¿´´»¬ °®±¼«½ó ¬·±² »®·» ½±³» º®±³ ß·¿² ¿®»¿ ¿²¼ ³¿µ» ¬¸» ³¿®µ»¬ ¯«·¬» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¬± «®ª»§ò Ò¿³»Í½±±¬ÈÛÔÞóîðïÆÛÔÞóèëÆÍ¿¨±²»¬¬» Ý´¿·½ з½¬«®» ̸» °»½¬®«³ ±º ¬¸»» ³¿´´ ¼»ª·½» ½±ªó »® ½±²ª»²¬·±²¿´ ¾·½§½´» ©·¬¸ »´»½¬®·½¿´ó ±® °»¬®±´ ³±¬±® «° ¬± ¯«¿¼ò ̸» ²«³¾»® ±º ©¸»»´ ª¿®·» ¾»¬©»»² ¬©± ¿²¼ º±«®ò ̸» Ó¿¨·³«³îð µ³ñ¸îë µ³ñ¸îë µ³ñ¸îð µ³ñ¸ °»»¼ ²«³¾»® ±º °»®±² ©¸± ½¿² ¾» ¬®¿²°±®¬»¼ б©»®»´»½¬®·½»´»½¬®·½Û´»½¬®·½°»¬®±´ ±² ¬¸»» ¼»ª·½» ¼·ºº»®ô ¬±±ô ¾«¬ ¬¸» ¹®»¿¬ó Ò«³¾»® ±º ïïïï »¬ °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» · ¼»·¹²»¼ ¬± ½¿®®§ °»®±² Ù»²»®¿´²±§»§»§» ±²» °»®±²ò ®±¿¼ ®»¹·ó ¬®¿¬·±² ̸» ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ³¿²§ ±º ¬¸»» ¼»ª·½ó Ô·½»²½»ñ²±²±§» » · ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¿²¼ ±³» ±º ¬¸»³ ½¿²²±¬ »¿ó ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² λ¹·óñ²±²±²± ·´§ ¾» ½¿¬»¹±®·¦»¼ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ¬®¿¬·±² ½¿¬»¹±®·» ±º µ²±©² ª»¸·½´» ¹®±«°ò ß ½´¿ó ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ·º·½¿¬·±² ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¿®¹»¬ ¹®±«°ô ©¸·½¸ ײ«®¿²½»ñ§»§»§» ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ©±«´¼ ³¿µ» ¬¸» ½¿¬»¹±®·¿¬·±² »¿·»®ô · ¼·ºó Ю·½»¿¾±«¬ íéð ¿¾±«¬¿¾±«¬ èðð ²ò²ò º·½«´¬ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ³¿®µ»¬ · ¬·´´ ¬±± ³¿´´ô Û«®±ïòíðð Û«®±Û«®± ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¬± «®ª»§ ¿²¼ ¬¸»®» · ²±¬ »²±«¹¸ ײº±©©©ò©©©ò©©©ò©©©ò »½±±¬»®ò»´»µ¬®±²ó¾¿ª¿®·¿ó»´±¾·µ»ò¼» »¨°»®·»²½»ò ̸» °®·½» ª¿®§ ¿ ³«½¸ ¿ ¬¸» ¼»¾·µ»ò¼»¾·µ»ò¼» «¬·´·¬§ ª¿´«»ò ͱ³» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿®» º«´´ Ú·¹«®» íæ »´»½¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ©·¬¸ ¿«¨·´·¿®§ ³±¬±® ¿²¼ ½±³ó «¾¬·¬«¬» º±® ½±²ª»²¬·±²¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²ó °¿®¿¾´» ¼»ª·½» °±®¬ô ©¸»®»¿ ±¬¸»® ¾»´±²¹ ®¿¬¸»® ¬± ¬¸» ½¿¬»¹±®§ eº«² ³±¾·´»u ±® e°±®¬ µ·¬uò ̸» Ò¿³»ÓÆ Ý¸¿®´§¹±°»¼óÛÆóη¼»®Ð±©»®ó ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¬¿¬« · ¬¸»®»º±®» ½±®®»°±²¼ó ÙÍÎì𾱿®¼ з½¬«®» ·²¹´§ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ò ͱ³» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ¿´ó ¬»®²¿¬·ª»´§ ¾»»² ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¿ ³¿´´ ³±¬±® ½§½´»å ³¿²§ ±¬¸»® ¼± ²±¬ ¸¿ª» ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿ó ¬·±² º±® «» ·² °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ °¿½»ò Ó¿¨·³«³îð µ³ñ¸íð µ³ñ¸îð µ³ñ¸ìë µ³ñ¸ °»»¼ ײ °·¬» ±º ¬¸» ¿¾±ª»ó³»²¬·±²»¼ ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» б©»®»´»½¬®·½°»¬®±´Û´»½¬®·½»´»½¬®·½ ·² ½¿¬»¹±®·¦·²¹ ¬¸»» ¼»ª·½»ô ¬¸»§ ¿®» «³ó Ò«³¾»® ±º ïïïï °»®±² ³¿®·¦»¼ ®±«¹¸´§ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ·³·´¿® ½¸¿®ó Ù»²»®¿´§»²±§»²± ¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ «¬·´·¬§ ª¿´«»ò ̸» ª»¸·½´» ®±¿¼ ®»¹·ó ½¿² ¾» ½´¿·º·»¼ ·²¬± ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ¹®±«°æ ¬®¿¬·±² Ô·½»²½»§» ø©¸»² ñ§» ø©¸»² ñ ±¾´·¹¿¬·±²¾±®² ¿º¬»® ¾±®² ¿º¬»® Ó±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ïçêë÷ïçêë÷ ͽ±±¬»® λ¹·ó²±ñ²±ñ ͳ¿´´ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¬®¿¬·±² ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² Ï«¿¼ ײ«®¿²½»§»ñ§»ñ Ý¿¾·² ½±±¬»® ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² Ю·½»¿¾±«¬¿¾±«¬¿¾±«¬¿¾±«¬ ̸» «®ª»§ ±º «²««¿´ ³±¬±® ¼»ª·½» ¼±» ïòððð Û«®±çðð Û«®±èðð Û«®±ïòîðð Û«®± ײº±©©©ò³«¦ò©©©ò©©©ò©©©ò ²±¬ °®»¬»²¼ ¬± ¾» ½±³°´»¬»å ¬¸» ½¿¬»¹±®·¦»¼ ¼»¹±ó°»¼ò¼»»½±±¬»®ò»½±±¬»®ò ¼»ª·½» ¸±«´¼ ¼»³±²¬®¿¬» ¬¸» ³¿²·º±´¼ ±º ¼»¼» «½¸ ¼»ª·½» ·² º·®¬ ´·²»ô ¸±© »¨»³°´¿®·´§ Ú·¹«®» ìæ »´»½¬»¼ ³±¬±® ½±±¬»® ¿²¼ ½±³°¿®¿¾´» ¼»ª·½» ïí îòïòëÝ¿¾·² ½±±¬»®°´¿¬» º±® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»æ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ô ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ Ý¿¾·² ½±±¬»® ¿®» ²± ²»© ·²ª»²¬·±²å ¿´ó ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» øк´ÊÙ÷ ®»¿¼§ ·² ¬¸» ê𠱺 ¬¸» ´¿¬ ½»²¬«®§ ¬¸»®» Ü»º·²» ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ©»¿®·²¹ ¿ ©»®» º·®¬ ³±¼»´ ´·µ» ¬¸» ÞÓÉ ×»¬¬¿ ±® ¬¸» ¸»´³»¬æ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ Ó»»®½¸³·¬¬ó½¿¾·² ½±±¬»®ò ̸»·® ³¿´´ ±ª»®¿´´ ¼·³»²·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ©¿ «²««¿´ º±® ¿ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´»ô ©¿ ¬¸» ³±¬ °®±³·²»²¬ îòîòïÜ»ª·½» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ò ̸» ±ºº»®»¼ »¿¬ º±® ±²» ̸» Ù»®³¿² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ´¿© ½´¿·º·» ±® ¬©± °»®±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬±®¿¹» ½¿°¿½·¬§ ª»¸·½´» ·²¬± ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´»ô ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ ©»®» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ´±©ò Ý¿¾·² ½±±¬»® °»½·¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²ò Ó±¬±® ª»ó «» ½±³¾«¬·±² »²¹·²» ±® »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±®ò ¸·½´» ¿®» ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yïøî÷ͬÊÙ ª»¸·ó ̸»§ ««¿´´§ ¸¿ª» º±«®ô ·² ±³» ½¿» ¬¸®»» ½´» ¬¸¿¬ ³±ª» ¾§ »²¹·²» º±®½» ¿²¼ ¿®» ²±¬ ©¸»»´ò Ú®±³ ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² °±·²¬ ±º ¾±«²¼ ¬± ¬®¿½µò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yîìͬÊÑ ¿²¼ ª·»© ³¿²§ ±º ¬¸»³ ¿®» ½´¿·º·»¼ ¿ ©¸»»´ yïêøî÷ͬÊÆÑ ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ª»¸·½´» ¾»´±²¹ ½¸¿·® º±® ¸¿²¼·½¿°°»¼ °»±°´» ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»ó ¬± ¬¸» °»½·¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²æ °«¸ó º±®» ²± ¼®·ª·²¹ ´·½»²½» · ®»¯«·®»¼ò ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ¿²¼ ¹®·°ó©¸»»´ ½¸¿·®ô ´«¹»ô ͱ³»¬·³»ô »´¼»®´§ °»±°´» «» ¬¸»³ô ïê °®¿³ô ½±±¬»®ô ¾·½§½´» º±® ½¸·´¼®»² ¿²¼ ¬± ïè󧻿® ±´¼ °»®±² ±® ¬¸±» ©¸± ¸¿ª» ·³·´¿® ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¾»»² ¼»°®·ª»¼ ±º ¬¸»·® ¼®·ª·²¹ ´·½»²½»ò ̸»§ ¬± ¿ ¶«¼¹»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» Ù»®³¿² º»¼»®¿´ ½±«®¬ ¿´´ ³¿µ» «» ±º ¬¸» ½¿¾·² ½±±¬»® ´»¹¿´ øÞ«²¼»¹»®·½¸¬¸±º÷ ±º îððí øº·´» ²«³¾»®æ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¬¿§ ³±¾·´» Ê×ÆÎíííñðð÷ ·²´·²» µ¿¬·²¹ · ½´¿·º·»¼ ¿ ©·¬¸ ¿ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´»ò °»½·¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬ô ¬±±ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸· «®ª»§ ±²» ½¿² »¿·´§ ®»ó ̸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¿®» ±¾´·¹·²¹ ¿´·¦» ¸±© ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¬¸»» ¼»ª·½» ½¿² ¾» ¿²¼ º±® ¿´´ ¬¸®»» ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¬§°» ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·ó ¸±© ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¬¸» »¨¿½¬ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ³·¹¸¬ °¿²¬ô ©¸»®»¿ ¬¸» ®«´» ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¾»ò Þ»½¿«» ±º ·¬ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ô ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¿®» ±²´§ ±¾´·¹·²¹ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼±» ²±¬ »¨¿½¬´§ ¾»´±²¹ ¬± ¿²§ ¼»ª·½»ô ·²½´«¼·²¹ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´»ò ±º ¬¸» ³»²¬·±²»¼ ½¿¬»¹±®·»ò îòîòîλ¹·¬®¿¬·±² îòîÍ«®ª»§ ±º ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¾¿· ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yïê ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ô ±²´§ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿®» ɸ»² ¼·½«·²¹ ¬¸» ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¬± ¬®¿ºº·½ ±² °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ô ©¸·½¸ Í»¹©¿§ ·² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ±²» ¸¿ ¬± ½±²·¼»® ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ±³» °®»½®·°¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºó Ý´¿·º§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾»·²¹ ¿ ¼»ª·½»æ º·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ò ß½½±®¼ó ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿½¬ øͬÊÙ÷ô ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ·²¹ ¬± yïè øï÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«ó ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ô ´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ô ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ²»»¼ ¿² ±°»®¿¬·²¹ ´·½»²½» ±® ¿² ÛË󬧰»ó¿«ó Ó¿²¿¹» ¬¸» ©¿§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½±²¼·¬·±² º±® ¬¸±®·¦¿¬·±²ô ¿²¼ ¬¸»§ ¸¿ª» ¬± ½¿®®§ ¿² ±ºº·½·¿´ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²æ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«ó ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¿ °®±ª» ±º ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ò ´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yïèøî÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² Ü»º·²» ¬¸» ²»½»¿®§ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½ó ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ª»¸·½´» ¿®» »¨ó ¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ »¯«·°³»²¬ º±® «» ±² °«¾´·½ »³°¬»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®±¿¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²æ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºó °®±½»¼«®»æ ³¿´´ ³±¬±® ½§½´»ô ´·¹¸¬ ³±¬±® º·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ô ¬¸» ½§½´»ô ì󩸻»´ó´·¹¸¬ó³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ º±® ´·¹¸¬ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ³±¬±® °±©»®»¼ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ø»» º·¹«®» è÷ò λ¹«´¿¬» ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¿² ½±³°«´ó ±®§ ·²«®¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»æ ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬ó ·²¹ ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» øк´ÊÙ÷ îòîòíײ«®¿²½» Ü»º·²» ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ´·½»²·²¹ º±® Ó±¬±® ª»¸·½´»ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ¬¿¬·±²»¼ ®»¹«ó ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»æ ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ´¿®´§ ·² ¬¸» ½±«²¬®§ô ³«¬ ¸¿ª» ¿ ¬¸·®¼ °¿®¬§ øÚ»Ê÷ ´·¿¾·´·¬§ ·²«®¿²½»ô ·º «»¼ ±² °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ Û¬¿¾´·¸ ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¿ ²«³¾»® ïì ¿²¼ °´¿½»ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yî ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¿´´ ª»¸·½´» ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¬¸» ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» øк´ÊÙ÷ò ß² »¨ó¬± °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¸¿ª» ¬± ½±®®»°±²¼ »³°¬·±² ±º ¬¸· ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² · ±²´§ °±·¾´»ô ¬± ¬¸» ®«´» ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ©¸»² ¬¸» ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼±» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ½¸¿®¿½ó ²±¬ °»®³·¬ ¬± ¹± º¿¬»® ¬¸¿² êµ³ñ¸ò¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ò ̸» º±´ó ´±©·²¹ ®«´» ¿®» ±º °»½·¿´ ·²¬»®»¬ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§æ ¬¸» ±²» ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ îòîòìη¼»® ´·½»²½» ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·» «½¸ ¿ ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ô ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ô ¬±° ´·¹¸¬ô ®»º´»½¬±®ô ¾´·²µ»®ô ¿´¿®³ ¼»ó Þ¿·½¿´´§ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yï ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ª·½»ô ®»¿®óª·»© ³·®®±®ô °»»¼±³»¬»®ô »¿¬ô ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øÚ»Ê÷ »ª»®§¾±¼§ · ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¬»»®·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ô ¬§®» »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬± °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ô ¾«¬ ¬¸»®» ¿®» ±³» º·®¬ó¿·¼ó»¯«·°³»²¬ò ´·³·¬¿¬·±² ·² «½¸ ½¿» ©¸»®» °»®±² ½¿²²±¬ ³±ª» ¿º»´§ ·² °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¾»ó Þ®¿µ·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·» ½¿«» ±º °¸§·½¿´ ±® ³»²¬¿´ ¸¿²¼·½¿° øyî ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ô Ú»Ê÷ò Ü®·ª·²¹ ¿ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yìïøï÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ®»¯«·®» ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yìøï÷ ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¿ ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ³«¬ °±» ¬©± ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ ¾®¿µ» ¼»ó ¿ ½¿°¿¾·´·¬§ ¼±½«³»²¬¿¬·±²å ¬¸· · ²±¬ ¬¸» ª·½» ±® ±²» ¾®¿µ» ¼»ª·½» ©·¬¸ ¬©± ¼·ºº»®ó ½¿» º±® ·²¹´»ó¬®¿½µ»¼ô ·²¹´»ó»¿¬»¼ ³±ó »²¬ ¿²¼ ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ ±°»®¿¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·»ò ¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ø³±º¿÷ ±® º±® ³±¬±®ó Ó±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» »¨½»°¬·±² ±º ³±¬±® ·¦»¼ô ·²¹´»ó»¿¬»¼ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·®ò Ò± ¼®·ª»® ½§½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± ®»¿½¸ ¿ ³»¼·«³ º«´´ ¼»´¿§ ´·½»²½» · ²»½»¿®§ º±® ®·¼·²¹ ¿ ³±º¿ ±® ¿ ±º ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ëòð³ñnò ׺ ¬¸» ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿¼ ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ô ¾«¬ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yë ¼®·ª»® ´·ó ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ½»²½» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øÚ»Ê÷ ¿ ¬»¬ ½»®¬·º·½¿¬»ò îëµ³ñ¸ô ¿¬ ³±¬ô ¿ ³»¼·«³ º«´´ ¼»´¿§ ±º íòë³ñn · «ºº·½·»²¬ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yêë ®±¿¼ îòîòëÒ«³¾»® °´¿¬»¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¿´´ ±¬¸»® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿² ß ³»²¬·±²»¼ ·² eîòîòî λ¹·¬®¿¬·±²uô °¿¹» »²±«¹¸ °±©»®º«´ ¾®¿µ»ô ©¸·½¸ · »¿§ ¬± ïíô ¬¸» ¿´´±©¿²½» ±º ¿² ±ºº·½·¿´ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¸¿²¼´» ¿²¼ ¼±» ²±¬ ¼¿³¿¹» ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ò ¾§ ¬¸» ª»¸·½´» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿«¬¸±®·¬§ ®»°®»ó Þ·½§½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± °±» ¬©± ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ó »²¬ ¿ ½±²º·®³¿¬·±² ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ´§ ±°»®¿¬·²¹ ¾®¿µ»ò · ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¬± °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yïè ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·» øͬÊÆÑ÷ò ̸»®»º±®» »ª»®§ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿ ¬± ½¿®®§ ¿² ±ºº·½·¿´ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬»ô ©·¬¸ ¬¸» »¨ó ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëð ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ½»°¬·±² ±º ª»¸·½´» ½´¿·º·»¼ ·² ¬¸» »¨»³°ó ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿ª» ¬·±² °»®³·¬ ±º yïèøî÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¬± ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬©± ©¸·¬» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ô ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ò ײ ¬¸· ½¿» ¬¸»§ ²»»¼ ©¸·½¸ ·´´«³·²¿¬» ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ò Ú±® ³±¬±® ²± ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ò î󩸻»´ ±® í󩸻»´ ³¿´´ ½§½´»ô ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» «° ¬± ï³ ©·¼¬¸ ¿²¼ ³±¬±® ½§½´»ô ¾·½§½´» ©·¬¸ ¿² ¿«¨·´·¿®§ ³±ó ³±¬±®·¦»¼ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ±²» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ · «ºó ¬±®ô ³±¬±®·¦»¼ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ¿²¼ ì󩸻»´ º·½·»²¬ò ׺ ¬¸» ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ®»¿½¸»¼ ¿ ½±²ó ³¿´´ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¾»´±²¹ ¬± ¬¸» »¨»³°ó ¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º èµ³ñ¸ô ¬·±² °»®³·¬ ¿²¼ ¼±²¬ ¸¿ª» ¬± ½¿®®§ ¿² ±ºº·½·¿´ ¿¬ ³±¬ô ¿ ©¸·¬» ®»º´»½¬±® · «ºº·½·»²¬ ·²¬»¿¼ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬»ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yîç» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ±º ¬¸» ·´´«³·²¿¬·²¹ ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ò ɸ»² ¬¸» º«´´ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ô ¾«¬ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾»¿³ · ©·¬½¸»¼ ±²ô ¬¸» ´±© ¾»¿³ ³«¬ ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿² ·²«®¿²½» ·²¼·½¿¬±®ò ½±²¬·²«» ¬± ¾«®² ¿²¼ ·² ¿ ¼·¬¿²½» ±º ïðð³ ¬¸» º«´´ ¾»¿³ ³«¬ ¬·´´ °±» ¿ ´«³·²±« Ü»ª·½» ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·ó °±©»® ±º ï´«¨ò Ú±® ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¬¸» ´«³·ó ³«³ °»»¼ ±º êµ³ñ¸ ¿¬ ³±¬ô ¼± ²±¬ ²»»¼ ²±« °±©»® · ðòë´«¨ô ·º ¬¸»§ ¸¿ª» ²±¬ ³±®» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ·²«®¿²½» ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ¼± ¬¸¿² ïðð½³m ©»°¬ ª±´«³» ·¬ · ðòîë´«¨ò ²±¬ ¸¿ª» ¬± ½¿®®§ ¿ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¿¬ ¿´´ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëðøê¿÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±º¿ô ³¿´´ ³±¬±® îòîòêÌ»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ½§½´» ¿²¼ ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± °±» ±²´§ ±²» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ º±® °»®³¿²»²¬ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yïê ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ´±© ¾»¿³ô ©¸·½¸ ®»¿½¸» ¿ ´«³·²±« °±©ó ïë »® ±º ï´«¨ ·² ¿ ¼·¬¿²½» ±º îë ³ò ̸» ®¿¬»¼ ¬¸»³ ¬¸» ¿°°®±¿½¸·²¹ ª»¸·½´»ò ̸· ½¿² ¾» °±©»® ±º ¬¸» ·²½¿²¼»½»²¬ ´¿³° ³«¬ ¾» ïë ¸±±¬»® ±® ¸±®²ô ©¸·½¸ ¼± ²±¬ °®±¼«½» ¿ ©¿¬¬ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yêé ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó³»´±¼§ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ½´¿«» ê ³±º¿ ²»»¼ ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¾·½§½´» ³«¬ ¾» ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ±²» ¾»´´ ©·¬¸ ¿ ½´»¿® ±«²¼ò yêì¿ »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ©¸·¬» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¿ ©¸·¬» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ò ̸» ¼§²¿³± ±º ¾·½§½´» ³«¬ °®»½®·¾» ¿ ¾»´´ ©·¬¸ ¿ ½´»¿® ±«²¼ º±® ¾·½§ó ¸¿ª» ¿ ®¿¬»¼ °±©»® ±º í©¿¬¬ ©·¬¸ ¿ ®¿¬»¼ ½´» ¿²¼ ´»¼¹»ò ª±´¬¿¹» ±º ꪱ´¬å ¿ ¾¿¬¬»®§ ½¿² «°°±®¬ ¬¸» ¼§²¿³±ò λ¿®óª·»© ³·®®±® ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yíç ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëê ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ³«¬ »¨½»°¬·±² ±º ³±¬±® ½§½´» ³«¬ ¸¿ª» ¿ ®»ó ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ³·®®±®ô ©¸·½¸ ¸»´° ¬¸» ª»®» ¹»¿®ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëî¿ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¼®·ª»® ¬± ±¾»®ª» ¬¸» ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¿²¼ ·¼»ó ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¿ ©¸·¬» ®»¿® ©¿®¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ½´¿«» ì ³·®ó ´·¹¸¬ ³«¬ ·´´«³·²¿¬» ¬¸» ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ®±¿¼©¿§ô ®±® ¿®» ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ º±® ±°»² »´»½¬®·½ ·º ¬¸» ®»ª»®» ¹»¿® · ±°»®¿¬·²¹ò λ¿® ´·¹¸¬ ½¿®¬ ¿²¼ ³«´¬· ´¿²» ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ©·¬¸ ¿®» ²±¬ ®»¯«·®»¼ º±® ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¿²¼ ³±ó ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ¬±®·¦»¼ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·®ô ¬±±ò îëµ³ñ¸ô ¿¬ ³±¬ô ¿²¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yêê ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëí ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² º±® ¿´´ ±¬¸»® ª»¸·½´»ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ²± ¸»¿ª§ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± ¬®¿²°±®¬ ª»¸·½´»ò ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬©± «ºº·½·»²¬´§ ´·¹¸¬ô ®»¼ ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ©·¬¸ ¬©± ¬±°´·¹¸¬ô ©¸·½¸ ¸¿ª» ¬± ·®®¿¼·¿¬» ¬¸» ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ò Ó±¬±® Í°»»¼±³»¬»® ½§½´» ©·¬¸±«¬ ·¼»½¿® ²»»¼ ±²´§ ±²» ®»¿® ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëé ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ´·¹¸¬å ¿²¼ ±²´§ ±²» ¬±° ´·¹¸¬ · ®»¹·¬»®»¼ò ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± ͬ±°´·¹¸¬ ¿®» ¿´± ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ º±® ©¸»»´ ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ °»»¼±³»¬»®ô ©¸·½¸ · ½¸¿·® ¿²¼ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² º·¨»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¼®·ª»® ¼·®»½¬ º·»´¼ ±º ª··±²ò ̸» ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ëðµ³ñ¸ô ¿¬ ³±¬ò °»»¼± · ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ º±® ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» Ú«®¬¸»®³±®» ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëíøì÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºó ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ º·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¬©± ®»¿® ±º íðµ³ñ¸ ¿¬ ³±¬ô ±® ·º ¿ ½¿´·¾®¿¬»¼ ¬¿½¸±ó ´·¹¸¬ ¿®» ²»½»¿®§ ±² ¬¸» ¾¿½µ ·¼» ±º ³±ó ¹®¿°¸ · ¾«·´¬ ·²ò ¬±® ª»¸·½´»ô ³±¬±® ½§½´» ©·¬¸±«¬ ·¼»ó½¿® ²»»¼ ±²´§ ±²» ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yêé øì÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊó Í»¿¬ ÆÑ÷ ¾·½§½´» ²»»¼ ±²» ®»¼ ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» Ú®±³ ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ ¾¿½µ ·¼» ¿²¼ ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ±²» ®»¼ ®»¿® ®»º´»½¬±®ô °»»¼ ±º îëµ³ñ¸ ±²©¿®¼ ¿´´ °¿»²¹»® ¿´´ ±¬¸»® ª»¸·½´» ²»»¼ ±²» ®»¼ ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ³±¬±® ½¿®ô ¾«» ¿²¼ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¬©± ®»¿® ®»º´»½¬±® ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yêê¿ ®±¿¼ «»¼ º±® ¬¸» ¬®¿²°±®¬ ±º ¹±±¼ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ò »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ »¿¬ô »¿¬ ¿²½¸±®·²¹ ¿²¼ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëì ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿º»¬§ ¾»´¬ò ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ·² °¿·® ¿¬¬¿½¸»¼ ¾´·²µ»® ͬ»»®·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ±º §»´´±©ô ïò븻®¬¦ øõñóðò븻®¬¦÷ °«´¿¬·²¹ ´·¹¸¬ò ̸· · ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ º±® ±°»² ©¸»»´ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yíè ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ½¸¿·®ô ´·¹¸¬ ³±¬±® ½§½´»ô ³¿´´ ³±¬±® ½§ó ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ½´» ¿²¼ ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´»ò Ѭ¸»® ª»ó ³«¬ ¹«¿®¿²¬»» ¿² »¿§ ¿²¼ ¿º» ¬»»®·²¹ ¸·½´»ô ¬±±ô ²»»¼ ²± ¾´·²µ»®ò ±º ¬¸» ª»¸·½´»ò ß´¿®³ ¼»ª·½» ̧®» »¯«·°³»²¬ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yëë ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² yíê ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ³«¬ øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¼»³¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¿´´ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¸¿ª» ±²» ¿´¿®³ ¼»ª·½» ¿¬ ´»¿¬ô ¬± ·¹²¿´ ³«¬ ¹»²»®¿´´§ ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ °²»«³¿¬·½ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©·¬¸±«¬ º®·¹¸¬»²·²¹ ¬§®» ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ±ª»® ¬¸» ©¸±´» ©·¼¬¸ ¬¸» ¬®»¿¼ ïê ïé ³«¬ ¸¿ª» °®±º·´» ±® ²±¬½¸» ©·¬¸ °®±º·´» «½¸ ³¿²²»® ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ · ¿´³±¬ ¿ ¾®±¿¼ ¿ ¼»°¬¸ ±º ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ïòê³³ ±² b ±º ¬¸» ¬®»¿¼ò ¬¸» ¸±«´¼»® ±º ¿ ²±®³¿´ ³¿²ô ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ · Ú±® ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´»ô ³¿´´ ³±¬±® ¿ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾´» ¿ ¿ ³¿² ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ½¿² ½§½´» ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¿ °®±º·´» ¼»°¬¸ ³±ª» ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ ·² ¬¸» ¿³» ¿®»¿ò ±º ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ï³³ · «ºº·½·»²¬ò Ë° ¬± ¿ °»»¼ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¼»·¹² ¿²¼ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¬¸» ±º îëµ³ñ¸ ®«¾¾»® ¬§®» ¿®» °»®³·¬¬»¼ô ¬±±ò ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ ¬¸»®»º±®» ¾»»² ¾«·´¬ º±® «» ·² °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿®»¿ô ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¼·¼ ²±¬ ·²¬»²¼ ¿² ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ³±¬±® ½¿® ±² ¬®¿ºó Ú·®¬ó¿·¼ »¯«·°³»²¬ º·½ ®±¿¼ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yíë¸ øî÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó Þ»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ¹®¿¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¿´´ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» °»»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¼·ºº»®»²¬ µ»§ ø»» ½¸¿°¬»® ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ º·®¬ó¿·¼ó³¿¬»®·¿´ ïòïò eÜ»ª·½»uô °¿¹» í÷ô ¿² ¿¼¿°¬»¼ °»»¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± Ü×Ò ïíïêì ¬¿²¼¿®¼ò ر©»ª»® ´·³·¬ ±º ¬¸» ª»¸·½´» · ¹»²»®¿´´§ °±·¾´»ò ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ©·¬¸ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º êµ³ñ¸ô ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ±® ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¼± ²±¬ ²»»¼ ¬¸» º·®¬ó¿·¼ó»¯«·°³»²¬ò îòíòï Í°®»¿¼ ¿²¼ ´·½»²·²¹ ·¬«¿¬·±² îòîòéݱ³°«´±®§ ©»¿®·²¹ ±º ¸»´³»¬ ËÍß yîï¿ øî÷ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿óײ Ö«²» îððîô ¾»º±®» ¬¸» ¿´» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ ®»¯«·®» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ±º ¿ ©¿§ ¬¿®¬»¼ ©·¼»´§ô ¬¸» ËÍóÍ»²¿¬» °¿»¼ ¿ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½±ó®·¼»® ¸¿ª» ¬± ©»¿® º»¼»®¿´ ´¿© ¬¸¿¬ ³¿¼» ¿ ¼·ºº»®»²½» ¾»¬©»»² ¸»´³»¬ ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ò ß ¿² »¨»³°¬·±² ®·¼ó¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¼»º·²» »® ±º ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ ¼± ²±¬ ²»»¼ ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ÛÐßÓÜ eÛ´»½¬®·½ л®±²¿´ ¸»´³»¬ ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ò η¼»® ±º ±¬¸»® ¼»ª·½»ô ß·¬·ª» Ó±¾·´·¬§ Ü»ª·½»uò ̸· ´¿© ¿´´±© ¬±±ô «½¸ ¿ ¾·½§½´» ±® ±º ±¬¸»® ³»¿² ±º ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿´ «» ±º Í»¹©¿§ ±² ·¼»©¿´µ ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²ô ¼± ²±¬ ²»»¼ ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´ó¿²¼ °®·ª¿¬» ¹®±«²¼ô ¾«¬ ´»¿ª» ¬¸» ¼»½·ó ³»¬ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ò·±² ±² º«®¬¸»® ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ô ·²½´«¼·²¹ °®±ó ¸·¾·¬·±²ô «° ¬± ¬¸» ·²¹´» ¬¿¬» ¿²¼ ´±½¿´ ¿«¬¸±®·¬·»ò îòíÍ°®»¿¼ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿´´ ײ ¿´³±¬ ¿´´ º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¬¸»®» ¿®» ³»¿²ó ±ª»® ¬¸» ©±®´¼ ¿²¼ »¨°»®·ó ©¸·´» ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ »²½» ±º ·¬ «» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ø·² ¬¸» ³¿° ¾´«»÷ò ײ ïî ±º ¬¸» ëï º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» ײ îððïô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ ¾»»² °®»»²¬»¼ Í»¹©¿§ · «²®»¬®·½¬»¼´§ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬± ·¼»ó ¿ ¿ ¼»ª·½» ¬¸¿¬ ¸±«´¼ ®»ª±´«¬·±²·¦» ¬¸» ©¿´µô ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ ¬®»»¬ò ײ ìí º»¼»®¿´ ½«´¬«®» ±º ³±¾·´·¬§ò ײ Ò±ª»³¾»® îððîô ¬¸» ¿´» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¾»¹¿²ô ·² ¬¸» ¬¿®¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿¼ ±²´§ ¾»»² ±´¼ ·² ¬¸» ËÍß ¿²¼ »¨½´«·ª»´§ ¾§ ¿³¿¦±²ò½±³ò Ó»¿²©¸·´» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ±´¼ ·²¬± ³¿²§ ½±«²¬®·» ©±®´¼ó Ó Ó ©·¼»ò ײ ±³» ½±«²¬®·» ¸±©»ª»® ¿ ½´¿·ó ÊÊ¿·¿· ÒÒ Ì̲² ØØ º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·²¬± ¬¸» ´±½¿´ ®±¿¼ Ó·Ó· »» л²Ð»² ½¸½¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó ²§´²§´ ·¹·¹ÓÓ ÉÉ ¿²¿²ªª¿¿²·²· ÜÜ Ê·Ê· ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² · ²±¬ »¿·´§ °±·¾´»ô ¬¸¿¬ · Ê·Ê· »» ¿¿ ®¹®¹ ®¹®¹ Ò±®¬Ò±®¬ ¬¸» ®»¿±² ©¸§ ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² °®±½»¼«®» ̻̻·²··²· ·²··²· ¬¬¸ ¸ ÍÍ ²²²²¿¿ ÝÝ ¿¿ Ý¿®Ý¿® ««¿´´§ ²»»¼ ¿ ½»®¬¿·² ¿³±«²¬ ±º »ºº±®¬ ¿²¼ ±± ÓÓ »» ¿®¿® ÙÙ«« ·· »» ±±´·´· ¬·³»ò Ò±©ô º±«® §»¿® ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ´¿«²½¸ ¬¸» ¿¿ »±»±¬¬ Ú´Ú´ ß´ß´²¿²¿ ¸¸ ØØ ¿¿ Í»¹©¿§ · ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ·² ³¿²§ ½±«²¬®·»ô °¿®¬´§ ·¬ °»½·º·½ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿®» ¬¿µ»² ·²¬± ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±² ª»®§ ¼·ºº»®»²¬´§ò Ú·¹«®» çæ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ËÍ󺻼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» øÜ¿®µ ¾´«»æ «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»¹«´¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¿´´±©»¼ô ´·¹¸¬ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ¼»·¹²»¼ ¿ ¿² e»²®·½¸ó ¾´«»æ «¿¹» ¬±´»®¿¬»¼ô ²± ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±® ²± ³¿²¼¿¬±®§ ³»²¬u ±º ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿²å Õ¿³»² °»¿µ ±º ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ô §»´´±©æ ±²¹±·²¹ ´»¹¿´ °®±½»ô ©¸·¬»æ ´¿© ¬± ¾» °¿»¼ ·² îððê÷ ¬¸» e»³°±©»®»¼ °»¼»¬®·¿²uò ̸»®»º±®» ͬ¿¬»æ ѽ¬±¾»® îððë ·¬ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ¬®·»¼ ¬± ¼»·¹² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ͱ«®½»æ Í»¹©¿§ Ô´½ò ïè ¬¿¬» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬± ·¼»©¿´µ ¿²¼ Ø«²¹¿®§ ¸¿ª» »¬ ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿´ ½±²¼·ó ©·¬¸ ¬¸®»» ±º ¬¸»³ ´·³·¬·²¹ ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ¬·±² º±® «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»ô °»»¼ ¿²¼ ·² í𠺻¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¬± ½§½´» ·² Û«®±°»ò ¬®¿½µò ïè º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¿´´±© ¬¸» «²®»¬®·½¬ó ̸» µ·²¼ ±º ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿®» ¿ ³¿²·º±´¼ »¼ «» ±² ¬®¿ºº·½ ®±¿¼ô ²·²» º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¿ ·² ¬¸» ËÍßæ ¿´´±© ¬¸» «» ±²´§ ±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ °»»¼ ´·³·¬ øîðóìë³°¸ô ©¸·½¸ · ¿¾±«¬ íîóéîµ³ñ¸÷ ¿²¼ ײ ß«¬®·¿ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yî øï÷ Æò îî ±º ¬¸» ¬»² º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¹®¿²¬ ¿² »¨½»°¬·±²¿´ «» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬ®¿A»²ª»®µ»¸®ó ·² «½¸ ½¿» ©¸»®» ²± ·¼»©¿´µ ±® ½§½´» Ñ®¼²«²¹÷ ¿²¼ yï øî¿÷ ±º ¬¸» ³±¬±® ½¿® ¬®¿½µ »¨·¬ ±® °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ¾·½§½´·¬ ¿®» ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øÕ®¿º¬º¿¸®¹»»¬¦»÷ ¬¸» °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬± ¬®¿ºº·½ ®±¿¼ò ß² ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± Í»¹©¿§ · ®»¹¿®¼»¼ ¿ »´»½¬®·½ ¼®·ª»² ¾·ó ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ · ª¿´·¼ ·² ²·²» º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬»ô ½§½´» ©·¬¸±«¬ ¿²§ º«®¬¸»® ®»¬®·½¬·±² ¿²¼ ·² »·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸»³ ±²´§ º±® °»®±² «²¼»® ¿¹»ò ¬¸»®»º±®» ·¬ «» · ´·³·¬»¼ ¬± ½§½´» ¬®¿½µò ײ ïí º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¬¸» ³·²·³«³ ¿¹» º±® ®·¼ó ײ ¬¸» ݦ»½¸ λ°«¾´·½ô ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» ·²¹ ¿ Í»¹©¿§ · ïê §»¿®ò ײ ݱ²²»½¬·½«¬ô Í»¹©¿§ · °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¾§ ³·²·¬®§ ¼»½®»» θ±¼» ×´¿²¼ô Ó¿¿½¸«»¬¬ ¿²¼ Ò»© DZ®µ ¬± ·¼»©¿´µ ©·¬¸ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ë ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¸±«´¼ ¾» °¿»¼ ·² îððêò µ³ñ¸ ¿²¼ ¬± ¿´´ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ©·¬¸ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º íð µ³ñ¸ò Û«®±°» ײ Ù®»»½»ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ³·²ó ·¬®§ ¼»½®»» ²± ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ ½¿² ¬¸»®»º±®» ߺ¬»® ¬¸» ´¿«²½¸ ·² ¬¸» ËÍß Í»¹©¿§ Ô´½ò · ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¾» «»¼ ±² ·¼»©¿´µò °®»°¿®·²¹ ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² °®±½» º±® «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»ô ·² ±¬¸»® ½±«²óײ ᮬ«¹¿´ ¿ ©»´´ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿½½±®¼ó ¬®·»ô ¿¾±ª» ¿´´ ·² Û«®±°»ò Ú®¿²½»ô Ù®»»½»ô ·²¹ ¬± ³·²·¬®§ ¼»½®»» ²± ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ ½¿² ׬¿´§ô ß«¬®·¿ô ᮬ«¹¿´ô ¬¸» ݦ»½¸ λ°«¾´·½ ¬¸»®»º±®» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¾» «»¼ ±² ·¼»©¿´µò ײ Ø«²¹¿®§ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ³·²·¬®§ ¼»½®»» ²± ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ ½¿² ¬¸»®»ó º±®» ¾» «»¼ ±² ·¼»©¿´µ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ò ײ ׬¿´§ô ¼«®·²¹ ¿ ²±¬ º«®¬¸»® ¼»º·²»¼ ¬»¬ °¸¿»ô ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬± ·¼»©¿´µ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ô ¬± ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿¬ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º îð µ³ñ¸ò ײ Ú®¿²½»ô ¼«®·²¹ ¿ ²±¬ º«®¬¸»® ¼»º·²»¼ ¬»¬ °¸¿»ô ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬± ·¼»©¿´µ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ò ײ Í°¿·²ô ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¾¿· · «²½´»¿®å ¬¸» ²±© ¿°°´·»¼ ·²¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ¬±´»®¿¬» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² ·¼»©¿´µ ¿¬ ©¿´µó ·²¹ °»»¼ò ײ ¬¸» Ò»¬¸»®´¿²¼ô ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¾¿· · «²ó ½´»¿®ô ¬¸» °±´·½» ¬±´»®¿¬» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ °»»¼ ±º ê µ³ñ¸ ±²´§ ±² ½§ó ½´» ¬®¿½µô ·º ¬¸» ®·¼»® ©¿ ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ïê §»¿® ±º ¿¹»ô °±»»¼ ¿ ®·¼»® ´·½»²½» º±® ³±ó °»¼ ¿²¼ ¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ·²«®¿²½»ò ײ Þ»´¹·«³ô Ù®»¿¬ Þ®·¬¿·² ¿²¼ Í©·¬¦»®´¿²¼ ´·µ» ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ¬¸» ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó Ú·¹«®» ïðæ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Û«®±°» ©¿§ · ¾»·²¹ ¼·½«»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» øÜ¿®µ ¾´«»æ «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»¹«´¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¿´´±©»¼ô ´·¹¸¬ ¿«¬¸±®·¬·»ô «²¬·´ ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸· ²±®³ º·²¼·²¹ ¾´«»æ «¿¹» ¬±´»®¿¬»¼ô ²± ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±® ²± ³¿²¼¿¬±®§ °®±½»¼«®» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «» · ²±¬ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ô §»´´±©æ ±²¹±·²¹ ´»¹¿´ °®±½»ô ¹®»§æ ´»¹¿´ ¬± °«¾´·½ °¿½»ò ײ Þ»´¹·«³ô ·¬ ©¿ °«¾´·½´§ °®±½» ·² ª·»© ¿²²±«²½»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¹±ª»®²³»²¬ ©·´´ °¿ ͬ¿¬» ѽ¬±¾»® îððë »²¿¾´·²¹ ´»¹·´¿¬·±² ·² îððêò ͱ«®½»æ Í»¹©¿§ Ô´½òô ©·¬¸ ¿´¬»®¿¬·±² ïç Ú»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬»Ð»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬±Ý±³°«´±óß¹»Ð»¼»¬®·¿² ײ ½±³³«²·ó ݧ½´»®§ ¸»´³»¬®»¬®·½¬·±²´¿©¬§ ®»°±²·ó Í·¼»©¿´µ¬®¿½µÎ±¿¼¾·´·¬§ ß´¿¾¿³¿ ß´¿µ¿ ß®·¦±²¿ ·º ²± ·¼»©¿´µ »¨·¬ò ïê ß®µ¿²¿ Ý¿´·º±®²·¿ ݱ´±®¿¼± ݱ²²»½¬·½«¬ Ü»´¿©¿®»±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íð ³°¸·º «²¼»® ïê Ü·¬®·½¬ ±º ïê ݱ´«³¾·¿²±¬ ·² ¾«·ó ²» ¿®»¿ Ú´±®·¼¿±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò îë ³°¸·º «²¼»®ïê Ù»±®¹·¿ ±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íë ³°¸·º «²¼»®ïêïêô ·º «·²¹ ®±¿¼ Ø¿©¿·· ïê ³¿¨ò è ³°¸ ×¼¿¸± ×´´·²±··º °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿®» °»®³·¬¬»¼ ³¿¨ò è ³°¸ ײ¼·¿²¿ ×±©¿ ïê Õ¿²¿ Õ»²¬«½µ§ Ô±«··¿²¿±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò îë ³°¸ Ó¿·²»±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íë ³°¸ ³¿¨ò ë ³°¸·º ²± ·¼»ó©¿´µ ±® ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ »¨·¬ò Ó¿®§´¿²¼ ±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íð ³°¸·º «²¼»® ïê ·º ²± ·¼»ó©¿´µ ±® ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ »¨·¬ò Ó¿¿½¸«»¬¬ Ó·½¸·¹¿² ±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò îë ³°¸ Ó·²²»±¬¿±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íë ³°¸ ·º ²± ·¼»ó©¿´µ »¨·¬òò Ó···°°·©¸»®» ¾·½§½´» ¿®» °»®³·¬ó ¬»¼ Ó·±«®·±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò ìë ³°¸ ïê Ó±²¬¿²¿ Ò»¾®¿µ¿©·¬¸±«¬ ³¿·² ®±¿¼ ¿²¼ ¸·¹¸©¿§ Ò»ª¿¼¿ Ò»© Ø¿³°¸·®» Ò»© Ö»®»§ïê Ò»© Ó»¨·½± Ò»© DZ®µ Ò±®¬¸ Ý¿®±´·²¿±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò îë ³°¸ Ò±®¬¸ Ü¿µ±¬¿ Ѹ·±·º «²¼»®ïèïì ѵ´¿¸±³¿ ïê Ñ®»¹±² л²²§´ª¿²·¿ ·º «²¼»® ïî θ±¼» ×´¿²¼©¸»®» ¾·½§½´» ¿®» °»®³·¬ó ïê ¬»¼ ͱ«¬¸ Ý¿®±´·²¿ ·º ²± ·¼»©¿´µ »¨·¬ò ͱ«¬¸ Ü¿µ±¬¿ Ì»²²»»» Ì»¨¿±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íð ³°¸ ·º ²± ·¼»©¿´µ »¨·¬ò ˬ¿¸±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò íë ³°¸·º «²¼»® ïèïê ·º ¾·µ» ¿®» °»®³·¬¬»¼ Ê»®³±²¬ ïê Ê·®¹·²·¿ ±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò îë ³°¸·º «²¼»® ïëïì ·º ²± ·¼»©¿´µ »¨·¬ò É¿¸·²¹¬±² É»¬ Ê·®¹·²·¿ É·½±²·² ±² ®±¿¼ ©·¬¸ ³¿¨ò îë ³°¸ ɧ±³·²¹ Ú·¹«®» ïïæ «®ª»§ ±º ¬¸» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ËÍ󺻼»®¿´ ¬¿¬»ô ¬¿¬» ѽ¬±¾»® îððë ͱ«®½»æ Í»¹©¿§ Ô´½ò îð îòíòîÛ¨°»®·»²½» ·² ½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ´·³·¬»¼ ½¿°¿½·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ¿½½«ó ³«´¿¬±®ò ͱ³» ¯«»¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¿®» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ô ¬±±æ Ú±® «» ±² ¬®¿ºº·½ ߺ¬»® ´¿«²½¸ ½±³°¿²·» ¿²¼ ·²¬·¬«¬·±² ®±¿¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ±º¬»² ¬¸±«¹¸¬ ¬± ¾» ¬±± º±®³»¼ ¬¸» ³¿·² ¬¿®¹»¬ ¹®±«° ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó ´±©ô º±® «» ±² ·¼»©¿´µ ¬±± º¿¬ô ®»°»½ó ©¿§ò ׬ ©¿ »¨°»½¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ³¿·´ ¼·¬®·¾«¬·±²óô ¬·ª»´§ ·¬ ³¿·² ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» «½¸ ¿ ³¿²±»«ó »½«®·¬§ó ¿²¼ °±´·½» »®ª·½» ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ½±³ó ª®¿¾·´·¬§ô °»»¼ ½¿²²±¬ ¾» «ºº·½·»²¬´§ «»¼ò °¿²·» ©·¬¸ »¨¬»²¼»¼ ©±®µ °®»³·» ¿²¼ ׬ · ±º¬»² ½®·¬·½·¦»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °¿®µ·²¹ ¬¿²¼ ó ¸¿´´ ©»®» ³«½¸ ·²¬»®»¬»¼ô ¾»½¿«» º±® ¾®»¿µ ¬±± »¿·´§ ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ±²´§ ©·¬¸ ¬®±«¾´» ¬¸»³ô ¼«» ¬± ¸·¹¸»® ²«³¾»® ±º °·»½»ô ¬¸» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¾» º·¨»¼ ¿¬ ¾·½§½´» ¬¿²¼ò ¬·´´ ¸·¹¸ °®·½» ©±«´¼ ²±¬ ¾» ± ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ¿ ß´¬¸±«¹¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±«´¼ ¸±© ·¬ ½¿°¿ó º±® ·²¹´» ¾«§»®ò ß ´±¬ ±º ®»¿±² ³¿§ »¨ó ¾·´·¬§ ¬± ½´±» ¬®¿ª»´ ½¸¿·²ô ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±² ±º °´¿·²ô ©¸§ ¬¸» ¿´» º·¹«®» ¼·¼ ²±¬ ³»»¬ ¬¸» ·¬ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ·² ¬¸» °«¾´·½ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬ ¿³¾·¬·±« »¨°»½¬¿¬·±²ô ±²» ±º ¬¸»³ ¾»·²¹ · ±º¬»² ´»¹¿´´§ «²½´»¿®ò ׬ · ¼·½«»¼ ·²¬»²ó ¬¸» «²½´»¿® ·¬«¿¬·±² ±º ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¬± °«¾´·½ ·ª»´§ô ©¸»¬¸»® º±® ¸±®¬ ¼·¬¿²½» ¬¸» Í»¹ó °¿½» ·² ³¿²§ ½±«²¬®·»ò ©¿§ ½±«´¼ ®»°´¿½» ¿ ½¿® ø¿ · ·²¬»²¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ËÍóß³»®·½¿² ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»®÷ ±® ©¸»¬¸»® ̱¼¿§ô ¬¸» ³¿®µ»¬·²¹ ¬®¿¬»¹§ ¿·³ ³±®» ·¬ ½±³°»¬» ©·¬¸ ¾·½§½´·²¹ ¿²¼ ©¿´µ·²¹ò ̸» ¿¬ °®·ª¿¬» ½´·»²¬ò Ü«» ¬± ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó Í»¹©¿§ ¿´´±© ¾»·²¹ º¿¬ »² ®±«¬»ô ¿´³±¬ ©¿§ ±² º¿·® ¿²¼ ·¹¸¬ »»·²¹ ¬±«®ô ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©·¬¸±«¬ ©¿·¬·²¹ °»®·±¼ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ °®±¾ó ©¿§ó®»²¬¿´ »®ª·½» ±² ½»²¬®¿´ °´¿½» ±º ½·¬·» ´»³ ¬± º·²¼ ¿ °¿®µ·²¹ °´¿½» ó ·² ½±³°¿®·±² ¿²¼ ¿·®°±®¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½´»ª»® °®»»²¬¿¬·±² ·² ¬± ¬¸» ½¿® ¬¸· · ½±²·¼»®¿¾´§ ¬·³» ¿ª·²¹ò ¬¸» ³»¼·¿ô ¬¸» ²±ª»´ ¼»ª·½» »¨°»®·»²½» ¿ ¹®»¿¬»® °®»»²½» ·² °«¾´·½ ½±²½·±«²»ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» ¿®» ·¬ ³¿²·º±´¼ °±¬»²¬·¿´ º±® «» ¾»·¼» °«¾´·½ °¿½» ¿²¼ Ó»¿²©¸·´» ·¬ · «²±ºº·½·¿´´§ »¬·³¿¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ »²ª·®±²³»²¬¿´ °®±¬»½¬·ª» «» ¼«» ¬± ´±©ó ïëòðð𠬱 îðòððð ¼»ª·½» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ±´¼å »³··±²ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±«´¼ ¾» ±º ¿·¬ó ¬¸» ³¿¶±®·¬§ ±º ¬¸»³ ¿®» «»¼ ·² ¬¸» ËÍßò ¿²½» º±® °»±°´» ©¸± ½¿²²±¬ ©¿´µ °®±°»®´§ ̸¿¬ ©¸§ ³±¬ «»® ¬¿¬»³»²¬ ¿²¼ »¨ó ±® º±® °»®±² «ºº»®·²¹ º®±³ ³«´¬·°´» ½´»ó °»®·»²½» ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ »ª»®§ ¼¿§ «» ®±· ·² »ª»®§ó¼¿§ó´·º» ¿²¼ ¹·ª» ¾¿½µ ±³» ½±³» º®±³ ¬¸» ËÍßò λ´·¿¾´» ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸»·® º±®³»® ³±¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ¯«¿´·¬§ ±º ´·º»ò ±² ´±²¹ó¬»®³ «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿²²±¬ §»¬ ׬ ¸¿ ±º¬»² ¾»»² °±·¬·ª»´§ ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¾» ³¿¼»ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» °®»»²½» ±² ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿«» ¿´³±¬ ²± ²±·» ¬¸» ³¿®µ»¬ · ¬·´´ ¬±± ¸±®¬ò ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ²±·» ¿²¼ »³··±² °±´´«¬·±² ¿®» ª»®§ ´±©ò ̸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ É·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¬¸» Û¨°»®·»²½» ¿®» ®»°±®¬»¼ ±² ¼·ºº»®»²¬ °®·ó ´¿½µ ±º ¿ °»»¼± · ±½½¿·±²¿´´§ ³»²¬·±²»¼ô ª¿¬» ©»¾·¬» ¿²¼ °´¿¬º±®³ ´·µ» ¬¸» eÍ»¹ó ¿´± ¬¸» ´¿½µ ±º ·¹²¿´´·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·» ¿ ©»´´ ©¿§ ݸ¿¬u Å»» ¸¬¬°æññ©©©ò»¹©¿§½¸¿¬ò ¿ ¬¸» «²º¿ª±«®¿¾´» °±·¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ©¿®²·²¹ ½±³ñ º®±³ Ò±ª»³¾»® ïô îððëà ¿²¼ ¬·° ´·¹¸¬ º±® ¾¿¬¬»®§ ´±¿¼ò Ó»¿²©¸·´» ¿½½»±ó ¿²¼ ¿¼ª·½» º±® ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¿®» ½±³³«ó ®·» ¸±° ±º ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ±ºº»® ´·¹¸¬·²¹ ²·½¿¬»¼ò ײ ¼·½«·±² ¬¸» °®± ¿²¼ ½±²¬®¿ó ¿²¼ ´±½µò °±·¬·±² ±º¬»² ½±´´·¼»æ °»®±² ©¸± ¿®» ·² ײ îððí ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿ ®»½¿´´ ¿½¬·±² ±º Í»¹ó º¿ª±«® ¿²¼ ½«®·±« ±º ³±¼»®² ¬»½¸²±´±¹§ ©¿§ ±´¼ ·² ¬¸» ËÍßô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ±º¬©¿®» «» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©·¬¸ ¹®»¿¬ »²¬¸±«·¿³ Å»» ®«² º¿´»´§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿º»¬§ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¬¬°æññ©©©ò»¹¿³»®·½¿ò±®¹ñ º®±³ Ò±ª»³¾»® ½±«´¼ ²±¬ ´±²¹»® ¾» ¹«¿®¿²¬»»¼ò ̸· °®±¾ó ïô îððëà ô ¿²¼ °®¿¹³¿¬·¬ô ©¸± ¼± ²±¬ »» ´»³ · ±´ª»¼ º±® ¬¸» ²»© ¹»²»®¿¬·±² ±º Í»¹ó ¿² ±°»²·²¹ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¬¸» ¬®¿²°±®¬ ©¿§ò §¬»³ ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ®»¶»½¬ ·¬ º±® ¾»·²¹ «²ó ²»½»¿®§ ±® ¿ ³»®» º«² ¼»ª·½» Å»»¸¬¬°æññ ©©©ò»¹©¿§½¸¿¬ò½±³ñ¬±°·½ñêêé󻹩¿§ò ß½½·¼»²¬ ¸¬³ ¿²¼ ¸¬¬°æññ©©©ò©¿´µ±ºò±®¹ñ»¹©¿§ñ ̸» ²«³¾»® ±º µ²±©² ¿½½·¼»²¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¸±©Ì±ò¸¬³ º®±³ Ò±ª»³¾»® ïô îððëà ò Í»¹©¿§ · ³¿´´ò Ò± ¿½½·¼»²¬ ©·¬¸ ´»¬¸¿´ Ѻ¬»² ½·¬»¼ ¼·¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ »²¼·²¹ ±½½«®®»¼å ¹»²»®¿´´§ ¬¸»®» ©»®» ³·´¼ ¿®»æ ¸·¹¸ ©»·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ³¿´´ ®¿²¹» ¾»ó ·²¶«®·» ±® º®¿½¬«®»ò ̸» ³»¼·¿ ®»°±®¬»¼ ®»ó îï íÛ³°·®·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿ °»¿¬»¼´§ ¿¾±«¬ ±²» °±´·½»³¿² º®±³ ߬´¿²¬¿ô ËÍßô ¸¿ª·²¹ e¬¸» º·®¬ µ²±©² Í»¹©¿§ ¿½½·ó ¼»²¬uò ̸» ±ºº·½»® º»´´ô ¿ ¸» ©¿²¬»¼ ¬± °¿ ß ¿´®»¿¼§ °®»»²¬»¼ ·² ½¸¿°¬»® ïòê ¬¸» ½«®¾ô »°¿®¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» ·¼»©¿´µ º®±³ ¬¸» eÓ»¬¸±¼ ¿²¼ °®±½»¼«®»uô °¿¹» ëô ¼«®·²¹ ®±¿¼ò Ø» ·²¶«®»¼ ¸· µ²»»ò ̸· ´·µ» ±¬¸»® ¬¸» ¬¸®»»ó³±²¬¸ó°·´±¬ ½¸»³» ¼¿¬¿ ¸¿ª» µ²±©² ¿½½·¼»²¬ »»³ ¬± ¾» ½¿«»¼ »·¬¸»® ¾»»² ½±´´»½¬»¼ ±² ³«´¬·°´» ´»ª»´ ¬± ®»ª·»© ¾§ ¬¸» ®·¼»® º¿´» »¬·³¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±² ¬¸» ³¿·² ½±²¼·¬·±²ô «²¼»® ©¸·½¸ ¿ «» ±º ±® ¬»®®¿·² ±® ¾§ ±ª»®»¬·³¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ ½¿² ¾» ®»¹«´¿¬»¼æ » ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® µ·´´ò ײ ݱ³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¬»¬ ®·¼·²¹ ²± ½¿» ¬¸» ¿½½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°°»²»¼ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¿² ¿ ½·®½«·¬ ©·¬¸ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¿² «²»¨°»½¬»¼ ½±²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «ó Ê·¼»± ½±²¬®±´ ©·¬¸ ª·¼»± ½±²º´·½¬ ¿²¿´§· »® ±® ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ º¿·´«®»ò Ò»ªó η¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® »®¬¸»´» ·² ±³» ¬¿¬» ±º ¬¸» ËÍß ¬¸· ´»¼ ײ¬»®ª·»© ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¬± ¿ °®±¸·¾·¬·±² ¬± «» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² ·¼»ó °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©¿´µ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» °±¬»²¬·¿´ ®·µ º±® ¿½ó Ì»´»°¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» ½·¼»²¬ ©·¬¸ «²·²ª±´ª»¼ °¿»®ó¾§ ¿²¼ ¾»ó ½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ®»´¿¬·ª» °»»¼ ¼·ºº»®»²½»ò Ó±¬ °®±³·²»²¬ »¨¿³°´» · Í¿² Ú®¿²½·½±ô ©¸»®» íòïﮬ·½·°¿²¬ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ·²¬»®»¬ ¹®±«° ¸¿ª» ·²¬»²·ª»´§ ¼·½«»¼ ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿®» »³°´±§»» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² ·¼»©¿´µ ¸¿ ³»¿²©¸·´» ¾»»² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² °¿¬®±´´·²¹ Ü·¬®·½¬ б´·½» ¿²¼ °®±¸·¾·¬»¼Å¸¬¬°æññ©©©ò©¿´µºò±®¹ñ»¹©¿§ñ ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ы¾´·½ ߺº¿·® Ñºó º®±³ Ò±ª»³¾»® ïô îððëÃ å ²»ª»®¬¸»´» ¬¸» º·½»ò ß´´ ±º ¬¸»³ °¿®¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ª±´«²¬¿®·´§ ·² Í»¹©¿§ · ¿´´±©»¼ ¬± «» ±² ½§½´·²¹ º¿½·´·ó ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬®·¿´ò ¬·» ¿²¼ ±² ®±¿¼ò ұ߹»Ù»²óÔ»º¬ó©»¿®Ø»¿´¬¸Ë»¼ ³»¿² Í°±®¬Ú®»¯«»²½§ Í»¹©¿§ ¼»®´ò¸¿²¼»¼¹´¿»°®±¾´»³±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²±º °±®¬©¿ µ²±©² ïÍÞì𳿴»²±§»ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹ô ¾·½§½´»ô ·²´·²» »ªò ¬·³» ó ³±¬±® ½§½´»ô ó ½±±¬»® µ¿¬·²¹°»® ©»»µ îÍÞìí³¿´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µó¾·½§½´»ô µ··²¹ô º±±¬ »ªò ¬·³» ¸»¿®¼ñ®»¿¼ ·²¹ô °«¾´·½ ³»¿² ±ò ¾¿´´°»® ©»»µ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±² íÍÞìﳿ´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ³±¬±® ¾·½§½´»ô µ··²¹»ªò ¬·³» ó ½§½´»ô ó ½±±¬»®°»® ©»»µ ìÍÞì𳿴»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹¾·½§½´»ô¬»²²·»ªò ¬·³» ¸»¿®¼ñ®»¿¼ °»® ©»»µ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ ëÍÞí鳿´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹ô ¾·½§½´»ô µ··²¹ô »ªò ¬·³» ó ³±¬±® ½§½´»ô ó ½±±¬»®·²´·²» µ¿¬·²¹°»® ©»»µ êÍÞíí³¿´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®¾·½§½´»´»ñ²±¬ó ®»¹«´¿®´§ éÍÞëí³¿´»²±²±¾¿½µ±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»¾·½§½´»ô ¬»²ó²·ô »ªò ¬·³» ó °®±¾´»³ô¸¿²¼ó¾¿´´ô »²¼«®ó°»® ©»»µ ¸·¹¸ó¸§¿²½» èÍÞì볿´»²±²±¾¿½µ±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹ô »ªò ¬·³» ó °®±¾´»³³±¬±® ½§½´»ô ó ½±±¬»®·²´·²» µ¿¬·²¹°»® ©»»µ çÍÞë´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹¾·½§½´»»ªò ¬·³» ¸»¿®¼ñ®»¿¼ °»® ©»»µ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ ïðÒÕì賿´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´»ô ©¿´µ·²¹¼±¹ °±®¬¼¿·´§¸»¿®¼ñ®»¿¼ ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ ïïÒÕì볿´»²±²±ó±©² ½¿®·²´·²» µ¿¬·²¹ô ¼¿·´§¸»¿®¼ñ®»¿¼ ¾±¼§ó¾«·´¼·²¹ô ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ ¾±¨·²¹ ïîÒÕì곿´»²±²±¾¿½µ±©² ½¿®ô ©¿´µ·²¹ô ³±¬±® ²ò²ò»ªò ¬·³» ¸»¿®¼ñ®»¿¼ °®±¾´»³½§½´»ô ó ½±±¬»®°»® ©»»µ¿¾±«¬ ·¬ ïíÒÕë볿´»²±§»ó±©² ½¿®ô ©¿´µó·²¹ô ³±¬±® ²ò²ò´»ñ²±¬ó ½§½´»ô ó ½±±¬»®®»¹«´¿®´§ ïìÒÕë𳿴»§»§»ó±©² ½¿®µ··²¹±²½» ¿ ©»»µó ïëÒÕì쳿´»§»§»Þ¿½µ±©² ½¿®ô ¾·ó½§½´»ô ©¿´µó¾·½§½´»±²½» ¿ ©»»µ¿´®»¿¼§ °®±¾´»³·²¹»»² ¿ Í»¹©¿§ Ú·¹«®» ïîæ «®ª»§ ±º ¬»¬ °»®±² îî Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ß´®»¿¼§ ·² ß«¹«¬ô ¿ ½±«°´» ±º ¼¿§ ¾»ó º±®» ¬¸» ¬¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Í·¨ °»®±² ¬±±µ °¿®¬ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬®±¼«½¬·±² ݱ³°¿²§ ¸¿²¼»¼ ±«¬ ±²» Í»¹©¿§ ¬± ¬¸» ³»»¬·²¹ô ¾«¬ ±²´§ ¬¸®»» ¬»¬ °»®±² ®»¹«ó ײ¬·¬«¬» º±® Ó±¾·´·¬§ ú Ì®¿²°±®¬ ·³±ª»ò Ì»¬ ´¿®´§ ®±¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °·´±¬ ®·¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸» ¬»®®¿·² ±º ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ˲·ª»®ó °»®·±¼ò Ú±® ¬¸» ²±²ó°¿®¬·½·°¿¬·±² ¬¸» º±´´±©ó ·¬§ Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ¾®±«¹¸¬ ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ·²ó ·²¹ ®»¿±² ©»®» º±®©¿®¼»¼æ ̸»§ ¼·¼ ²±¬ º±®³¿¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ¿²¼ º»»´ ©»´´ ·² ¬¸»·® °®±³·²»²¬ °±·¬·±² ±² ¬¸» ®·¼»® µ·´´ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸»» ¼¿¬¿ ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿´ Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ·² ¹¿·²·²¹ ¿¬¬»²¬·±² ¾§ «·²¹ ½±²¼·¬·±² ±º ¿ ¬»¬ ½·®½«·¬ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¼»¬»®ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸»®»º±®» ±²´§ ¬¸®»» °»®±² ³·²»¼ò °¿®¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ¿²¼ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¯«»¬·±²»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¬©± ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ò׬ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¬¿µ» ´±²¹ «²¬·´ ¬¸» ¿²¿´§· ±º ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¾¿· º±® ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» º·®¬ »¨ó °»®·»²½» ·² ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ³¿¼» ·¬ ±¾ª·±« Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¬¸¿¬ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô »ª»² °»®±² °¿®¬·½·°¿¬ó ³·¹¸¬ ¾» ²»½»¿®§ º±® ¿ ´»¹¿´ ª·»©ò ̸· ´»¼ »¼ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬®±¼«½¬·±² ³»»¬·²¹ô ¬©± ±ºº·½»® ¬± ¬¸» ¼»½··±² ¬± ½¿®®§ ±«¬ »ª»®¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ©»®» ±² ¸±´·¼¿§ ¿¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬·³»ô ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ¬»¬ ¾»·¼» ¬¸» ±®·¹·²¿´´§ °´¿²²»¼ ¬»¬ ®·¼ó ©»®» ¬®¿·²»¼ ´¿¬»® ¸±© ¬± «» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ·²¹ò Þ§ ¬¸· ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ½±«´¼ ̸»» ²·²» ¬»¬ °»®±² ¬±±µ °¿®¬ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ¾» ±¾¬¿·²»¼ò ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ò Ü«» ¬± ¼·½±³º±®¬ ±²» ±ºó º·½»® ½±«´¼ ®·¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±²´§ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ Ѳ ¿ ³¿´´ ½¿´»ô º·®¬ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©»®» ¬©± ©»»µô »·¹¸¬ ±ºº·½»® ®±¼» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿´ó ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ·² ¬¸» ½·®ó ³±¬ ®»¹«´¿®´§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °·´±¬ °»®·±¼ò ½«·¬ º±® ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ®»¿±²ò Ѳ ¿ ´¿®¹»® Í·¨ ±º ¬¸» »·¹¸¬ ¬»¬ °»®±² °¿®¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ·² ½¿´»ô ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ·² Í»°¬»³¾»® ¬¸» »½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ó ¿²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ò ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²ô ¿²¼ ©»®» ¿²¿´§»¼ ¾§ Ê·ó r Ê߬®¿ºº·½ò Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô ¬±±ô »°»½·¿´´§ ·² ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ·² ¿ º¿® ¹®»¿¬ó ¾»¹·²²·²¹ô ¬¸»®» ©¿ ½®·¬·½·³ ¿³±²¹¬ »® ²«³¾»® ½±³°¿®»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» º·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ò °¿»®ó¾§ ¿²¼ ½±´´»¿¹«»ò ß³±²¹ ±¬¸»® ¬¸·²¹ ·¬ ©¿ ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ²±¬ ½±²·¬»²¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¿«¬¸±®·¬§ ¿²¼ íòîòïײ¬®±¼«½¬·±² ·²¬± ¼·¹²·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ±ºº·½·¿´ º«²½¬·±²ò Ò»ª»®¬¸»´» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿´´ ¬»¬ °»®±² ½±²¬·²«»¼ ¬± °¿®¬·½·°¿¬» ·² ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬®·¿´ò ײ ß«¹«¬ ïêô îððë ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ ·² ß«¹«¬ ïéô îððë ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¬¸» Í»¹ó ͬ¿¬·¬·½ ©¿§ ݱ³°¿²§ ·²¬®±¼«½»¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¬± ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¿²¼ ½¿®®·»¼ ß´´ »´»ª»² ¬»¬ °»®±² ®»¹«´¿®´§ «·²¹ ¬¸» ±«¬ ·²¬®±¼«½¬±®§ ¬®¿·²·²¹ò ײ ¿ ¬¸»±®»¬·½¿´ ¼»ª·½» ©»®» ³»² ¾»¬©»»² íð ¿²¼ ëë §»¿® °¿®¬ ±º ¿¾±«¬ ï ¸±«®ô ¬¸» ½±³°¿²§ °®»ó ±º ¿¹»ô ¬¸» ³»¼·«³ ¿¹» ¾»·²¹ ììòè §»¿®ò ײ »²¬»¼ ¬¸» º«²½¬·±²·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¾¿· ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ °®±¶»½¬ ¿´´ °»®±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ·¬ °¸§·½¿´ ´·³·¬¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ©»®» ¸»¿´¬¸§ ¿²¼ ·² ¹±±¼ °¸§·½¿´ ¸¿°»ò ײ ¬¸» ±ºº·½·¿´ ¿º»¬§ ª·¼»±ò ߺ¬»®©¿®¼ ¬¸» °¿®ó ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ º±«® °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ·²¼·½¿¬»¼ ¬± ¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±«´¼ «» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» º±® ¬¸» º·®¬ «ºº»® º®±³ ¾¿½µ °®±¾´»³ô ²± ±¬¸»® °¸§·ó ¬·³»ò ̸» °®¿½¬·½¿´ ·²¬®±¼«½¬·±² º±´´±©»¼ ½¿´ ¼·½±³º±®¬ ©»®» ³»²¬·±²»¼ò ¬¸» ½¸»³»ô ©¸·½¸ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ¬»¬»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ݱ³°¿²§ ±ª»® »ª»®¿´ §»¿®ô ¿²¼ ·² ©¸·½¸ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¼»ª·½» ½±²ó íòîÌ»¬ ®·¼·²¹ ¬®±´ ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬»¬ ¿®» ¿½½±³°¿²·»¼ ¾§ ¿ °»®ó ±² ©¸± ½±«´¼ ·²¬»®ª»²» ¿²¼ ¬¿¾·´·¦» ¬¸» Í°»½·¿´ ¬»¬ ®·¼·²¹ ©¿ ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¾»·¼» ¼»ª·½» ¿¬ ¿²§ ¬·³»æ ®·¼·²¹ ·² ¼¿·´§ °®¿½¬·½» ¬± ¹¿·² ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ¬¿¬»ó ³»²¬ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿º»¬§ ©¸·´» ïòײ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸±«´¼ «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ³±®» ¿³¾·¬·±« ®·¼·²¹ ±²´§ ¬¿²¼ ±² ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ´»¿®² ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º º«²½¬·±² ±º ¾¿´¿²½» ½±³°»²¿¬·±² ¬¸» ®·¼»® »¨°»®·»²½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» °»»¼ ±º «½ó îòߺ¬»®©¿®¼ ¬¸» ¿º» ³±«²¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ¼·ó ½»º«´ ´»¿®²·²¹ò ³±«²¬·²¹ ©¿ »¨»®½·»¼ô ©¸»®»¾§ ¬¸» îí ¼»ª·½» ¸±«´¼ ¾» °±·¬·±²»¼ ±² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿³» °´¿½»ô ¿ º¿® ¿ °±·¾´» ß¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ·² ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ±® ³±®» ¿³¾·¬·±« íò̸»² ¬¸» ®·¼»® »¨»®½·»¼ ¹±·²¹ ¬®¿·¹¸¬ ¬®¿ºº·½ ·¬«¿¬·±² ±² ±ª»® ¿ ¸±®¬ ¼·¬¿²½» ¿²¼ ±² ¬¸» »²¼ó ̸» °»»¼ ±º «½½»º«´ ´»¿®²·²¹ °±·²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬®¿½µ ¬¸»§ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¬«®² ¬¸» ̸» ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ¼»ª·½» ¾§ ïèð± ¿²¼ ¹± ¾¿½µ ̸» ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ·² »ª»®§ ìòɸ·´» ½±®²»®·²¹ ´±©´§ ±² ¿ ·³°´» ´¿ó ¼¿§ ¬®¿ºº·½ ´±³ ¬®¿½µ ¬¸» »²¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» º«²½¬·±²ó ·²¹ ¿²¼ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ©¿ Þ»¸¿ª·±«® ¿²¼ ¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ »¨°»®·»²½»¼ ©»®» ¬»¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬±æ ëòÞ§ ®·¼·²¹ «° ¿²¼ ¼±©² ¹®¿¼·»²¬ »ªó Í¿º»´§ ®·¼·²¹ ·² ²±®³¿´ ·¬«¿¬·±² »®¿´ ¬·³» ¬¸» ¿º» ®·¼·²¹ ±º ´±°» ©¿ ß¼»¯«¿¬» ®»¿½¬·±² ¬± ·²½·¼»²¬ ·² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿·²»¼ ¿²¼ ¬«®²·²¹ ±² ¿ ´±°» ©¿ »¨»®ó ¬®¿ºº·½ ½·»¼ ¿ ©»´´ λ¿½¬·±² ¬± «²º±®»»»² ·¬«¿¬·±² êò̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ´»¿®²»¼ ¸±© ¬± ¹»¬ ±ª»® Í¿º»´§ ®»¿½¬·²¹ ·º ¾®¿µ·²¹ ©¿ «¼¼»²´§ ³¿´´ô º·¨»¼ ±¾¬¿½´» «½¸ ¿ ½«®¾ ²»½»¿®§ ±® ¹»¬¬·²¹ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ ¾»ó ¿²¼ ¬¸»§ ©»®» ±²½» ¿¹¿·² ®»³·²¼»¼ ±º ½¿«» ±º ¿² ¿´¬»®»¼ ·¬«¿¬·±² °±¬»²¬·¿´ ®·µ Ü»¿´·²¹ ©·¬¸ «²»ª»² ¬»®®¿·² éò̸» ©¿§ ±º ®¿°·¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ©»®» ¼»³ó ±²¬®¿¬»¼ô ¿ º»¿¬«®» ²±¬ ·²½´«¼»¼ ·² ¬¸» ̸» »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ©¿ ¼±²» ¼·®»½¬´§ ±² ¬¸» ²±®³¿´ ¬®¿·²·²¹ô ¾«¬ °»½·¿´´§ ¼»·¹²»¼ °±¬ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ·²°»½¬·±² ¿²¼ ´¿¬»® ±² º±® ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º °±´·½» ±ºº·½»®ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¬¿µ»² ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ò ¿²¼ ¿¹¿·² ¿ ©¿®²·²¹ ±º °±¬»²¬·¿´ ®·µ ©¿ ¹·ª»²ò ͬ¿¬·±² íòîòîݱ³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¬»¬ ïòη¼·²¹ ´¿´±³ ·² ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ɸ»² ®·¼·²¹ ´¿´±³ ±²» ¸¿ ¬± ½±³¾·²» ß ½·®½«·¬ ©·¬¸ ¿ »¯«»²½» ±º ¼·ºº»®»²¬ »´»ó »ª»®¿´ µ·´´æ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿ª» ¬± ®·¼» ©·¬¸ ¼»ó ³»²¬ ©¿ ¾«·´¬ «° º±® ¬¸» ·²¬®±¼«½¬±®§ ¬®¿·²ó ¬»®³·²¿¬·±²ô ¬± ¿¼¿°¬ ¬¸» °»»¼ ½±²¬·²«±«ó ·²¹ ±º ¿´´ °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ò ̸» °¿®ó ´§ ¿²¼ ¬± ½¸¿²¹» ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¼·®»½¬·±² ½±²ó ¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ®·¼» ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸· ½·®½«·¬ ¿º¬»® ¬·²«±«´§ò ¬¸» ¬®¿·²·²¹ô ¬¸¿¬ · ¬± ¿§ ¿ ³±³»²¬ ©¸»®» Ѻ ·²¬»®»¬ ©¿æ ¬¸»§ ©»®» ²± ´±²¹»® º¿³·´·¿® ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¬¸¿² ¬©± ±® ¬¸®»» ¸±«®ò Ø¿¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾»»² ½±²¼«½¬»¼ ¿º»´§á Þ»½¿«» ¬¸» °»½·¿´ º»¿¬«®» ±º ¾±¬¸ ¬®¿·²óÉ¿ ¬¸»®» ¿²§ ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±® ¬¸» »²ª·®±²³»²¬á ·²¹ ¿®»¿ ©»®» ²±¬ µ²±©² ¾»º±®» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ´±½¿´ º¿½·´·¬·» ¿²¼ ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ³»¿² ©»®» ª»®§ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ô ¬¸» ·²¹´» ¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ©»®» ¼»·¹²»¼ ·² «½¸ ©¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¾«·´¬ «° »¿·´§ ¿²¼ ·² ³¿²§ °´¿½»ò Þ§ ¬¸· ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ©»®» °®±ª·¼»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ¿®» ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ ±º ¬¸» °»½·¿´ °´¿½»ò ײ ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ º±®³ ±º ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ²±¬ ¿´´ °´¿²²»¼ ¬¿¬·±² ½±«´¼ ¾» ®»¿´·¦»¼ò Ú«®¬¸»®³±®» ¬¸» ³±¬·ª¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¼·ºº»®»¼ ©·¼»´§ ©¸»² ·¬ ½¿³» ¬± ®·¼» ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ¿º¬»® ¬©± ±® ¬¸®»» ¸±«® ®·¼·²¹ ·²¬®«½¬·±²ò ׬ ©¿ ¬¸» ¿·³ ±º ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ô ¬± ¿´´±© ¬¿¬»ó ³»²¬ ±²æ Ú·¹«®» ïíæ ½·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² ïô ®·¼·²¹ ´¿´±³ ̸» ®·¼·²¹ ½¿°¿½·¬·» Ø¿²¼´·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿º»¬§ ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» îì îòÙ±·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ ¾»²¼ ±² ¿ ³¿´´ ®±¿¼©¿§ ©·¬¸ ¿ ²±¬½¸ ¾»¸·²¼ ±¾¬®«½¬»¼ ª·»© ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸±«´¼ ®»³¿·² ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» ³¿´´ô ³¿®µ»¼ ®±¿¼©¿§ ©¸·´» ¹±·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ ¿ ¾»²¼ò Þ»¸·²¼ ¿ ª·»© ±¾¬®«½¬·±² °´¿½»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¾»²¼ ¿ ²±¬½¸ ©¿ ½®»¿¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ±²´§ ¬¸»² ¾»½¿³» ª··¾´» ©¸»² ¬¸» ®·¼»® ©»²¬ ¿®±«²¼ ¬¸» ¾»²¼ò ׬ ©¿ ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ¬± º·²¼ ±«¬ ¸±© ¬¸» ®·¼»® ®»¿½¬»¼ ±² ¬¸» ±¾¬¿½´» ¿²¼ ·º ¬¸»§ ½±«´¼ µ»»° ¬¸» ¬®¿½µò Ï«»¬·±²æ Ú·¹«®» ïëæ ½·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² íô ±¾¬¿½´» ±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ô ¹¿¬¸»®·²¹ ±º °»±°´» É»®» ¬¸» ®»¿½¬·±² ·² ¬·³»á ìòЮ¿½¬·½» ¬»¬ ±°»²·²¹ ±º ¼±±® É»®» ¬¸» ®»¿½¬·±² ¿¼»¯«¿¬»á º®±³ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ É¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬»»®»¼ ¿º»´§á ̸» ±°»²·²¹ ±º ¿ ¼±±® ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ó É¿ ¬¸»®» ¿²§ ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ±® ¬¸» ª·½» ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» ·²·¹¸¬ ©¸»¬¸»® ¿²¼ »²ª·®±²³»²¬á ¸±© ¬¸» ®·¼»® · ¿¾´» ¬± ½¿®®§ ±«¬ º«®¬¸»® ¿½¬·ª·¬·» ¿°¿®¬ º®±³ ¬»»®·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ©¸·½¸ ¿´®»¿¼§ ®»¯«·®» °¸§·½¿´ »ºº±®¬ô ¸±© ³«½¸ ¬¸»» ¿½¬·ª·¬·» ½±«´¼ ¿¼ª»®»´§ ¿ºº»½¬ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬± ©¸¿¬ »¨¬»²¬ ¬¸»§ ½±«´¼ ¾»¿® ®·µ º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® °»±°´»ò ̸· ¬¿¬·±² ©¿ ±º °»½·¿´ ·²¬»®»¬ º±® ®·¼·²¹ ·² ²¿®®±© ¿®»¿ «½¸ ¿ ¾«·´¼·²¹ ±® ·¼»ó ©¿´µò Ï«»¬·±²æ ݱ«´¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¼»¯«¿¬»´§ ¿²¼ ¿º»´§ ¾»» ¬»»®»¼á Ú·¹«®» ïìæ ½·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² îô ¹±·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ ¾»²¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ É¿ ¬¸»®» ¿² ¿¼»¯«¿¬» ®»¿½¬·±² ¬±©¿®¼ ²±¬½¸ ¾»¸·²¼ ±¾¬®«½¬»¼ ª·»© ¬¸» ±¾¬¿½´»á íòѾ¬¿½´» ±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ô ݱ«´¼ ¬¸» ¼±±® ¾» ±°»²»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ °®±¾ó ¹¿¬¸»®·²¹ ±º °»±°´» ´»³á ̸» ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ ¬± °¿ ¬¿¾´» ¿²¼ ³±¾·´» ±¾¬¿½´» ø¹¿¬¸»®·²¹ ±º °»±°´»÷ ¬¸¿¬ ©»®» °´¿½»¼ ±² ¬¸» ³¿®µ»¼ ®±¿¼©¿§ò ׬ ©¿ ½´±»´§ ´±±µ»¼ ¿¬ ©¸»¬¸»® ¿²¼ ¸±© ¬¸» ®·¼»® ½±«´¼ ³¿µ» ¸· ©¿§ ¿®±«²¼ ¬¸» ±¾¬¿½´»ô ©·¬¸ ©¸·½¸ °»»¼ ¸» ©¿ ®·¼·²¹ô ¸±© ½±±®ó ¼·²¿¬»¼ ©¿ ¸· »¯«»²½» ±º ¿½¬·±² ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬± ©¸¿¬ »¨¬»²¼ ¬¸»®» ©»®» ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ±¬¸»®ò Ï«»¬·±²æ É¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬»»®»¼ ¿º»´§á É»®» ¬¸» ®»¿½¬·±² ¿¼»¯«¿¬»á Ú·¹«®» ïêæ ½·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² ìæ ±°»²·²¹ ±º ¼±±® É¿ ¬¸»®» ¿²§ ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» °¿»®ó ëòݸ¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼ ¾§á ¼·ºº»®»²¬ «®º¿½» ½±ª»®·²¹ ɸ»² ®·¼·²¹ ³±±¬¸´§ ±² °´¿²µ ±® «²»ª»² ¬»®®¿·² ·¬ ©¿ ·²¬»®»¬·²¹ ¬± µ²±© ¸±© ¿²¼ ¬± îë ©¸¿¬ »¨¬»²¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ½±«´¼ ¿º»´§ µ»»° ¬¸» Ú·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¾¿´¿²½»ô ¸±© »¨¬»²·ª» ©¿ ̸» º·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¬¸» »ºº±®¬ º±® ½±®®»½¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬± ©¸¿¬ »¨¬»²¬ ·²¬®±¼«½¬·±² ·²¬± ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» «²·¬ô ·² ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿²§ ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ±® ±¬¸»® ß«¹«¬ ïêô îððë ·² ¬¸» Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² б´·½» °»®±²ò ͽ¸±±´ô ¿²¼ ·² ß«¹«¬ ïéô îððë ·² Ò»«²ó Ï«»¬·±²æµ·®½¸»² ¿¬ ¬¸» º¿·®¹®±«²¼ò ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô »ª»² ¬»¬ °»®±² ¸¿¼ ¬± ¹± ¬©·½» ¬¸®±«¹¸ É¿ ¬¸»®» ¿² ¿¼»¯«¿¬» ®»¿½¬·±² ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» ¬¿¬·±² ï ¬± ê ¿²¼ ¬± ¼± ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬å ·² ¬¸» ¼¿²¹»®á Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ·¨ °»®±² °¿»¼ ¬©·½» ¬¸» ݱ«´¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ®·¼¼»² ¿º»´§á ¬¿¬·±² ïô îô ë ¿²¼ ê ¿²¼ ¼·¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ô ¬±±ò ײ ¾»º±®»¸¿²¼ô ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ¬±´¼ ©¸¿¬ ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ©¿ ³¿¼» º±® ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ²± u½±³°»¬·¬·±² ©¿ ¸»´¼ ©¸± · ®·¼·²¹ ¾»¬ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ò ̸» ¬®¿½µ ©»®» ³¿®µ»¼ ¿²¼ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ®·¼» ¾»ó ¬©»»² ¬¸» ³¿®µô ¬¸» ·²¹´» ¬¿¬·±² ©»®» Ú·¹«®» ïéæ ½·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² ëæ ½¸¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼ êòݱ³¾·²¿¬·±² ¬»¬æ ´±°»ô «²»ª»² ¬»®®¿·² ¿²¼ ¾»²¼ Ì©± ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ·¬«¿¬·±² ¸±«´¼ ¾» ½±³ó ¾·²»¼æ º±® »¨¿³°´» ®·¼·²¹ ¼±©²¸·´´ô ±² «²ó »ª»² ¬»®®¿·²ô ·² ¿ ²¿®®±© ¾»²¼ ±® ©·¬¸ ¿² ±¾ó ¬¿½´»ñ²±¬½¸ò ׬ ©¿ ½´±»´§ ´±±µ»¼ ¿¬ ¸±© ¿º»´§ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©¿ ¬»»®»¼ô ·º ¬¸» ¬®¿½µ ©¿ µ»°¬ ¿²¼ ¸±© ¬¸» ®·¼»® ®»¿½¬»¼ ©¸»² ½±²º®±²¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ²«³¾»® ±º ®»¯«·®»³»²¬å ·¬ ©¿ ¿´± ´±±µ»¼ ¿¬ ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿²§ ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ±® ±¬¸»® °»±°´»ò Ú·¹«®» ïçæ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ Ï«»¬·±²æ É¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬»»®»¼ ¿º»´§á ݱ«´¼ ¬¸» ¬®¿½µ ¹«·¼» ¾» º±´´±©»¼á É¿ ¬¸»®» ¿²§ ¼¿²¹»® º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ±® ¬¸» »²ª·®±²³»²¬á Ú·¹«®» ïèæ ½·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² êæ ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² ¬»¬ Ú·¹«®» îðæ ¼»³±²¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °®±½» ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹ îê ª·¼»± ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ò Û¿½¸ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©»²¬ ¹®±«²¼ ½±²¼·¬·±² ©»®» »¨·¬»²¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¿ ¬¸®±«¹¸ »¿½¸ ¬¿¬·±² ¬©·½» ±® ¬¸®»» ¬·³»ò ©¿¬»®·²¹ ¿²¼ °»»¼ó³»¿«®·²¹ ¼»ª·½»ò ̸· °±·¾·´·¬§ ½±«´¼ ²±¬ ¾» ®»¿´·¦»¼ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬·³» °®±¾´»³ ¬¸» »¿®´·»¬ ¬·³» ¿¬ ©¸·½¸ Í»½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» ¬»®®¿·² ©¿ ¿½½»·¾´» ©¿ Ü»½»³¾»® ïìô îððëò ̸» »½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ©·¬¸ ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º®±³ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¿²¼ Í¿¿®ó ¾®$½µ»²ô ·² ¬¸» Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² б´·½» ͽ¸±±´ô íòîòíß¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ·² Ü»½»³¾»® ëô îððëò ײ ß«¹«¬ îí ¿²¼ îìô îððë ±² ¬¸» °¿®µ·²¹ ß´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©»²¬ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ³¿²§ ±º ¬¸» °´¿½» ±º ¬¸» Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ˲·ª»®·¬§ ±º Õ¿·»®ó ¬¿¬·±² ¬¸»§ ¸¿¼ ¼±²» ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ´¿«¬»®²ô ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ¬± ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¿¬·º¿½¬±®·´§ ©»´´ ¿º¬»® ¿ ¬©± ±® ¬¸®»» ¸±«® ¬»¬ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ «²¼»® ¼»º·²»¼ ½±²ó °®¿½¬·½»ò Ü«» ¬± ¿ ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ ®·¼·²¹ °®¿½ó ¼·¬·±² ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ «·¬¿¾´» ½¿³»®¿ °±·¬·±²ó ¬·½» ¬¸»» ¬¿¬·±² ©»®» ²±¬ ¾«·´¬ «° ·² ¬¸» ·²¹ò Ø»®» ¬¸» «²·¬ «»¼ ©¿ ¬¸» ±²» ¹·ª»² ¬± »½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ô ¸±©»ª»® ¬¸±» ¬¿¬·±² ©»®» ¬¸» Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ˲·ª»®·¬§ º±® ¿½½±³°¿²§·²¹ ¾«·´¬ «°ô ©¸·½¸ ´»¼ ¬± ½±²·¼»®¿¾´» °®±¾´»³ ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ °®±¶»½¬ò ̸· ¸±«´¼ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» º·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ò ̸· ¸±«´¼ ¿´´±© ·²ó ´»¿¼ ¬± ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ±² ¬¸» ·¹¸¬ ·²¬± ¬¸» ´»¿®²·²¹ °®±½»ô ¬¸» ¹¿·²·²¹ °®±½» ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹ô ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½»ô ±º ®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ³»¼·«³ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ ¿²¼ ¿°°´·½¿¬·±² ®·¼·²¹ »¨»®½·» ±² °»½·º·½ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¬¿µò ¿º»¬§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½»ô »°»ó ½·¿´´§ ©¸»² ¬±°°·²¹ ª»®§ «¼¼»²´§ò ̸» ̸» ¬¿¬·±² ï ¿²¼ ê ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» °¿»¼ ¬»¬ ©»®» ª·¼»± ½±²¬®±´´»¼ ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ò Í·¨ °¿®ó ¾§ ¿ °»½·¿´ ±º¬©¿®»ò ̸» °®±¹®¿³ ¿´´±© ¬·½·°¿²¬ º®±³ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ ¬¸®»» º®±³ ¿² »¨¿½¬ ¼»¬»®³·²¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °»»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ©»²¬ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ¬¸®»» ¬±° ´·²»ô ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬±°ó ¬·³»ò ̸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ °´¿§»¼ ¿ ³«½¸ °·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ¾§ ¬¸» ª·¼»± °·½¬«®»ò ¹®»¿¬»® ®±´» ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ¬¸¿² ±®·¹·ó ²¿´´§ ¿«³»¼ ø»» ¿¾±ª»÷ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ °®±½» ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹ Ó»¿²©¸·´» ·¬ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ½¿®ó ®§ ±«¬ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½±®ó Þ¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸·º¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ½»²¬®» ±º ¹®¿ªó ®»°±²¼·²¹ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ±² ¬¸» ßÜßÝ󬻬 ·¬§ ¾»¸·²¼ ¬¸» ·³¿¹·²¿®§ ¿¨· ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ²»¿® Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò ̸»®»ô ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¬©± ©¸»»´ ¬±° ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò Ù§®±½±°» ³»¿«®» ¬¸» »¨¬»²¬ ±º ¸·º¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬»»®ó ·²¹ »´»½¬®±²·½ ·²º´«»²½» ¬¸» »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±® ·² «½¸ ©¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ º±® ¬¿²¼·²¹ ½±³» ¿¹¿·² «²¼»® ¬¸» ¹®¿ª·¬§ò ׺ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ ®·¼»® ½±²¬·²«» ¬± ´»¿² ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¬¸» ®·¼» · ¼»´¿§»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ¹®¿ª·¬§ ¾¿´¿²½·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «²¬·´ ·¬ ®»¿½¸» ¦»®±ò ߺ¬»® ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¿®¬ ¬± ³±ª» ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ò Þ»½¿«» ±º ¿º»¬§ ®»¿±² ¿½½«³«´¿¬±®ô ¬·´¬ »²±®ô ¬»»®·²¹ »´»½¬®±²·½ ¿²¼ ³±¬±® ¿®» ´¿·¼ ±«¬ ®»¼«²¼¿²¬´§ô ¬± ¹«¿®¿²¬§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼±» ²±¬ º¿·´ «¼¼»²´§ ¾«¬ ½¿² ¾» ¿º»´§ ¬±°°»¼ »ª»² ·º ½±³°±²»²¬ ¼± ²±¬ ©±®µò Þ»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» °»½·¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»® ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»ª·½»ô ·² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¼±» ²±¬ ±²´§ ¸¿²¼´» ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»ª·½» ¾«¬ · ·² ¿ ©¿§ °¿®¬ ±º ·¬ô ·¬ · ¸¿®¼´§ °±·¾´» ¬± »¨¿³ó ·²» ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ±²´§ ¬»½¸²·½¿´´§ò ̸» ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ·²º´«»²½ó » ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ´¿®¹»´§ò Ú·¹«®» îïæ ¬»¬ »¬ «° ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ îé Þ¿·½¿´´§ ¬¸»®» ¿®» ¬¸®»» ©¿§ ¬± ¾®¿µ»æ Ì»¬ »¬ «° ïòÔ»¿²·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ©·¬¸ ¸·º¬·²¹ ¬¸» Ú®±³ ¬¸» ¬¿®¬·²¹ ´·²» ¬¸» ¿½½»´»®¿¬·±² ¹®¿ª·¬§ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼¬®¿½µ «° ¬± ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ©¿ îð³ò ̸» ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ©¿ ®»¿½¸»¼ ·º ¬¸» îòeÍ·¬¬·²¹ ¼±©²u ¿ ¬®±²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸·º¬ °»»¼ ´·³·¬»® ·²¬»®º»®»¼ °»®½»°¬·¾´§ ©¸·´» ±º ¬¸» ¹®¿ª·¬§ ¾§ ¬®»¬½¸·²¹ ¬¸» ¾«¬¬±½µ «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ®»¼ µ»§ò ̸» íòЫ¬¬·²¹ ¼±©² ±º ±²» º±±¬ ¬± ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ¸±«´¼ ¾» µ»°¬ ¿ º¿® ¿ ¾»¸·²¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ °«´´·²¹ ²»¿® ¬¸» ¬± ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²»ò ̸» «®º¿½» ©¿ ³¿¼» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» «²·¬ ¯«·½µ´§ ±º «½¸ °¿ª·²¹ ¬±²» ¿ ¿®» ½±³³±² ±² °»»¼ «° ·²¬± ¬¸» ±°°±·¬» ®·¼·²¹ ¼·ó ·¼»©¿´µ ¿²¼ °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ò ̸» ®»½¬·±²ò «®º¿½» ©¿ ®»´¿¬·ª»´§ »ª»² ¿²¼ ³±¬´§ º®»» ±º ¹®·¬ô ¿²¼ô ´»¿º ±® ±¬¸»® ´±±» «¾¬®¿ó ̸» ®»«´¬·²¹ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ ·²½®»¿» º®±³ ¬«³ò ̸» ¬»¬ »¬ «° ½±³°®·»¼ ¿´± ¿ ¾»²¼ ª»®·±² ï ¬± íô ¿ ¿ ®«´»ô ¿²¼ ª»®·±² í ¿¾±ª» ¿°°®±¿½¸ ¬± ¿ ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ©·¬¸ ¿ ®¿¼·« ¿´´ ²»»¼ ¿ ³«½¸ ¹®»¿¬»® µ·´´ ·² ¸¿²¼·²¹ ¬¸» ±º ïë³ ¿²¼ ¿² ¿½½»´»®¿¬·±² ¬®¿½µ ±º ¿¹¿·² ¼»ª·½»ò Þ§ ¬¸®»» °¿®¬ ®»¬·²¹ «°±² ¬¸» «®ó îð³ò º¿½» ø±²» º±±¬ô ¬©± ©¸»»´÷ ¬¸· ª»®·±² · ¬¿¬·½¿´´§ ³±®» ¬¿¾´»ò Þ®¿µ·²¹ ®·µ ¿®»æ Í»ª»² °»®±² ±º ¬¸» ·³±ª» ¬»¿³ ¬±±µ °¿®¬ ·² ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ò ̸»» °»®±² ¸¿¼ ïòÞ§ ´»¿²·²¹ ¾¿½µ ¬±± º¿¬ ¿²¼ ¬±± ¬®±²¹ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ µ·´´ ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò Í·¨ ¬¸» §¬»³ ³¿²óÍ»¹©¿§ ¬·´¬ ¬±± º¿¬ °»®±² ©»®» ¿´³±¬ ·²»¨°»®·»²½»¼ô ¬¸»§ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¾»¸·²¼ ¬¸» ¹®¿ª·¬§ ± ¬¸¿¬ ¸¿¼ «»¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ´» ¬¸¿² ±²» ¸±«®ô ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ »´»½¬®±²·½ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ²»¹¿ó ¿²¼ ¬©± ±º ¬¸»³ ¸¿¼ ±²´§ ¹±²» ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¿ ¬·ª» ·³°«´» ±º ¬¸» »´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±® ½¿²ó ïðó³·²«¬»ó¸±®¬ó·²¬®±¼«½¬·±²ò ̸»» ·¨ ²±¬ ½±®®»½¬ ¬¸· ³¿²±»«ª®» º¿¬ »²±«¹¸ò °»®±² ¿®» ½¿´´»¼ ¾»¹·²²»® º®±³ ²±© ±²ò É·¬¸ ¬¸» ½±²»¯«»²½» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® Ѳ» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¿² »¨°»®·»²½» ·² ®·¼·²¹ ½±³» ¬± º¿´´ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ò ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±º ¿¾±«¬ ¬»² ¸±«®å ¸» ©·´´ ¾» îò̱± ¬®±²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸·º¬·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ½¿´´»¼ ¿² ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»®ò ¹®¿ª·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»«´¬·²¹ ¬®±²¹ ½±³ó °»²¿¬·±² ³±ª»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ̸» °±¬ó½¸»½µ ½±³°®·»¼ ïçì ¾®¿µ·²¹ °®±ª±µ» ¿ ½±«²¬»®¿½¬·²¹ ½±®®»½¬·±² ¿²¼ ³¿²±»«ª®» º±® ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»® ¿²¼ ì𠺱® ¾«·´¼ «° ¿² ±½·´´¿¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ¸¿®¼´§ ½¿² ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»®ò ̸» ¬»¬ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ¾» ½±²¬®±´´»¼ò ±«¬ ±² ¼®§ ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ ¾§ ¿¾±«¬ îðpÝò íòß ¸·¹¸»® °±¬»²¬·¿´ ´± ±º ½±²¬®±´ ¬¸¿² ·² ª»®·±² ïò ̸» °»»¼·²¹ «° ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ íòîòìݱ³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¸¿ ¬± ¾» ª»®§ ¸±®¬ô ±¬¸»®©·» ¬¸» º±®ó ©¿®¼ ®·¼» ¼·¿°°»¿® ¿²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ̸» ¬»¬ »¬ «° ©»®» ·³·´¿® ·² Õ¿·»®ó · ³±ª·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ª»®§ º¿¬ò ̸»®»¾§ ´¿«¬»®² ¿²¼ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¬®±²¹´§ ¸·¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® »²ò ײ ß«¹«¬ ïê ¿²¼ ïéô îððëô ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ´»¹ò Ù®»¿¬»® ®·µ ±º ´±·²¹ ¹®·° ¾§ º»©»® ·²¬®±¼«½¬±®§ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©»®» ½¿®ó ©»·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» «²·¬ ¼»ª·½»ñ®·¼»®ò ®·»¼ ±«¬ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¿²¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ·² Ü»½»³ó Ü»½··ª» º¿½¬±® º±® ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¿®» ¬¸»®»º±®»æ ¾»® ëô îððë º±® ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º®±³ Í¿¿®ó Ù±±¼ °»®º±®³¿²½» ±º ¬¸» »¼¼§ó½«®®»²¬ó ¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò ¾®¿µ» ø»´»½¬®·½ ³±¬±®÷ ·² ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² ײ Ü»½»³¾»® ¸±©»ª»® ½±®²»®·²¹ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¼§²¿³·½ ¾¿´¿²½·²¹ §¬»³ ±º ¬¸» ¬¿µ» °´¿½» ¿²¼ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ©»¬ ¹®±«²¼ Í»¹©¿§ ø¬»½¸²·½¿´ º¿½¬±®÷ ¬¸» ¬¿®¬·²¹óô ®·¼·²¹ó ¿²¼ ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ½±«´¼ ݱ²¬®±´´»¼ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾§ ¬¸» ²±¬ ¾» ³¿®µ»¼ ¾§ ¿¼¸»·ª» ¬¿°» ¾«¬ ¾§ ±·´ ®·¼»® ·² ¬¸· »¨¬®»³» ·¬«¿¬·±² ø¸«³¿² º¿½ó ½®¿§±² ¿²¼ ©¿ ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬±®÷ ½±«®» ³¿®µ»®ò Ѳ´§ ©·¬¸ ¿ ¹±±¼ ·²¬»®°´¿§ ±º ¾±¬¸ º¿½¬±® ײ ß«¹«¬ô ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ±º ¬¸» ¿ ¸±®¬ ¿²¼ ¿º» ¬±°°·²¹ · °±·¾´»ò ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¬¸» »ª»² °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º®±³ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·¨ ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ©»²¬ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ½·®½«·¬ ¬©·½»ô ·² Ü»½»³¾»®ô ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ·¨ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ îè º®±³ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ ¬¸®»» ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ©¸±´» °·´±¬ °»®·±¼ò ̸» »¨¿½¬ °´¿½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®±¼» ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ¬»¬ »¬ «° ïë ¬·³»ò¬·³» º±® ¬¸» ®»½±®¼·²¹ ©»®» ¿´©¿§ ¼·®»½¬´§ ½±±®¼·²¿¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ´»¿¼»® ±º ¾±¬¸ ¹®±«°ô ̸» ª·¼»± ½¿³»®¿ ©¿ °±·¬·±²»¼ ±² ¿ Ó®ò Ö¿²» ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¿²¼ Ó®ò Í·»¹©¿®¬ ¬¿²¼ ¾»¸·²¼ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ¾»½¿«» ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò ¬¸»®» ©¿ ²± «·¬¿¾´» ³¿¬ º±® ¿ ¸·¹¸»® °±ó ·¬·±²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ½¿³»®¿ò ײ ¬¸» »²¼ô ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ©»®» ³¿¼» ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¿¬ ¬©± ¬·³» ¿²¼ ±² ¬¸®»» °´¿½» ¿²¼ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿¬ ¬©± ¬·³» ¿²¼ íòíÊ·¼»±®»½±®¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸®»» °´¿½»ò ߬ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¬·³» ¿²¼ ±² ¼·ºº»®»²¬ °´¿½» íòíòïд¿½» ©·¬¸ ¿ ¸·¹¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¼»²·¬§ ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ̸» ®»ó Í«·¬¿¾´» º±® ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿ó ½±®¼·²¹ ©»®» ´±±µ»¼ ¬¸®±«¹¸ô ´¿¾»´´»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬·±² ¾§ Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ©»®» »°»½·¿´´§ °´¿½ó ¿² ·²¼»¨ ¿²¼ ©¸»²»ª»® ²»»¼»¼ »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ » ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» §¬»³ Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r º±® ª·¼»± ½±²ó °¿»¼ º®»¯«»²¬´§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ¿ ©»´´ º´·½¬ ¿²¿´§·ò ײ ¬¸» »²¼ ±²» ¸¿ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ¿ °´¿½» ©·¬¸ ¿ ¸·¹¸ ¼»²·¬§ ±º ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºó ±² ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ º·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ »ª»®¿´ô ±ª»®´¿°ó ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ò °·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ º´±©ò Þ¿»¼ ±² ¬¸» ´·³·¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ ¬± °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ײ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¿²¼ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¿½ó ¾·½§½´» ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» «·¬¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» °±¬»²¬·¿´ ®»ó ¿®» ¿¾±ª» ¿´´ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ¾·½§½´·¬ò ½±®¼·²¹ °±·¬·±² ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¸±«´¼ Þ«¬ »°»½·¿´´§ ±² ½®±·²¹ ¿®»¿ ©» º·²¼ ¾» ³¿¼» ±² ¼·ºº»®»²¬ °´¿½» ¿²¼ ¿¬ ¼·ºº»®ó ¿² ·²½®»¿·²¹ ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ³±¬±® »²¬ ¬·³»ò ̸» ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¸±«´¼ ½±ª»® ¬¸» ½¿® ¿²¼ ª»¸·½´» ±º ¬¸» °«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬ §¬»³ô ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¬¸»» ©»®» ¾»·¼» ¾«» ¬¸» ¬®¿·² ±º ¬¸» ½·¬§ó¬®¿³ Í¿¿®¾¿¸²ò Ý®±·²¹ ¿®» ¬¸»®»º±®» »°»½·¿´´§ «·¬»¼ º±® ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ò Í·³·´¿® «·¬¿¾´» ¿®» °»½·¿´ »ª»²¬ ©¸»®» ¿ ¹®»¿¬ ²«³¾»® ±º ª··¬±® ¿²¼ ¿½¬·±² ¿®» °®»»²¬ ±² ¿ ´·³·¬»¼ ¿®»¿ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸»» ½®·¬»®·¿ »°»½·¿´´§ «·¬ó ¿¾´» °´¿½» ©»®»æ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²æ Õ¿®½¸»®¬®¿A»ñÕ¿·»®¬®¿A» ·² ¬¸» Õ¿®½¸ó »®¬®¿A» ¬¸» б´·½» Ü»°¿®¬³»²¬ Í¿¿®ó ¾®$½µ»²óÝ·¬§ · ´±½¿¬»¼ô ¿´´ Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® °¿ ¬¸· ½®±·²¹ ø·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ Ú·¹«®» îîæ ½¿³»®¿ °±·¬·±² ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ½·¬§ ¬®¿³÷ ©¸»² ¹±·²¹ ¬± ±® ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ³··±² Ý®±·²¹ ¿®»¿ ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»ó ½·²½¬ô ¬¸» Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ô º±® »¨¿³°´» ¬¸» ½®±·²¹ Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ñÜ«¼©»·´»®¬®¿A»ô Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ñ˺»®¹¿»ô Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»ñ Ê·µ¬±®·¿¬®¿A» ̸» ¯«¿®» ·² º®±²¬ ±º ¬¸» ®¿·´©¿§ ¬¿¬·±² ø°«¾´·½ ¬®¿²°±®¬÷ ß´´ °´¿½» ¿´±²¹ Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A» ¿²¼ Õ¿·ó »®¬®¿A» ¸¿¼ ·² ½±³³±² ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»®» ©»®» ²± «·¬¿¾´» ¸·¹¸ ³¿¬ º±® °±·¬·±²·²¹ ¬¸» ª·¼»± ½¿³»®¿ô ¬¸» ½¿³»®¿ ¬¸»®»º±®» ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» °´¿½»¼ ±²¬± «®®±«²¼·²¹ ¾«·´¼·²¹ò Ú·¹«®» îíæ ½¿³»®¿ °±·¬·±² ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² îç ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²æ¸±«´¼ ½¿®» º±® ¬¸» ³¿®µ»¬ ¬¿´´ ¿²¼ °¿¬®±´ ¬¸» °´¿½» ©·¬¸ »ª»®¿´ ±ºº·½»®ò Ѳ Ó±²¼¿§ ͬ«³³°´¿¬¦ô ·² º®±²¬ ±º ¬¸» Í¿¿®°¿®µó½»²ó ±º ß«¹«¬ îçô îððë ¾»¬©»»² ïðòìë ¿³ ¿²¼ ¬®»ô íòðð °³ ¬©± ª·¼»± ½¿³»®¿ ¬±±µ °·½¬«®» ±º ͬ«³³¬®¿A» ø°»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬÷ ¬©± ·¼»©¿´µ ½®±·²¹ ø»» °´¿²ô °±·¬·±² כּ«®¬®¿A» ø°»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬÷ ï÷ º®±³ ¬¸» ®±±º ±º ¿ ´±© °¿ª·´·±²ò Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» Õ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®óÞ®$½µ»ô ½®±·²¹ ¿®»¿ ©¸±´» ¬·³» ±²» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ «»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ±º °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ©·¬¸ Ô·²¼»²ó¿ª»²«» °¿¬®±´´»¼ ¬¸» º»¬·ª¿´ ¹®±«²¼ò ø·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ½»²¬®¿´ ¾« ¬±°÷ ß »½±²¼ ¼¿¬» º±® ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ©¿ ̸» ª»®§ ©·¼» ³··±² ¿®»¿ ±º ¬¸» »³ó Í»°¬»³¾»® ëô îððëå ¸»®» ¿´± ¬©± ª·¼»± °´±§»» ±º ¬¸» Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ы¾ó ½¿³»®¿ ©»®» ·²¬¿´´»¼ ¿¬ ¿ ¬·³»ò Ѳ» ©¿ ´·½ ߺº¿·® Ѻº·½» °«¬ ±³» °®±¾´»³ô ¬¸» °±·¬·±²»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» Õ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®óÞ®$½µ» ³··±² ¿®»¿ ½±ª»®·²¹ ®»¹«´¿®´§ ²±¬ ±²´§ ©·¬¸ ª·»© ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» ͬ«³³ó¯«¿®»ô ©¸»®» ¬¸» ½·¬§ ¾«¬ ¿´± ¬¸» ´» ½®±©¼»¼ ¼·¬®·½¬ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ »²¼ ¿²¼ ¿ ½»²¬®¿´ ·² ¬¸» °»®·°¸»®§ ¿²¼ ·² °¿®µò ¾« ¬±° · ´±½¿¬»¼ ø»» °´¿²ô °±·¬·±² î÷ò ̸» »½±²¼ ½¿³»®¿ ©¿ °±·¬·±²»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» Þ»·¼» ¬¸¿¬ ½»®¬¿·² »ª»²¬ »»³»¼ ¬± ¾» ¶«²½¬·±² ±º Ø¿³³»®¹®¿¾»²ó¬®»»¬ ·²¬± Ð¿ó »°»½·¿´´§ «·¬»¼ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸»§ ½±²½»²ó ¬»«®¬®¿A»ô ¿´± ´±½¿¬»¼ ©·¬¸·² ¿ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿¬»¼ ¿ ¹®»¿¬ ²«³¾»® ±º ª··¬±® ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® °®»½·²½¬ò Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¬·³» º®±³ ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±² ¿ ²¿®®±© °´¿½» ¿²¼ ïðòðð ¿³ ¬± ëòðð °³ ¬©± Í»¹©¿§ ©»®» ¬¸»§ ³¿¼» °¿¬®±´´·²¹ ¿²¼ ±ºº·½·¿´ °®»»²½» «»¼ò ²»½»¿®§ò Í«½¸ »ª»²¬ ©»®» º±® »¨¿³°´» ¬¸» «³³»® º»¬·ª¿´ ·² ¬¸» Ù»®³¿²óÚ®»²½¸ ¹¿®¼»²ô ¬¸» º¿·® ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ±® ¬¸» µ¿¬ó Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² »® °¿®¿¼»ò Þ¿»¼ ±² ¬¸» »¨°»®·»²½» ³¿¼» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ײ ¬¸» º®¿³» ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¼·½«·±² ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²¼ °±·¬·±² ·² Í¿¿®ó ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ª·»©ó¾®$½µ»² ¿ ¬¸»§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼»³±²¬®¿¬»¼ ·²¹ ±² ¬¸» °±¬ ¬¸» °±·¬·±²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ¬©± ½®±·²¹ ½¿³»®¿ ©¿ ¿¹®»»¼ ±²ò ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »´»½¬»¼ º±® ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ò ß º·²¿´ ½±³³·¬³»²¬ ½±«´¼ ±²´§ ¾» ³¿¼» ¿º¬»® ·²¸¿¾·¬¿²¬ ½±²»²¬»¼ ¬± ¬¸» °±·¬·±²·²¹ ±º íòíòîλ½±®¼·²¹ ¬·³» ¬¸» ½¿³»®¿ º±® ±²» ¼¿§ò ̸» º·®¬ ¼¿§ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² Í¿¿®ó Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¾®$½µ»² ©¿ ѽ¬±¾»® ïíô îððëå °·½¬«®» ©»®» ¬¿µ»² ¿¬ ¬©± °±·¬·±² ¿¬ ¿ ¬·³» ¾»ó Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬®¿·²·²¹ °®±¹®¿³ ·² ß«¹«¬ ïéô ¬©»»² çòíð ¿³ ¿²¼ ëòíð °³ò ײ ½±±°»®¿¬·±² ¿´®»¿¼§ô Ó®ò Ö¿²» ¼·®»½¬»¼ ¬¸» ¿¬¬»²¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¬©± ´±½¿´ ½±³°¿²·» ©» ½±«´¼ °±·¬·±² ¬± ¬¸» Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² º¿·®ô ©¸·½¸ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ¬¸» ½¿³»®¿ ·² «½¸ ©¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ½®±·²¹ ¾»¬©»»² ß«¹«¬ îê ¿²¼ ß«¹«¬ íðô îððëò ¿®»¿ Õ¿®½¸»®¬®¿A»ñÕ¿·»®¬®¿A» ©·¬¸ °¿®¬ ߬ ¬¸» ®»´¿¬·ª»´§ ´·³·¬»¼ ¿®»¿ ±º ¬¸» º»¬·ª¿´ ±º ¬¸» Í¿¿®¾¿¸² ¬®¿³ ¬±° ½±«´¼ ¾» ±ª»®ó ¹®±«²¼ ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ы¾´·½ ߺº¿·® ±ºº·½» ´±±µ»¼ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¿ ²±¬½¸ ·² ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ô ¬¸» Þ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A» ¾»¬©»»² Ü«¼ó ©»·´»®ó ¿²¼ Þ»¬¦»²ó¬®»»¬ò Ѳ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¼¿§ô Ò±ª»³¾»® îìô îððëô ±²» ½¿³»®¿ ©¿ °±·¬·±²»¼ ¬¸· ¬·³» ©·¬¸ ª·»© ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» ½®±·²¹ Þ¿¸²ó ¸±º¬®¿A»ñÜ«¼©»·´»®¬®¿A»ô ©¸·½¸ ¸¿¼ ²±¬ ¾»»² °±·¾´» ±² ¬¸» º·®¬ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¼¿§ ¾»ó ½¿«» ±º ¬®±²¹ ¼¿¦¦´·²¹ ´·¹¸¬ò íòíòíÊ·Ê߬®¿ºº·½ r Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ©¿ ¼»ª»´±°»¼ ¾»½¿«» «° ¬± Ú·¹«®» îìæ ½±²º´·½¬ °§®¿³·¼æ ´·²µ ¾»¬©»»² ½±²º´·½¬ º®»¯«»²½§ ¿²¼ ½±²º´·½¬ »®·±«²»ô ±©² °®»»²¬¿¬·±² ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ²±© «ºº·½·»²¬´§ »¨¿½¬ ¼¿¬¿ ½±«´¼ ²±¬ ¿´©¿§ ا¼7² íð íòìη¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¾» ½±´´»½¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬®¿ºº·½ °®±½»¼«®» ´·µ» ¾®¿µ·²¹ô °»»¼·²¹ «°ô ¿¼¿°¬·²¹ °»»¼ò ß°»½¬ ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿º»¬§ô ¬±±ô ©»®» »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ ß´´ Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ·¨ ¿¾±ª» ¿´´ ¾§ ¿½½·¼»²¬ º·¹«®»ô ©¸·½¸ ³±¬´§ ·¼»²¬·½¿´ ª±·½» ®»½±®¼»® ¿²¼ »¿½¸ ©·¬¸ ¿ ¿®» ²±¬ «°ó¬±ó¼¿¬» ¿²¼ ±º ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¯«¿´·¬§ ¿ ½´·°ó±²ó³·½®±°¸±²»ô ¬± »®ª» ¿ ®·¼·²¹ ®»ó ©»´´ ¿ ²±¬ ¿´©¿§ ®»º´»½¬·²¹ ¿´´ ®»´»ª¿²¬ ¼»ó ½±®¼»®ò ̸· ¸±«´¼ »²¿¾´» ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¿·´ ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ ¾»¸¿ª·±«®ò °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬± ¹·ª» ¿ ¯«·½µô «²½±³°´·½¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¬·³»´§ ®»½±®¼ ±º ¬¸» ¿½¬«¿´ ·¬«¿¬·±² ·² r ̸» §¬»³ Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½ ³¿µ» ·¬ °±·¾´» ½¿» ¿²§ °»½·¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ ±½½«®®»¼ô ©¸·´» ¬± ³»¿«®» º®±³ ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ®±¿¼ ¼·ó ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸» «» ¸±«´¼ ¾» ª»®§ ¬¿²½»ô °»»¼ ¿²¼ ¿½½»´»®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»¾§ ·³°´» º±® ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ô ©®·¬ó ¹¿·²·²¹ ¼·®»½¬ ·²·¹¸¬ ·²¬± ¬¸» ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ±º ¬»² ®»½±®¼ ¿º¬»® ¸·º¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ¿ª±·¼»¼ ¾§ ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ·²¬»®¿½¬·±²ò ¬¸» »³°´±§³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¼»ª·½»ò Ý»®¬¿·²ô ¿½¬«¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ¼±½«ó Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ®»¯«·®» ·²½´·²»¼ ®»½±®¼·²¹ ³»²¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ò ß³±²¹ º®±³ ¿² »´»ª¿¬»¼ °±·¬·±²ò ׬ ½¿² ¬¿µ» ·²¬± ¬¸»³ ½±²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±² ¬¸» ®»«´¬·²¹ °»®°»½¬·ª» ¼·ó ±® ©·¬¸ ±¾¬¿½´» ·² ¬¸» °«¾´·½ °¿½» ±® ¬±®¬·±² ¾§ ¬¸» ©¿§ ±º ½¿´½«´¿¬·±²ô ·² ½¿» ±º ±¬¸»® ·²½·¼»²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ´»¼ ¬± ¿ ¹»²»®¿´ ´± ¿²µ´» ¾»²»¿¬¸ ïëp ¬±©¿®¼ °´¿²» ¬¸» ¼·ó ±º ½±²¬®±´ ±ª»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±® »ª»² ¿ º¿´´ò ¬±®¬·±² ¾»½±³» ± ¬®±²¹ô ¬¸¿¬ ¿² »ª¿´«¿ó ¬·±² · ²± ´±²¹»® °±·¾´»ò Ûª¿´«¿¬·±² º®±³ ر© ¬± «» ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ½®±·²¹ ¿®»¿ ¿®» ¬¸»®»º±®» ©»´´ °±·¾´»ô »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ ·²½·¼»²¬ ·² ´±²¹ ¬®»»¬ ߬ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ »¿½¸ ¾´±½µ ²±¬ò °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®»½»·ª»¼ ¿´´ ²»½»¿®§ ¼±½«ó ³»²¬ô ¿³±²¹ ¬¸»³ ¿ ¹«·¼»´·²» ¸±© ¬± «» ײ ¬¸» ½±²¬»¨¬ ±º ¬¸· °®±¶»½¬ ¬¸» »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ò ̸» ¹«·¼»´·²» ½±²¬¿·²»¼ r ¾§Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½ · ³¿¼» ·² º·®¬ ´·²» ¬± ³»¿ó ¿ «®ª»§ ±º ½¿» ·² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼ó «®» ¼·¬¿²½»ô °»»¼ ¿²¼ °»»¼ ª¿®·¿¬·±² »® ¸±«´¼ ¾» «»¼ ¿²¼ ¿ «®ª»§ ±º ¬¸» ²»½ó ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ »¿®§ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ¬¸¿¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ®»°±®¬»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ·² «½¸ ½¿»ò ײ ß«¹«¬ ïê ®»°»½¬·ª»´§ ïéô îððëô ¿º¬»® íòíòìײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿²¼ ½±²º´·½¬ ¬¸» ·²¬®±¼«½¬·±² ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©»®» ·²ó º±®³»¼ ±² ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ¬¸» °«®°±» ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ô ¬¸»·® ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¿²¼ ·² ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ©¸·½¸ ·¬«¿¬·±² ¬¸»§ ¸±«´¼ ¾» «»¼ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿®» ¿¼¿°¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ±©² Ú±® »¿·»® ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» «®ª»§ ±º «·²¹ ©¿§ ±º ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ¬± ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °®±½»ó ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ©¿ ¿¬¬¿½¸»¼ ·² ©»¿¬¸ó ¼«®» º±® »¨¿³°´» ·² º±®³ ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹ ±® ¹»¬ó »®°®±±º ©¿§ ¬± ¬¸» ¾¿½µ·¼» ±º ¬¸» ª±·½» ¬·²¹ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ½¿² ¾» «»¼ ®»½±®¼»® ·² ½¿¬½¸©±®¼ ¬¸» ¬¸· »²¿¾´»¼ ¿ ½®·¬»®·±² º±® ¬¸» »¬·³¿¬·±² ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ º´±© ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬± ¹± ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»¼ ø½±³º±®¬ ½®·¬»®·±²÷å ¬¸»§ ¿´± ½¿² °®»»²¬ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² °±·²¬ ¾§ °±·²¬ ©¸·´» ®»½±®¼·²¹ò ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬»° ±º ¿ ½±²º´·½¬ ø¿º»¬§ ½®·¬»®·±²÷ò ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸±«´¼ ¹·ª» ¿ ¸±®¬ ®»°±®¬ ±ºæ ݱ²º´·½¬ Ù»²»®¿´ ·²º±®³¿¬·±² Õ·²¼ ±º ·²½·¼»²¬ ß ·¬«¿¬·±² · ¬¸»² ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ½±²ó λ¿½¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® º´·½¬ô ·º ¿ ½±´´··±² ½±«®» ¿®·» ¾»¬©»»² ¬©± ݱ²»¯«»²½» ±® ³±®» ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ô ± ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ®»¿½ó Ý¿«» ¬·±² ±º ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ±²» ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ · ²»½ó Ѭ¸»® »¿®§ô ¬± ¿ª±·¼ ¬¸» ¬¸®»¿¬»²·²¹ ½±´´··±²ò ̸» ¿®··²¹ ±º ½±²º´·½¬ · ¿² ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ½®·óÛª»²¬«¿´ «¾¶»½¬·ª» ·³°®»·±² ¸±«´¼ ¬»®·±² º±® ¬¸» »¬·³¿¬·±² ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿º»¬§ Å»»¾» ±¾¶»½¬·º·»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ¹·ª»²ô ¬¿²¼¿®¼·»¼ °±·²¬ ©¸·½¸ ©»®» ³»¿²¬ ¬± ¾» ±®·»²¬¿¬·±² Ø«°º»®ô ݸ®·¬±°¸æ ݱ³°«¬»®¹»¬$¬¦» Ê·¼»ó ±¾·´¼ª»®¿®¾»·¬«²¹ ·² ¼»® Ê»®µ»¸®·½¸»®¸»·¬óº±® ¬¸» °®±¬±½±´ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®å ¿´ó ¿®¾»·¬ô ˲·ª»®·¬<¬ Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²ô Ú¿½¸¹»ó¬¸±«¹¸ ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¾·»¬ Ê»®µ»¸®©»»²ô Ù®$²» λ·¸» Ò®ò ìðô ©»®» ¬¸±«¹¸¬ ¬± ¾» ®¿¬¸»® ±¾¶»½¬·ª» ¾»½¿«» Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ïççéà ò±º ¬¸»·® °®±º»·±²¿´ °®¿½¬·½»ò íï Ûª»² ·º ¬¸» ¸·º¬ °¿»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ °®±¾´»³ íòêòïÌ·³» ±º ·²¬»®ª·»© ±® º«®¬¸»® ·²½·¼»²¬ô ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·ó °¿²¬ ©»®» ¿µ»¼ ¬± ®»½±®¼ ²¿³»ô ¼¿¬» ¿²¼ Ú·®¬ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ¿ ¸±®¬ ®»«³» ¿º¬»® ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» ¸·º¬ò Ú±® «²½»®¬¿·²¬·»ô °®±¾´»³ ±® ¯«»¬·±² ¬¸» ß °´¿²²»¼ ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ±º ¯«»¬·±²·²¹ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¬¸» ±°°±®¬«²·¬§ ¬± «» ¿ ¬±±µ °´¿½» ¬¸®»» ©»»µ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¬»´»°¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» ¿¬ ¿²§ ¬·³»ò ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ·² Í»°¬»³¾»® ïíô îððë ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¿²¼ ·² Í»°¬»³¾»® ïëô îððë ·² íòëر¬´·²»Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ò ײ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¬¸®»» ±º ¬¸» ±®·¹·²¿´´§ ß «°°´»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ´»ª»´ ¬± ¬¸» ³»²¬·±²»¼ ·¨ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© °®±ª··±² ½±«´¼ ¾» ¯«»¬·±²»¼ô ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² »·¹¸¬ ©¿ ³¿¼» ®·¹¸¬ º®±³ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ¬± ¾» ±º ¬¸» ²·²» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ò ײ Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²ô ¬¸» ¿¼¼®»¿¾´» ©·¬¸ ¿ ¸±¬´·²» ª·¿ ¬»´»°¸±²» ±® ±¬¸»® ¬¸®»» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ »³¿·´ò ̸» ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ »¬¿¾´·¸»¼ ¬± ±´ª» ¬¸»² ¸¿¼ ²±¬ §»¬ ±® ¿´³±¬ ²±¬ «»¼ ¬¸» ¿½¬«¿´ô «²»¨°»½¬»¼ ¯«»¬·±²ô ®»³¿®µ ¿²¼ Í»¹©¿§ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¬»¿³ ´»¿¼»®ò ײ °®±¾´»³ ±º ¿´´ µ·²¼ô »°»½·¿´´§ ¬± ¸»´° Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²ô ¬¸» ±²» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±«´¼ ²±¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸·²¹ô ©¸·½¸ ½±«´¼ ²±¬ ¾» »¨°»½¬»¼ ¬¿µ» °¿®¬ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ¾»½¿«» ±º ¿ ©¸±´» ·² ¾»º±®»¸¿²¼ò ׺ ²»»¼»¼ ¬¸» ¸±¬´·²» ¸±«´¼ ¼¿§ ¿°°±·²¬³»²¬ò º«®¬¸»®³±®» °´¿§ ¿ ³»¼·¿¬±® ®±´» ·² ½¿» Í»½±²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ±º ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ±® ±¬¸»® °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¿ ¬¸·®¼ °¿®¬§ò Ѳ Ü»½»³¾»® ëô îððëô ¿º¬»® ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ׬ ©¿ »¨°»½¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ³¿¶±®·¬§ ±º ¿®·ó ¬¸» °·´±¬ °¸¿»ô ¬¸» »½±²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ·²¹ ¯«»¬·±² ¿²¼ °®±¾´»³ô º±® ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ¬±±µ °´¿½»ò ׬ ©¿ ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ©·¬¸ ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ ³¿¼» º±®ô ¸±«´¼ ½±³» «° ·² ¬¸» ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ±º ½·®½«·¬ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² º·®¬ ¬¸®»» ©»»µò ¿²¼ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¿´± °¿®¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» ³»»¬·²¹ò íòêË»® ·²¬»®ª·»©Ì¸®»» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º Ò»«²ó µ·®½¸»² ©»®» ¯«»¬·±²»¼ ©¸± ®±¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °·´±¬ °»®·±¼ ±² ¿ Þ»·¼» ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ô ©¸·½¸ ¿·³»¼ ®»¹«´¿® ¾¿·ò ̸®»» º«®¬¸»® °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¿¬ ¿½¬«¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ô ·²¬»®ª·»© ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®ó Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ©¸± °¿®¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬®±ó ¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¼«½¬±®§ ¬®¿·²·²¹ °®¿½¬·½¿´´§ ¼·¼ ²±¬ «» ¬¸» ·² ©¸·½¸ ¹»²»®¿´ ·³°®»·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼»ª·½» ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ °»®·±¼ò Ú®±³ ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¿²¼ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ©»®» ±º ·²¬»®ó Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ¬»¿³ »ª»² °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·ó »¬ò ̸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ¹·ª» ¿ º®¿³» °¿²¬ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¯«»¬·±²»¼ô ·¨ ±º ¬¸»³ ¸¿ªó º±® ¾»¬¬»® »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ¿²¼ «²¼»®¬¿²¼·²¹ ±º ·²¹ «»¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»¹«´¿®´§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬¸» ±¬¸»® ¬«¼§ »´»³»²¬ «½¸ ¿ ¬»¬ ®·¼ó ©¸±´» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °»®·±¼ò ·²¹ô ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼·²¹ò ̸» ¯«»¬·±²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «»® íòêòîײ¬»®ª·»© ¹«·¼»´·²» ©¿ »ºº»½¬»¼ ·² ¹«·¼»¼ ·²¬»®ª·»©ô º±® ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©·²¹ °»®±² ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿² ·²¬»®ª·»© ײ ¾»º±®»¸¿²¼ ¿ ½±³°´»¨ ±º º·ª» ¬±°·½ ¹«·¼»´·²»ò ß ¿´®»¿¼§ ©¿ ¬¸» ½¿» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¸¿¼ ¾»»² »¬ «° ©¸·½¸ ©¿ ¯«»¬·±²»¼ ·² ¬»¬ ½·®½«·¬ô ¬©± ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ¸±«´¼ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©æ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ¼»ª·½» °®±ª·¼» ½±³°¿®·±² ¿²¼ ·²·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ô ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½ó ´»¿®²·²¹ °»®º±®³¿²½» ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹ó »ô º»»´·²¹ ±º ¿º»¬§ ¿²¼ »²¼¿²¹»®·²¹ °±¬»²ó ©¿§ô ¬¸» º·®¬ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ¾»·²¹ ¸»´¼ ·² ¬·¿´ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ »´ºó¿»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬«¼§ ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬©± ±® ¬¸®»» ©»»µ ¿²¼ ¬¸» »½±²¼ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ò Ú±® «²·º±®³ ¿²¼ ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ±²» ¿º¬»® ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ò ̸» ·²ó ®»¿±² ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ¹«·¼»´·²» ©»®» ¬»®ª·»© ©»®» ª±·½» ®»½±®¼»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ½±²ó ¹·ª»² ¿ ³«´¬·°´» ½¸±·½» ¯«»¬·±²ô ¿ º¿® ¿ »²¬ ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °»®±²ò °±·¾´»ô ©¸·½¸ ¸±©»ª»® ·² ¬¸» º±®³ ±º ¬¸» ¹«·¼»¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ´»º¬ ®±±³ º±® º«®¬¸»® ¯«»ó ¬·±² ±® ½±³°®»¸»²·±² ¯«»¬·±² ·² ½¿» ±º «²««¿´ ±® «²»¨°»½¬»¼ ¿²©»®ò Ú±® ¬¸» º·®¬ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ¿ ¯«»¬·±²ó íî ²¿·®» ©·¬¸ îè ¯«»¬·±² ¸¿¼ ¾»»² »´¿¾±óײ °®¿½¬·½» ·¬ ¾»½¿³» ½´»¿® ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °´¿²²»¼ ®¿¬»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ·² »ª»®¿´ °®»ó¬»¬ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ¬·³» °»® ·²¬»®ª·»© ©¿ ¬±± ¸±®¬ô ¾»½¿«» »¨¿³·²»¼ º±® ®»¼«²¼¿²½§ô ´±¹·½ ¿²¼ ½±³ó»°»½·¿´´§ ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ °´»¬»²»ò ײ ¬¸»» °®»ó¬»¬ ¿ ³»¼·¿² ¬¸»®» ©»®» º«®¬¸»® ¯«»¬·±² ¿²¼ ¼·½«ó ¼«®¿¬·±² ±º íë ³·²«¬» °»® ·²¬»®ª·»© ©¿ ·±²ô ¾»·¼» ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¹«·¼»´·²»ò ®»¿½¸»¼ò̸» °»½·¿´ ¬±°·½ ©»®» ̸» ¯«»¬·±²²¿·®» º±® ¬¸» »½±²¼ ·²¬»®ó ̸» ®»¿½¬·±² ±º °¿»®ó¾§ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» ª·»© ¼»®·ª»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» º·®¬ ¯«»¬·±²²¿·®»ò ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±²±®¬·²¹ ̸» º±½« ©¿ °«¬ ±² ¬¸» ·¼»¿ ¬¸¿¬ ¾§ ½±³ó ©·¬¸ ·¬ °¿®·²¹ ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±³» ·²º±®³¿¬·±² ½±«´¼ ̸» ø²±²÷ó«¿¹» ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¾» º±«²¼ ±² ¬¸» ¼»ª»´±°³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»¿±² º±® ·¬ µ·´´ ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ±² ¬¸» ·³°±®ó Í°»½·¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ ©¸·½¸ ½±«´¼ ¾» ±º ·²ó ¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»® »¨°»®·»²½»ò ̸»®»º±®» ²±¬ ¬»®»¬ º±® ¬¸» ¬«¼§ô ¾«¬ ©»®» ¶«¼¹»¼ ¾§ ¿´´ ¯«»¬·±² ±º ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ©»®» ¿µ»¼ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿ ²±¬ ¾»·²¹ ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ¿¹¿·²ô ¬©± º«®¬¸»® ¯«»¬·±² ©»®» ¿¼¼»¼ò ¬±«½¸·²¹ ±º ½«®¾¬±²»ô ¸±®¬ ¼®¿¹¹·²¹ ̸» ¯«»¬·±²²¿·®» ±º ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ½±²ó ¿´±²¹ ¿ ©¿´´ô ¿´±²¹ ¿ ¸¿´´ ±® ·³·´¿® ·²½·ó ¬¿·²»¼ ïç ¯«»¬·±² ¿´´ ¬±¹»¬¸»®ô ·² °®»ó¬»¬ ¼»²¬ò ¬¸» ³»¼·¿² ¼«®¿¬·±² ©¿ ¿°°®±¨·³¿¬»´§ îë ³·²«¬»ò ××ò ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ±º º·²¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ®»«´¬ íë ìλ«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ߬ ¬¸» ´¿´±³ ¬¿¬·±² ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ ¬± ½±²ó ¬·²«±«´§ ½±²½»²¬®¿¬» ±² ¬¸» ½±®²»®·²¹ ¿²¼ »³°·®·½¿´ ¼¿¬¿ µ»»°·²¹ ¬®¿½µå ®·¼·²¹ ´¿´±³ ¸±©»¼ ½´»¿®´§ ¬¸» ½±²½»²¬®¿¬·±² ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ·²»¨°»®·ó »²½»¼ ®·¼»® ·² ½±³°´»¨ ·¬«¿¬·±²æ Ю¿½¬·ó ìòïÌ»¬ ®·¼·²¹ ½¿´´§ ¿´´ ®·¼»® ½±²¬¿²¬´§ °»»¼»¼ «° ¿²¼ ¬±°°»¼ô ½±®²»®·²¹ ¬·´´ ©¿ ¶»®µ§ô ¿²¼ ³±¬ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬»»®·²¹ ìòïòïݱ³°¿®¿¬·ª» ½·®½«·¬ ¬»¬ ½¸¿²¹» ¿²¼ µ»»°·²¹ ¬®¿½µæ »ª»®¿´ ¬·³» °§´±² ©»®» ±³·¬¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¿´³±¬ »ª»®§ ®·¼»® ¬±«½¸»¼ ±® ©»²¬ ±ª»® ±²» ±º ¬¸» °§´±²ô ±²» Ѿ»®ª¿¬·±² ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ·²¬®±¼«½¬·±² ±® »ª»®¿´ ¬·³»ò ݱ²¬®¿®§ ¬± ¬¸» º·®¬ »¨°»½¬¿¬·±² ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ̸» ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² »¨»®½·» ¸±©»¼ ¿ ©»´´ µ·´´ ±º ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©¿ ®»´¿¬·ª»´§ ¹±±¼ ¬¸¿¬ ·²»¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¬»²¼ ¬± «²¼»®»ó ¿´®»¿¼§ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¬¸®»» ¸±«®ó¬®¿·²·²¹ò ̸» ¬·³¿¬» ®·¼·²¹ ·¬«¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ±ª»®»¬·³¿¬» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ «²¼»®¬±±¼ ¬¸» º«²½¬·±²·²¹ ±º ¬¸»³»´ª»ò ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿´®»¿¼§ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬¸®»» ³·²«¬» ¿²¼ ¾¿·½¿´´§ ·²¬»®²¿´·»¼ ·¬ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ß´®»¿¼§ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿´º ¸±«®ò ̸»§ ª»®§ ¯«·½µ´§ ³¿¬»®»¼ »¿§ ¸¿¼ ²± °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ³±¾·´» ±¾¬¿½´» ®·¼·²¹ ¬¿µ «½¸ ¿ ¬¿®¬·²¹ô ¬±°°·²¹ ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ ±® ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ½¸¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼ô ¹±·²¹ ¬®¿·¹¸¬ ¿¸»¿¼ò Ì¿µ ¬¸¿¬ ®»¯«·®»¼ »ª»² ¬¸» ±°»²·²¹ ±º ¿ ¼±±® º®±³ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ³±®» ½±³°´·½¿¬»¼ ½±±®¼·²¿¬·ª» ½¿°¿½·¬·» ©¿§ ø±²´§ ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²÷ ©¿ «½¸ ¿ ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬»»®·²¹ ±® ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ³¿¬»®»¼ô ¿´¬¸±«¹¸ ¬¸· ©¿ ¿ ²»© ¿²¼ ²±¬ ±¾»®ª·²¹ ¬¸» »²ª·®±²³»²¬ ²»»¼»¼ ³±®» ¿² »¿§ ¿½¬·ª·¬§ º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò Ѳ´§ ·² ±²» ±º °®¿½¬·½»ô ¾«¬ ©»®» ¿½¯«·®»¼ ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬¸» ïì ¬»¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ´·¹¸¬´§ ¸·¬ ¬¸» ¼±±®ò ¸±«®ô ¿ ¿ ®«´»ò ̸» ¿°°®±¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·ó °¿²¬ ©¿ °¿®¬´§ ª»®§ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½½±®¼ó ׬ ¾»½¿³» ½´»¿® ¬¸¿¬ ¿º¬»® ¿ ¸±®¬ ®·¼·²¹ ·²¹ ¬± ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ®»»®ª¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ½¸¿®¿½¬»® °®¿½¬·½» ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ®»¿½¸»¼ º®±³ ¯«·¬» ¾±´¼ ¿²¼ ®·µ§ ¬± ª»®§ ¬¿²¼¿®¼ ·¬«¿¬·±² ©¿ ²± °®±¾´»³ ¿¬ ¿´´ô ®»»®ª»¼ ¿²¼ ½¿«¬·±«ò ®»¿½¬·±² ¬± «²º±®»»»¿¾´» ·²½·¼»²¬ ¸±©ó »ª»® ²»»¼»¼ ¿ ´±²¹»® »¨»®½··²¹ô ·º ¬¸» ®·¼ó »® ©»®» ²±¬ ¬± ®»¿½¬ º¿´»´§ò ̸» º·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ η¼·²¹ ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸» º·®¬ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ©·¬¸ Í»½±²¼ ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» ¬¿¬·±² ײ ½±³°¿®·±² ¬± ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ´¿´±³ ®·¼ó ïòÍ´¿´±³ô ·²¹ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ³¿¼» ³±®» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ô ¬¸» ¼·ó îòÙ±·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ ¾»²¼ ±² ¿ ³¿´´ ®±¿¼©¿§ ¬¿²½» ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» °§´±² ©¿ ¼·³·²·¸»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ²±¬½¸ ¾»¸·²¼ ±¾¬®«½¬»¼ ª·»©ô º®±³ îòëð ³ ¬± ïòðð ³ ·² í𠽳󬻰 ¿²¼ íòøÓ±¾·´»÷ ±¾¬¿½´» ±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ô ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ©¿ ¿ ´·¬¬´» ¾·¬ ©»¬ ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» ©»¿¬¸»® ½±²¼·¬·±²ò ײ ½±³°¿®·±² ¬± ¬¸» ìòÑ°»²·²¹ ¼±±® º®±³ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ¸¿¼ ¾»½±³» ëòݸ¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼ ±¾ª·±«´§ ¿º»®ô ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®±¼» ·² ¿² êòݱ³¾·²¿¬·±² »¨»®½·» ½±²¬®±´´»¼ ¾«¬ ¾±´¼ ³¿²²»® ¿²¼ ·² ³±¬ ½¿» µ»°¬ ¬¸» ¬®¿½µ ¿½½«®¿¬»´§ò ̸»®» ©»®» ¸±©»¼ ¯«·¬» ½´»¿®´§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ ²± ®·¼·²¹ º¿«´¬ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»ó ª»®§ ¯«·½µ´§ ·²¬»®²¿´·»¼ ¬¸» ¾¿·½ ®·¼·²¹ ³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ·¬«¿¬·±² ¬¸» °»»¼ ©¿ ¬¿µ ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ½±³°´»¨ ®·¼·²¹ ·¬«¿¬·±² º´«»²¬´§ ¿¼¶«¬»¼ò Ü«®·²¹ îé ¬»¬ ¬¸» °§´±² ¬·´´ ®»¯«·®»¼ ¿ ¸·¹¸ ½±²½»²¬®¿¬·±² »ºº±®¬ò ߬ ©»®» ´·¹¸¬´§ ¬±«½¸»¼ ¬©·½»ò ¬¿¬·±² î ³±¬ ®·¼»® ®»¿½¬»¼ ¬± ¬¸» «²º±®»ó »»¿¾´» ·²½·¼»²¬ ©·¬¸ ¸»½¬·½ ³¿²±»«ª®» ·² ײ ½±³°¿®·±² ¬± ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» ½±³ó ±®¼»® ¬± ¹»¬ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ò Í»ª»®¿´ ¬·³» ¾·²¿¬·±² »¨»®½·» ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ³¿¼» ³±®» ¼·ºó ¬¸»§ º¿´»´§ «»¼ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ´»ª»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» º·½«´¬ ¾§ ¿ ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² ±º ¾»²¼ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©»²¬ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ ·² ¬¸» ©®±²¹ ¼·ó ´±°»ô ¾«¬ ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸±©»¼ ¿ ¸·¹¸ ®»½¬·±²ò ײ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» ²«³¾»® ±º ®·¼·²¹ ¿º»¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» º»© ½±±®¼·²¿¬·±² °®±¾ó ®·¼·²¹ º¿«´¬ ©¿ ½±²·¼»®¿¾´§ ³¿´´»®ò ´»³ ±º ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ¸¿¼ ½±³°´»¬»´§ ¼·ó ¿°°»¿®»¼ò íê ̸» ½±³°¿®·±² ±º ¬¸» ¬©± ½·®½«·¬ ®±«²¼ ¬± ïè µ³ñ¸ò ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ »ª»² ¬¿®¬»¼ ¸±©»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¿º¬»® ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ ±º ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» ¯«·½µó¬±° ¬»¬ ¾»º±®» ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²»ô °®¿½¬·½» ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¿ ¸·¹¸ ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸« ³¿µ·²¹ ·¬ ²»½»¿®§ ¬± ¿¼¼ ïò𠬱 ïòë ³ ½±³°»¬»²½» ¿²¼ ©»®» ¿¾´» ¬± ¶«¼¹» ©»´´ ¬± ¬¸» ³»¿«®»¼ ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½»ô °®¿½¬·ó »ª»² ½±³°´»¨ ®·¼·²¹ ¬¿µ ¿²¼ ³¿¬»® ¬¸»³ò ½¿´´§ ·² ¿´´ ½¿»ò ̸» ¬»»®·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³»¿²©¸·´» ¸¿°ó ײ º±«® ±º îê ½¿» øïëòìû÷ ¬¸»®» ©»®» °»² «²½±²½·±«´§å ¬¸»®»º±®» ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» ©¸·´» ¬±°°·²¹ ø±½·´´¿¬·²¹ô ´± ½±«´¼ ½±³°´»¬»´§ ½±²½»²¬®¿¬» ±² ¬¸»·® «®ó ±º ½±²¬®±´ô º¿´´÷ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ô ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» ®±«²¼·²¹ô ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ¼«¬·»ò ײ ½¿» »½±²¼ô ´±²¹»® ®±«²¼ ¿º¬»® ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ °·ó ±º °®±¾´»³ ¿´´ ®·¼»® ¸¿ª» ¿¼»¯«¿¬»´§ ¿²¼ ´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¸»®» ©»®» ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» ·² ï ±º ïë𠧬»³¿¬·½¿´´§ ®»¼«½»¼ °»»¼ò ½¿» øðòéû÷ò ̸» ³»¿«®»¼ ³»¼·¿² ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½ó ìòïòîݱ³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ » ±º ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿´´±©»¼ ±²´§ ´·³·¬»¼ ½±²½´«·±² ©¸»² ½±³°¿®·²¹ ®±«²¼ ±²» ̸» ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¿®» ±º °»ó ©·¬¸ ®±«²¼ ¬©±ò Þ«¬ ¿ ¿ ®«´» ±²» ½¿² ¬¿¬» ½·¿´ ·²¬»®»¬ º±® ´±±µ·²¹ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±ó ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ¿º»¬§ ·²½®»¿»¼ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ½»¼«®»ô ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¬¿µ ³»¼·¿² ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ¼»½®»¿»¼ ¿º¬»® e¯«·½µ ¬±°uò ß ½¿´½«´¿¬±® »ª¿´«¿¬·±² · °±ó ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ ±º ®·¼·²¹ °®¿½¬·½»ò ̸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ·¾´» ±²´§ ¿¬ ¿ ª»®§ ³¿´´ »¨¬»²¬ô ¾»½¿«» ¼»´¿§ ¬¸»®»º±®» ·³°®±ª»¼ò ¬¸» °»»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ½¿²²±¬ ¾» ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ò ̸» ª·¼»± »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ¼±» ²±¬ ̸» ¬¸®»» ½·¬»¼ ¬±°°·²¹ ³»¬¸±¼ ø»» °®»»²¬ ®»´·¿¾´» ª¿´«»ô »·¬¸»®ô ¾»½¿«» ¼«» ½¸¿°¬»® íòîòí eß¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ó ¬± ¬¸» ´±© ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿²µ´» ¬¸» »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ̸» Í»¹©¿§ °®±½» ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹uô °¿¹» ©·¬¸ Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ¸¿¼ ¬±± ¸·¹¸ ¬±´»®¿²½»ò îê÷ ±º¬»² ³»®¹» ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¿³±«²¬ ±º »¨°»®·»²½» ·² «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸» ®·¼»® ß´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®±¼» ¯«·¬» ´±©´§ô ·² ¬¸» ±º¬»² ¸·º¬ ¬¸» ¹®¿ª·¬§ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ô ¬¸»² ¿º¬»® º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ¬¸· ©¿ ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» ´¿½µ ±º ®·¼ó ¿ ¸±®¬ ³±³»²¬ ¬¸»§ ¬®»¬½¸ ±«¬ ±²» º±±¬ ·²¹ µ·´´ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ®··²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ¬¸· ³±³»²¬ · ®±«²¼ ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º»´¬ ¿º»® ¸±®¬»²»¼ò ©¸»² ½±²·¼»®¿¾´§ ®»¼«½·²¹ ¬¸» °»»¼ ¿´ó ®»¿¼§ ¾»º±®» ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²»ò ߬ ¬¸» ¬±°ó °·²¹ ´·²» ¬¸» ³»¼·¿² °»»¼ ©¿ ¿¾±«¬ ïê ìòïòíß¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ̸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ·² Õ¿·»®ó ´¿«¬»®² ¸¿ª» ¾»»² »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ±º¬©¿®» Ú·®¬ ®±«²¼ r Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½ò ̸» ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ¾®±«¹¸¬ ¬¸» Í¿¿®óÒ»«²ó¿ª¹ò ¾®$½µ»²µ·®½¸»² º±´´±©·²¹ ¼¿¬¿æ ïíôðìôëìôïíôéîôíéôðîôèêôïíôêêôìíôìëôìêôë îìôçíôèíôçîôìîôîíôììôïëôëìôëìôïíôèìôîìôí Í°»»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ °»»¼ ©¿ ³»¿«®»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» ìôðìôîìôðíôïîôíëôîíôëëôèìôðëôííôêìôèëôììôî ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ø¬¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½ó Í»½±²¼ »÷ò ̱ ³·²·³·¦» ¬¸» ·²¿½½«®¿½§ ±º ¬¸» ®±«²¼ ³»¿«®»³»²¬ ¬¸» ¼·¬¿²½» ±º ïòë ³ ¾»ó Í¿¿®óÒ»«²ó¿ª¹ò ¾®$½µ»²µ·®½¸»² º±®» ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ©¿ ¿´± »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ò ïïôêîôîîôïïôìïôçïôçîôìîôèîôé îîôíîôëïôçïôîïôèïôðíôìîôé Ü»´¿§ ¿º¬»® °¿·²¹ ±ª»® íîôëïôéïôçïôîïôçïôîîôçîôìíôî ìîôëîôïïôçïôíîôïïôìíôîíôìíôí¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ¬·´´ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ëîôéïôèïôéïôðïôêïôìîôéîôéîôí ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» º±®³«´¿ ãªnñî¿ ¬¸» º«´´ êîôêïôèîôïðôçïôìïôîíôìíôíîôî ¼»´¿§ «° ¬± ¬¿²¼¬·´´ · ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ ¾§ éîôçïôçïôêðôêïôìíôíîôìîôî èîôëîôðîôðïôêîôðíôêîôíïôè ¬¸» °»»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ¿²¼ ¬¸» çíôðîôðïôçïôëîôîîôðìôêîôíïôë ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½»ò ïðíôðïôèîôëïôïïôçîôïíôíîôêïôè ïïîôëïôçîôïïôðïôîïôìíôèîôì Ì·³» ¬·´´ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ïîíôìîôðíôíïôëïôëïôìîôêîôëïôì ïíîôèîôðîôïïôìïôëíôîîôëïôé Ø»®» ¬¸» ¬·³» ©¿ ³»¿«®»¼ ·² »½±²¼ ïìîôëîôîíôðîôëïôïïôéíôðïôê º®±³ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½ó ïëîôîîôîîôèïôïïôêïôííôìîôêïôê » ¬± ¬¸» ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò îôêîôðîôîïôîïôêïôëíôíîôêîôîîôï ͬ±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» Ú·¹«®» îëæ ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ íé Ø»®» ¬¸» ¼·¬¿²½» ©¿ ³»¿«®»¼ ·² ³»ó Ó»¿«®»¼ °»»¼ ¾»¹·²²»® ¹®±«° Ù»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬»² ß²º<²¹»® ¬®» º®±³ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ìðïððû °®±½» ¬± ¬¸» ¬¿²¼¬·´´ò çðû íë èðû íð ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¿¾±ª» ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¼»º·ó éðû îë ²·¬·±² ¬¸» ³»¿«®»¼ ¼¿¬¿ ©»®» ®»´¿¬»¼ ¬± êðû îðëðû ¬¸» ¬©± ¹®±«° ±º ¬»¬ ®·¼»® ¿²¼ »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ ìðû ïë »°¿®¿¬»´§ò ̸» °¿®¿³»¬»® °»»¼ô ¼»´¿§ô íðû ï𠬱°°·²¹ ¬·³»ô ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ©¿ ¾®±ó îðû ë ïðû µ»² ¼±©² ·²¬± ½´¿»ò ß´´ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ·² ¬¸» ððû ¾»¹·²²»® ¹®±«° ïçè ¬»¬ ©»®» ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ïíïìïëïêïéïèïçîðîïîîîíîìîëîê ¿²¼ ì𠬻¬ ·² ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ¹®±«°ò Ù»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬µ´¿»² ·² µ³ñ¸ °»»¼ ½´¿» ·² µ³ñ¸ Ù»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬»² Ú±®¬¹»½¸®·¬¬»²»® Ó»¿«®»¼ °»»¼ ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ¹®±«° Í°»»¼ ïðïððû ççðû ̱ ¹«¿®¿²¬»» ½±²¬¿²¬ °®»½±²¼·¬·±² º±® èèðû ééðû ¬¸» ¬»¬ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ ¬± ¬®§ ¬± ®·¼» ©·¬¸ êêðû ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²»ò ëëðû É·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¸»·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» ®»¿½¸»¼ ììðû ííðû °»»¼ ¾»¹·²²»® ¿²¼ ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¼·¼ îîðû ²±¬ ¼·ºº»® ³«½¸ò ̸» ³»¼·¿² ª¿´«» ±º ¬¸» ïïðû ®·¼» ©¿ îïòêµ³ñ¸ ®»°ò îïòèµ³ñ¸ò Ѳ´§ ððû ïíïìïëïêïéïèïçîðîïîîîíîìîë ¬¸» ¼»ª·¿¬·±² ±º °»»¼ ©¿ ¿ ¾·¬ ´¿®¹»® º±® °»»¼ ½´¿» ·² µ³ñ¸ Ù»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬µ´¿»² ·² µ³ñ¸ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»®ô ¬¸» »¨°»®·»²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¿°ó °®±¿½¸»¼ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ©·¬¸ ¿ ³¿´´»® Ú·¹«®» îêæ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ³»¿«®»¼ °»»¼ ®¿²¹» ±º °»»¼ò Þ«¬ ¬¸· ©¿ ·² ¿ ·¦» ¬¸¿¬ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ·²º´«»²½» ¬¸» ±¬¸»® ³»¿«®»³»²¬ò Þ»¹·²²»®ß¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ïçèíç Ó»¼·¿² ¼»´¿§ëôì ³ñnéôî ³ñn Ü»´¿§ ¿º¬»® °¿·²¹ ±ª»® Ó·²·³«³ ¼»´¿§ïôé ³ñnìôï ³ñn ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» Ó¿¨·³«³ ¼»´¿§çôí ³ñnïðôé ³ñn ͬ¿²¼¿®¼ ¼»ª·¿¬·±²ïôêïôë ̸» ³»¼·¿² ¼»´¿§ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ Ú·¹«®» îéæ ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½» ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ¿²¼ ¬¸» º«´´ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ¸¿¼ ¾»»² ¼»¬»®³·²»¼ Ó»¿«®»¼ ¼»½»´»®¿¬·±² ¾§ ¬¸» °»»¼ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ³»¿«®»¼ ¾»¹·²²»® ¹®±«° ¾§ ª·¼»± »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·ó ¬¿²½»ò ׬ · ·²¬»®»¬·²¹ ¬± ²±¬» ¬¸¿¬ º±® ¬¸» ¿¼ó ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¬¸» ¼»´¿§ ª¿´«» ¿®» ¿¾±«¬ ïòë ¬± î³ñn ¸·¹¸»®æ ¬¸» ³»¿«®»¼ ³»¼·¿² ¼»ó ´¿§ ©¿ ëòì³ñn º±® ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»®ô éòî³ñn º±® ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»®ô ·º ±²» º«¹·¬·ª» ª¿´«» ±º ïêòç³ñn º±® ±²» ¬»¬ · ²±¬ ½±«²¬»¼ò ¼»½»´»®¿¬·±² ½´¿» ·² ³ñn ß³±²¹¬ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»®ô ·² ïìû ±º ¿´´ ½¿» ¬¸» ³·²·³«³ ª¿´«» ±º íòë³ñn º±® ¬¸» Ó»¿«®»¼ ¼»½»´»®¿¬·±² ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ¹®±«° ¾®¿µ·²¹ ±º ³±¬±® ½§½´» ©¿ ²±¬ ®»¿½¸»¼ô ·² íéû ±º ¿´´ ½¿» ¬¸» ª¿´«» ±º ëòð³ñn ¼»ó ³¿²¼»¼ º±® ³±¬±® ½¿®ò Ú±® ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¬¸» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ª¿´«» ©»®» íû ®»°ò ëû ±º ¿´´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ò Ì·³» ¬·´´ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼»½»´»®¿¬·±² ½´¿» ·² ³ñn Ú±® ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½ó » ¸¿ ¿ ¼«®¿¬·±² ±º «° ¬± ðòë ½±²½»®²ó Ú·¹«®» îèæ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ³»¿«®»¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ íè ·²¹ ¬¸» îðû󪿴«»ô º±® ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»® «° ¬± ½¿»ò ̸· ´»¹¿´ ª¿´«» ®»º»® »¨½´«·ª»´§ ¬± ðòéëò ݱ²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» ëðû󪿴«» ¬¸» ¼«ó¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¬ «° ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ»ô ¾«¬ ·² ¬¸» ®¿¬·±² · «° ¬± ïòîë º±® ¾±¬¸ ¹®±«° ¿²¼ ½¿» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼«» ¬± ·¬ °»½·¿´ ½±²ó ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» èðû󪿴«» «° ¬± ïòéëò ̸» ¬®«½¬·±² ¼»·¹² ¬¸» ¬«¼§ ±º ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¾®¿µ·²¹ °»®·±¼ · ¿´³±¬ ·¼»²¬·½¿´ º±® ¾±¬¸ ¾®¿µ·²¹ °»®º±®³¿²½» ½¿²²±¬ ¾» »°¿®¿¬»¼ ¹®±«°ò × ¸¿ ¬± ¾» ²±¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ º±® ¾»¹·²ó ²»® ª»®§ ¸±®¬ ª¿´«» «° ¬± ðòë ¿²¼ º±® ¬¸» Ì·³» ¬·´´ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ Æ»·¬ ¾· ͬ·´´¬¿²¼ ß²º<²¹»® ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ª»®§ ´±²¹ ª¿´«» ¿¾±ª» îòë ¾»¹·²²»® ¹®±«° ¼·¼ ²±¬ ±½½«®ò ëëïððû ëð çðû ìë èðû ìð ͬ±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» éðû íë êðû íð ëðû ɸ»² ½±³°¿®·²¹ ¬¸» îðô ëð ¿²¼ èðû󪿴ó îë ìðû îð «» ¸»®»ô ¬±±ô ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¿½¸·»ª»¼ ¿ íðû ïë ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ¬¸¿¬ ©¿ ï³ ¸±®¬»® ¬¸¿² îðû ïð ïðû ë ¬¸» ±²» ±º ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»®ò ̸» ¿³» ®»«´¬ ððû ¿®» º±«²¼ ·º ±²» ½±³°¿®»¼ ¬¸» ³»¼·«³ ª¿´ó ðôîëðôëðôéëïïôîëïôëïôéëîîôîëîôëîôéë ¬·³» ¬± ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ·² «» ±º ¬¸» ³»¿«®»³»²¬ ø¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® Æ»·¬ ¾· ͬ·´´¬¿²¼ ·² îòëë³ô ¾»¹·²²»® íòêê³÷ò Ì·³» ¬·´´ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ Æ»·¬ ¾· ͬ·´´¬¿²¼ Ú±®¬¹»½¸®·¬¬»²»® ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ¹®±«° ïïïððû ïð çðû Ю±¾´»³ ¿²¼ ¼·½«·±² ç èðû è éðû Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©» ½±«´¼ ±¾ó é êðû ê »®ª» ¬¸¿¬ ¾»¹·²²»®ô ¬±±ô ©»®» ©»´´ ¿¾´» ¬± ëðû ë ¿½¸·»ª» ¼»´¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ¿®» ½±³°¿®¿¾´» ¬± ¬¸±» ìðû ì íðû í ±º ¬¸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ¿®» ·² ¬¸» º®¿³» ±º îðû î ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ º±® ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¿²¼ ïðû ï ððû °¿»²¹»® ³±¬±® ½¿®ò Þ«¬ ±º¬»²ô ¸±®¬´§ ðôîëðôëðôéëïïôîëïôëïôéëîîôîë ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¾»¹¿² ¬± ¬±° ¿²¼ ®»¿½¸»¼ ¬·³» ¬± ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ·² Æ»·¬ ¾· ͬ·´´¬¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ ¼»´¿§ô ¿ «¼¼»² ´± ±º ½±²ó ¬®±´ ±ª»® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¸¿°°»²»¼ò ߬ ¬¸¿¬ °±·²¬ Ú·¹«®» îçæ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ¬·³» ¬± ¬¿²¼¬·´´ ¬¸» ¼§²¿³·½ ¾¿´¿²½·²¹ §¬»³ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ ¬®·» ¬± ½±³°»²¿¬» ¬¸» ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¸·º¬ ͬ±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ß²¸¿´¬»©»¹ ß²º<²¹»® ±º ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ò ̸· ´»¿¼ ¬± ¿ ±½·´´¿¬·²¹ ¾»¹·²²»® ¹®±«° êðïððû ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸»² ¬¸» ¼»´¿§ ½¿²²±¬ ¾» ëë çðû µ»°¬ ¬¿¾´» º±® ¬¸» ©¸±´» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½» ëð èðû ìë ¿²¼ ¸¿ ¬± ¾» ¼·³·²·¸»¼ ¿²¼ ¾§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» éðû ìð êðû ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ·²½®»¿»ò ̸· ®»¿½¬·±² íë íðëðû · ´» ª»¸»³»²¬ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½ó îë ìðû îð » ±º ¿² ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»®ò íðû ïë îðû ïð ïðû ׬ »»³ ¬¸¿¬ ©·¬¸ ¹®±©·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ·² ë ððû ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸·¹¸ ¼»´¿§ ·² ¬¸» ¾»ó ïïôëîîôëííôëììôëëëôëêêôëééôë ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ·² ³ ¹·²²·²¹ ½¿² ¾» ¬®¿²º»®®»¼ ³±®» »¿·´§ ·²¬± ß²¸¿´¬»©»¹µ´¿»² ·² ³ ¸±®¬ ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½»ò ͬ±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ß²¸¿´¬»©»¹ Ú±®¬¹»½¸®·¬¬»²»® ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ¹®±«° ïêïððû λ«´¬ ¿²¼ ¿»³»²¬ çðû ïì èðû ïî éðû ̸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¸±©»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ©¸»² ¬±°ó ïð êðû °·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ¿½¸·»ª»¼ ¼»´¿§ °»®ó èëðû º±®³¿²½» ´»¿¼ ¬± ¹±±¼ ª¿´«» ·² ¿ª»®¿¹» ìðû ê íðû ¾«¬ ¼»°»²¼»¼ ½´»¿®´§ ±² ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·ó ì îðû »²½» ¿²¼ ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò ̸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ î ïðû ¼»´¿§ ª¿´«» ¸±©»¼ ¿´± ¿ ½»®¬¿·² ®¿²¹» ððû ïïôëîîôëííôëì ±º ¼»ª·¿¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ³»¿²¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²ó ß²¸¿´¬»©»¹µ´¿»² ·² ³ ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» ·² ³ ²»® ¼·¼ ²±¬ ³»»¬ ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ëòð³ñn º±® ³±¬±® ½¿® ·² ±²» ¬¸·®¼ ±º ¬¸» Ú·¹«®» íðæ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» íç º®±³ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ±º ¬¸» «»®ò ±¾ª·±«´§ ¸¿¼ ½±²·¼»®¿¾´» °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ½±²¬®±´ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ̸» ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ß ½±«´¼ ¾» »»² ½´»¿®´§ ¿´®»¿¼§ º»© ¸±«® ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·ó ®·¼·²¹ »¨»®½·» ø¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»®÷ °±·¬·ª»´§ °¿²¬ º«®¬¸»® °®±ª»¼ ¬¸· º¿½¬ò ·²º´«»²½» ¬¸» ¼»½®»¿» ±º ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·ó ¬¿²½» ø³»¿«®»³»²¬÷ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿º»¬§ øª·¼»± Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ±²» º¿´´ ¸¿°°»²»¼ô ±¾»®ª¿¬·±²÷ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½»ò ³±®» ·²º±®³¿¬·±² «²¼»® ½¸¿°¬»® ìòêòï eײ½·ó ̸» ¿¼ª¿²½»¼ ®·¼»® ½±«´¼ ¬±° ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬ º¿´´ ¼«®·²¹ ¿ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¿º»´§ ·² ³±¬ ½¿»ô ©¸·´» ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²»® ¬»¬ ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²uô °¿¹» ìêò з½¬«®» ïæ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿°°®±¿½¸ ¬¸» з½¬«®» ìæ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±» ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ ¿®»¿ ·² º®±²¬ ±º ½±²º´·½¬ ¿®»¿ ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸»³¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ з½¬«®» îæ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ Í»¹©¿§ ¬±° ¿²¼ ¿¼¶«¬ ¬¸»·® з½¬«®» ëæ ̸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ´»¿ª» ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ ¿®»¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»¿½¬·±²Í»¹©¿§ ½±²¬·²«» ¬¸»·® ®·¼» з½¬«®» êæ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½®± ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ ¿®»¿ з½¬«®» íæ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¹·ª» °®»½»¼»²½» ¬± ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² Ú·¹«®» ííæ Û¨¿³°´» ±º ¿² ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² »¯«»²½» ìð ìòîÊ·¼»±®»½±®¼·²¹ ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±² ¾·½§½´» ¬®¿½µ · ½±³°¿®¿¾´» ¬± ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ¾·ó ½§½´»ò Ѳ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ®»»®ª»¼ º±® °»¼»ó É» »¿®½¸»¼ ¬¸» ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ±º ¬¸» ¬®·¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ · ±²´§ ¬¸®»» °±·¬·±² ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬¸®»» ´·¹¸¬´§ ¸·¹¸»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸¿¬ ±º ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °±·¬·±² ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² º±® ¬¸» °¿·²¹ ±º ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬¸±«¹¸¬ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ·²¼»¨»¼ ¬¸»³ò É» ´±±µ»¼ º«´ ©¿§ ±º ®·¼·²¹ò ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¬¸»» °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ º±® ª··¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®ó ìòíη¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® ¬·½·°¿²¬ ±® º±® ±¾¬¿½´» ·² ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿½»ò É» ¬¸»² ¼·¹·¬¿´·¦»¼ ¬¸» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ »½ó ̸»®» ©»®» ³¿²·º±´¼ »¨°»½¬¿¬·±² ª·ó ¬·±² º±® º«®¬¸»® »ª¿´«¿¬·±²ò ߺ¬»® ¬¸¿¬ ©·¬¸ @óª· ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ¹¿·²»¼ º®±³ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»ó ¬¸» ¸»´° ±º ³±¬·±² ´·²» ¬¸»» »¯«»²½» ½±®¼»®ò ײ½·¼»²¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ¿ ©»®» ¿²¿´§»¼ º±® ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¾§ ¬¸» ¬·³»´§ô »¨¿½¬´§ ¿²¼ ½±³°´»¬»´§ ¿ °±·¾´» ±º¬©¿®» Ê·Ê߬®¿ºº·½r ò ¾§ ¿ ª»®§ ·³°´» ©¿§ ±º ®»½±®¼·²¹ò Ó¿²§ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ·²½·¼»²¬ »ª»² ·º ¬¸»§ »»³»¼ ¬± ß´´ ¬±¹»¬¸»® »ª»² ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©»®» ±¾ó ¾» ±º ´» ·³°±®¬¿²½» ¸±«´¼ ¾» ®»½±®¼»¼ô »®ª»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ¿º¬»® »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ¼·¼ ²±¬ ®»°®»ó ¾»½¿«» ¬¸»§ ²»ª»®¬¸»´» ½±«´¼ ¾» ±º ¸·¹¸ »²¬ ½±²º´·½¬ ·² ¬¸» »²» ±º ¼»º·²·¬·±²ò ·³°±®¬¿²½»ò É·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®»½±®¼·²¹ ³±¼¿´·ó ̸» ²«³¾»® ±º »ª»² ®»½±®¼»¼ ·²¬»®¿½ó ¬·» ¬¸» »»³·²¹´§ ´» ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ·²½·¼»²¬ ¬·±²ô ±º ²± ½±²º´·½¬ ¿²¼ ²± ¿½½·¼»²¬ · ´» ©±«´¼ ²±¬ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ®»½±®¼»¼ò ¬¸¿² »¨°»½¬»¼ò ß´´ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ̸» ·²½·¼»²¬ ¬± ¾» ®»½±®¼»¼ ©»®» ¿´´ »¨ó ª·¼»± ¿²¿´§· ¼± ²±¬ ¹·ª» ®·» ¬± °»½«´¿ó ½»°¬·±²¿´ ·¬«¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ²±®³¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ô ¬·±² ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿¼ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ò ©¸·½¸ ¸±«´¼ °®±ª·¼» ³±®» ¼»¬¿·´»¼ ·²º±®ó Ѳ ¬¸» ½±²¬®¿®§ ¬¸»§ «°°±®¬ ¬¸» ¬¸»±®§ ³¿¬·±² ±² ¾¿½µ»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» »ª¿´«¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ª±·½» ®»ó ½±®¼»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºó «·¬ ª»®§ ©»´´ ·²¬± ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ §¬»³ ¿²¼ º·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ Ü¿¬»Ì·³»Ð±·¬·±²Ü»½®·°¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±² ëòçòðëïïæíçכּ«®¬®¿A» ͬ¿®¬ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ëòçòðëïíæëèכּ«®¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» ¯«¿®» ½±³·²¹ «° º®±³ ¬¸» ¾±¬¬±³ô ´»º¬ô ©·¬¸±«¬ ¿²§ ª··¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïìæëìכּ«®¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» «°°»® ·¼» ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®»ò Ѿ»®ª»¼ ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¿ °»¼»¬®·¿² ø¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¹»¬ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§÷ ëòçòðëïëæíçכּ«®¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» «°°»® ·¼» ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®»ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±¾»®ª»¼ ëòçòðëïêæîèכּ«®¬®¿A»Û²¼ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ëòçòðëכּ«®¬®¿A»ï ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ëòçòðëïðæìîÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®óͬ¿®¬ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ Þ®$½µ» ëòçòðëïíæëðÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» ¯«¿®» »ª»®¿´ ¬·³» ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼» ¾®·¼¹»©·¬¸±«¬ °»®½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïíæëëÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» ¯«¿®» ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» º®±²¬ ¿²¼ ¼·¿°°»¿® ¬± ¾®·¼¹»¬¸» ´»º¬ ·¼» ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®» ©·¬¸±«¬ °»®½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïìæïìÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» ¯«¿®» ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ´»º¬ ·¼» ¿²¼ ¼·¿°°»¿® ¾®·¼¹»¬± ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼» ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®» ©·¬¸±«¬ °»®½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïìæïëÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» ¯«¿®» ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼» ¿²¼ ¼·¿°°»¿® ¾®·¼¹»¬± ¬¸» ¾±¬¬±³ ·¼» ©·¬¸±«¬ °»®½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïëæðéÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó î Í»¹©¿§ ½®± ¬¸» ¯«¿®» ½±³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼» ©·¬¸±«¬ °»®ó ¾®·¼¹»½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïëæïíÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó ݱ³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ´»º¬ ·¼»ô î Í»¹©¿§ ¹± ¬± ¿ ¾« ø½±²¬®±´á÷ô ¬¸»² ¾®·¼¹»¹± ¾¿½µ ¿¹¿·² ¿²¼ ¼·¿°°»¿® ¬± ¬¸» ´»º¬ ·¼» ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®» ©·¬¸±«¬ °»®½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïëæìíÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó ݱ³·²¹ º®±³ ¬¸» ¾¿½µ ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®»ô î Í»¹©¿§ ½®± ¬¸» ¯«¿®» ¿²¼ ¾®·¼¹»¼·¿°°»¿® ¬± ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼» ·² ¬¸» °·½¬«®» ©·¬¸±«¬ °»®½»°¬·¾´» ·²¬»®¿½ó ¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ëòçòðëïêæëëÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó Û²¼ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¾®·¼¹» ëòçòðëÕ«®¬óͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ó Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ¾®·¼¹» Ú·¹«®» íïæ Ю±¬±½±´ ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ¿²¿´§· ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»² ìï Ü¿¬»Ì·³»Ð±·¬·±²Ü»½®·°¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±² ïìòïðòðëÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í¬¿®¬ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ïìòïðòðëïïæðëÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¯«¿®»ô ²± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·ó °¿²¬ ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïïæîîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¯«¿®»ô ¬«®² ¬± ¬¸» µ·±µ ¿¬ ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» ¯«¿®»ô °¿» ¾»¬©»»² ¬©± °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïïæîíÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ ½±³» º®±³ ¬¸» µ·±µ ¿¹¿·²ô ²± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïïæëëÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¯«¿®»ô ²± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïíæëìÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ ½±³» ¿´±²¹ ©·¬¸ ¿ ´¿®¹»® ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ¿º¬»®ó ©¿®¼ °¿ ¬¸»³ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïìæðíÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ©·¬¸±«¬ °¿®¬·½·°¿¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ïìòïðòðëïêæðîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¯«¿®»ô ±ª»®¬¿µ» ¿ ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ô ²± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïêæìêÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Û²¼ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ïìòïðòðëÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ¿¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïðæïïÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òͬ¿®¬ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ïìòïðòðëïïæððÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òÍ»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ½±³» ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» ·¼»©¿´µô ¬¸»² ¬±°ô ¾»½¿«» ¿ °»ó ¼»¬®·¿² ¿¼¼®»» ¸·³ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïïæðçÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òÍ»¹©¿§ ½±³» ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» ·¼»©¿´µô °¿» ¿ ²±¬½¸ ½¿«»¼ ¾§ ¿ ½¿® ¼±±®ô ¿°°®±¿½¸» ¿ ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ô ±²» °»¼»¬®·¿² ¹»¬ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïîæðîÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òòÍ»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¬®»»¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·¹¸¬ô ³»»¬·²¹ ©·¬¸ ¿ °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïîæðîÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òÍ»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¬®»»¬ ¬± ¿¼¼®» ¿ ½¿® ¼®·ª»®ò ߺ¬»®©¿®¼ ½±²ó ¬·²«» ·¬ ©¿§ ±² ¬¸» ·¼»©¿´µò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¹»¬ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ ±º ¿ °»¼»¬®·¿²ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïíæîîÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òî Í»¹©¿§ ¹± ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» ·¼»©¿´µô ½±³» «° ©·¬¸ ¿ ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»ó ¬®·¿²ô ¿¼¿°¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ °»»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ ±º ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿²ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïëæìèÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òî Í»¹©¿§ ½®± ¬¸» ½®±·²¹ ¿¬ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·¹¸¬ô ²± ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ²± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïéæðëÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òòÍ»ª»®¿´ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ Í»¹©¿§ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·¹¸¬ò Í«¼¼»² ¬±°°·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·¹¸¬ ¬«®² ®»¼ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® °»¿µ ¬± ¿ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ¾»²¼ º±®©¿®¼ô ©¸·½¸ ´»¿¼ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «²·²ó ¬»²¬·±²¿´ ³±ª·²¹ º±®©¿®¼ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿²ò ̸» ®·¼»® ½±®®»½¬ ·³³»¼·¿¬»´§ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïìòïðòðëïéæïìÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òÍ»¹©¿§ ½®±» ¬¸» ¬®»»¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ´·¹¸¬ô ²± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ ïéæíîÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òÛ²¼ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ïìòïðòðëÕ¿·»®ó¬®ò Õ¿®½¸»®ó¬®òì ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïïæíîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í¬¿®¬ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ îìòïïòðëïîæðìÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ ½±³» ¿´±²¹ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ò л¼»¬®·¿² ½®±» ¬¸» ©¿§ò л¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ Í»¹©¿§ ¬±° ¿²¼ ¿¼¶«¬ ¬¸»·® ®»¿½¬·±²ò Í»¹©¿§ ¹·ª» °®»½»¼»²½» ¬± ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿²ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïîæîìÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ ¿²¼ ª»®§ ´±©´§ °¿ ¬¸» ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ѳ» °»¼»¬®·¿² ©¿²¬ ¬± ½®± ¬¸» ©¿§ò Ð»ó ¼»¬®·¿² ¿²¼ Í»¹©¿§ ¬±° ¿²¼ ¿¼¶«¬ ¬¸»·® ®»¿½¬·±²ò Í»¹©¿§ ¹·ª» °®»½»¼»²½» ¬± ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿²ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïîæíçÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ °¿» ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±ó ·²¹ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïìæëçÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïëæðîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ °¿» ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±ó ·²¹ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïëæðçÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ò ̸»§ ´±©´§ ¹± ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¿ ´¿®¹»® ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïëæíïÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ò ̸»§ ´±©´§ ¹± ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¿ ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½ó ¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïëæíëÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïëæìîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Í»¹©¿§ °¿» ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ ©·¬¸ °»»¼ ¿²¼ ¬«®² ·²¬± ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïéæðìÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ ´±©´§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¬±©¿®¼ ¬¸» °»¼»ó ¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ò ̸»§ °¿ ±³» ·²¹´» °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïéæîîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î Í»¹©¿§ °¿ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² ½®±·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ò ̸»§ ª»®§ ´±©´§ ¹± ¬¸®±«¹¸ ¿ ¹®»¿¬»® ¹®±«° ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Ò± ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ îìòïïòðëïèæðîÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»Û²¼ ±º ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ îìòïðòðëÞ¿¸²¸±º¬®¿A»î ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ±¾»®ª»¼ Ú·¹«®» íîæ °®±¬±½±´ ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ¿²¿´§· ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»² ìî λ«´¬ ݱ²º´·½¬ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ Ю±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·¯«» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¸¿²ó ײ ¬¸» ¬¸®»»ó³±²¬¸ ¬»¬ °»®·±¼ ²·²» ·²½·ó ¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼»²¬ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ®»½±®¼»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ·¨ ª±·½» ß½½·¼»²¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»½±®¼»®ò ¾«¬ ¿´± DZ« ©·´´ º·²¼ ¿ «®ª»§ ±º ¿´´ µ²±©² ·²½·ó ¼»²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ±²´§ °¿®¬´§ ±®·¹·²¿¬» º®±³ ¬¸» ײ·¹¸¬ ·² ¬¸» °»½·¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ô ·² ½¸¿°¬»® ìòêòï eײ½·¼»²¬ ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» ·² »ª»®§ ¼¿§ «»ò ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬uô °¿¹» ìëò ײ ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ©¸·½¸ ¬±±µ Ù»²»®¿´´§ ±²» ½¿² ¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·ó °´¿½» ¬¸®»» ©»»µ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¿®¬ó °¿²¬ ®»½±®¼»¼ ½±²·¼»®¿¾´§ ´» ·²½·¼»²¬ »¼ô ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² ©»®» ©¸»¬¸»® ¿²¼ ¸±© ±ºó ¬¸¿² »¨°»½¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ò ̸· °¿®¬´§ ¬»² «½¸ ·¬«¿¬·±² ±½½«®®»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ³¿§ ¾» ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ ®»½±®¼»¼ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»®ò ß²±¬¸»® ¯«»¬·±² ©¿ ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ®»½±®¼»® Ú»© ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ·²½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°°»²»¼ ©¿ ·² º¿½¬ «»¼ º±® «½¸ ·²½·¼»²¬ò ׬ ¬«®²»¼ ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ «²¼»®»¬·³¿¬»¼ ¬¸» ·³ó ±«¬ ¬¸¿¬ »ª»®¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ ©»®» ²±¬ ®»½±®¼»¼ °±®¬¿²½» ±º ·²½·¼»²¬ ·² ±³» ½¿» øe¬¸· ¾»½¿«» ±º ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ®»¿±²ò ̸»®»º±®» ¿´´ ©¿ ²± ³±®» ¬¸¿² ¿ ¬®·º´»u÷ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©»®» ¬¸»² ¬±´¼ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ó ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±«´¼ ²±¬ «» ¬¸» ª±·½» ª·»© ¬¸¿¬ ¿ ½±³°´»¬» ¼±½«³»²¬¿¬·±² ©¿ ®»½±®¼»® ¬·³»´§ ¾»½¿«» ¬¸»§ ¸¿¼ ²± ¬·³» ³±®» ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ¬¸¿² ¿ ¬·³»´§ ±²» ¿²¼ ¬¸»§ ¿²¼ ¸¿¼ ¬± º«´º·´ ·³°±®¬¿²¬ ±ºº·½·¿´ »®ª·½» ©»®» ¿µ»¼ ¬± ¼»´·ª»® ¬¸» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ª±·½» ®»½±®¼·²¹ ¿º¬»® ¿ ½±«°´» ¼±½«³»²¬¿¬·±² ´¿¬»®ò ׺ ²»½»¿®§ ·²½·¼»²¬ ±º ¼¿§ ·¬ ©¿ ²±¬ °±·¾´» ¬± ®»½±²¬®«½¬ ½±«´¼ ¿´± ¾» ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» ¸·º¬ ±® ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²¬ »¨¿½¬´§ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®»ó ±² ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹ ¼¿§ô ·² ¬¸» ½±«®» ±º ¬¸» ¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¹«·¼»´·²» ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ±²¹±·²¹ °·´±¬ °®±¶»½¬ò ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ´»º¬ ±«¬ ¬¸» ®»½±®¼·²¹ Ü¿¬»Ì·³»É»¿¬¸»®Ù®±«²¼ ײ½·¼»²¬Í¬®»»¬ñ°´¿½»Î»³¿®µ ½±²¼·¬·±² îêòðèòðëïðæí𼮧ô ½±¾¾´»ó°¿·²¹ ±ª»® º·´´»¼ º·®»ó¸±» º¿·´»¼ô ¬¸» ²ò²ò®»½±®¼»¼ ´¿¬»® «²²§¬±²» °¿ª»ó·²¬»²¬·±² ©¿ ¹·ª»² «° ³»²¬ îêòðèòðëïíæð𼮧ô ½±¿´ó¬¿®ô »´º ½¿«»¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬ô ©¸»»´ ®±¬¿¬» ²ò²ò®»½±®¼»¼ «²²§´¿©²±² ´¿©²ô ¬¸» ®·¼»® ´±±» ½±²¬®±´ ±ª»® ´¿¬»®ô¿½½·¼»²¬ô ²±¬¸·²¹ Í»¹©¿§¸¿°°»²»¼ îêòðèòðëïëæïï²ò²ò¼·ºº»®»²¬©·¬¸ ¸·¹¸ °»»¼ ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ±º Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®»®ó°®·²¹ «°»²·±² °¿ª»³»²¬¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼·³·²·¸»¬®»»¬ ·² Í¿¿ó©¿²¬»¼ ¾®$½µ»² îêòðèòðëïêæîë²ò²ò²ò²ò»³°¬§ ¿½½«ô ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ®»½¸¿®¹»¼Ô»·»²°º¿¼ó¬®»»¬Ì»¬ ®·¼»® ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¸»¿® ¿¬ ¬¸» Í¿¿®ó®·ª»® ·² ¬¸» ¿½±«¬·½ ·¹²¿´ Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²¾»½¿«» ±º «®®±«²¼ó ·²¹ ²±·» ðëòðçòðë²ò²ò²ò²ò´¿³·²¿¬»¼©·¬¸ ¸·¹¸ °»»¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·²¹ô Ô*¾»²»®ó¯«¿®»ñ·²ó°®·²¹ «°»²·±² ¬±²» °¿ª»ó¾»½¿«» ±º ´¿½µ·²¹ °®·²¹ «°»²·±²²»® ½·¬§ô Í¿¿®ó©¿²¬»¼ ³»²¬¾®$½µ»² ïëòðçòðë²ò²ò²ò²òò²± ·²½·¼»²¬·²²»® ½·¬§ Ò»«²ó µ·®½¸»² ïìòïðòðëïðæë𼮧ô ¿®»¿ ©·¬¸ Í»¹©¿§ ·²µ ·²¬± ¬¸» °»¾¾´» «° ¬± ¬¸» °´¿§¹®±«²¼Ò±¬¸·²¹ ¸¿°°»²¼ «²²§°»¾¾´»°´¿¬º±®³ô ¸¿ ¬± ¾» °«´´»¼ ±«¬Ô»·»²°º¿¼ó ¬®»»¬ ¬± ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿¬ ¬¸» Í¿¿®ó®·ª»®Í»¹©¿§ îðòïðòðë²ò²ò¼®§¼·ºº»®»²¬°»¼»¬®·¿² «¼¼»²´§ ½±³» º®±³ ¾»óÍ¿¿®ó¹¿´»®§ô Í¿¿®ó³±¬´§ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¹®±«²¼¸·²¼ ¿®½¿¼» °±¬ô »³»®¹»²½§ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¾®$½µ»²¿®»¿ô ©·¬¸ ¬®¿³ ¿®»¿ ¿²¼ ®¿·´©·¬¸ ¬¸» ´±©ó¹±·²¹ Í»¹©¿§ô ²±¬¸·²¹ ¸¿°°»²»¼ ðéòïïòðëïïæíð½´±«¼»¼ô ©»¬ º±®»¬ »´º ½¿«»¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬ô Í»¹©¿§ ´±±» Í¿¿®ó°¿¬¸ô Í¿¿®óﮬ·½·°¿²¬ ®±¼» «° ¿ ®¿·²©¿§ô ´·°ó¹®·° ±² ©»¬ ´»¿ª» ©·¬¸ ±²» ©¸»»´ô ¾®$½µ»²©»¬ º±®»¬ ©¿§ ©·¬¸ ´±© ¿¾±«¬°»®§±¬¸»® ©¸»»´ ³¿·²¬¿·² ¹®·°ô ¬¸» Í»¹ó°»»¼ ¿§ · ®¿°·¼´§ ¬«®²·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ô ®·¼»® ¾»º±®»º¿´´ô Í»¹©¿§ ½±²¬·²«» ¬± ¹± ±² º±® ¿¾±«¬ ì³ô ¬¸»² ¬±° Ú·¹«®» íìæ Í«®ª»§ ±º ·²½·¼»²¬ ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ±² ¬¸» ª±·½» ®»½±®¼»® ìí ß´´ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¼·¼ ²±¬ º±´´±© ³±²¬¸ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¿²¼ »ª»®¿´ ·²½·ó »¨¿½¬´§ ¬¸» ¹«·¼»´·²» º±® ¬¸» ª±·½» ®»½±®¼ó¼»²¬ ¿®» ®»°±²·¾´» º±® ¬¸» ³¿®µ ìòë ·² ¬¸» ·²¹ô º±® »¨¿³°´» ¬¸» ¼±½«³»²¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» »½±²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ò ײ ¿´´ ¬¸»» ½¿» ©»¿¬¸»® ©¿ ±º¬»² ³··²¹ò ¬¸» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¹®±«²¼ ½±²¼·¬·±² ©»®» ³¿·²´§ ³¿¼» ®»°±²·¾´»ò ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¼·¼ ²±¬ «» ¬¸» ½´·°ó±² ³·½®±°¸±²»òײ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¿²©»® ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² ¸±© «»º«´ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ · ·² ¾¿¼ ©»¿¬¸»® ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸»·® ·³ó ìòìر¬´·²» °®»·±²ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿ ¹±±¼ó©»¿¬¸»®ó ¼»ª·½»ô ©¿ ¬¸» ¬»²¼»²½§ ·² ³±¬ ¿²©»®ô ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ «»¼ ¬¸» ±ºº»®»¼ ¬»´»ó ´·µ» ±² ¿ ¾·½§½´» ±²» · »¨°±»¼ ¬± ©·²¼ô °¸±²» ¸±¬´·²» º±® ¯«»¬·±² ±® °®±¾´»³ ±º ®¿·² ¿²¼ °´¿¸ò Û°»½·¿´´§ ©¸»² ®·¼·²¹ º±® ¿ ¿´´ µ·²¼ ±²´§ ±²½»ò ׬ ¬«®²»¼ ±«¬ ·² ¼·½«ó ´±²¹ ¬·³» ±²» ®»¿´·¦» ¬¸» ´¿½µ ±º ³±¬·±²ô ¬¸» ·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ®·¼»® «²¿²·³±«´§ ¬¿¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»§ ¯«·½µ´§ °¸¿» ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²¬»®ó ¾»½¿³» ½±´¼ò Ѳ ²±© ¿²¼ ·½» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ª·»© ¬¸¿¬ ½¿²²±¬ ¾» «»¼ ¿²§ ´±²¹»® ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ·²«ºº·½·»²¬ ¬®¿½¬·±²ò ݱ®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¬¸» ß´³±¬ ¿´´ ¯«»¬·±² ±® °®±¾´»³ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¼»ª·½» ©»®» ®¿®»´§ «»¼ ·² ¾¿¼ ©»¿¬¸»® ±´ª»¼ ¿³±²¹ ¬¸» ½±´´»¿¹«» ±® ©»®» ²±¬ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °»®·±¼ò ·³°±®¬¿²¬ »²±«¹¸ º±® ¿ ½¿´´ ̸»®» ©»®» ²± ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ Ü»ª·½» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¬¸» «²·¬ ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿»»¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ø¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ ³¿·²´§ ½±²·¼ó ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ©·¬¸ ¹±±¼ ³¿®µô ¬±± ø³»ó »®»¼ ¬± ¾» ¿ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¸±¬´·²»÷ ¼·¿² ³¿®µ ïòê ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ô ïòè ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼÷ô ¾«¬ ¹¿ª» ´·¹¸¬´§ Ú±® ¬¸» º»© »®·±« ½±²º´·½¬ ±® ·²½·¼»²¬ ©±®» ³¿®µ º±® ¬¸» ¬®¿½µó¸±´¼·²¹ ½¿°¿½·¬§ ¬¸» ª±·½» ®»½±®¼»® ¿²¼ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ̸»§ ¬®»»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¿´®»¿¼§ ©»®» ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ¾» ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ³»¼·¿ ¿ ´·¹¸¬ ·¼» ¹®¿¼·»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬»®®¿·² ´»¿¼ ¬± ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» ¸±¬´·²» ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¿ ½±®²»®·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ¬¸» ¿³» »ºº»½¬ »»³ ²»½»¿®§ ¸¿¼ ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ·²º´¿¬·±² °®»«®»ô ©¸·½¸ ¸¿°ó ̸· ©¿ ¬®«» º±® ¿´´ ½¿» »¨½»°¬ ±²» ½¿» °»²»¼ ¯«·¬» ±º¬»²ò ·² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ¸±¬´·²» ©¿ «»¼ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¿ Ê¿®§·²¹ ±® ³··²¹ ·²º´¿¬·±² °®»«®» ©¿ ¾®±µ»² ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ¿²¼ ¬¸» º«®¬¸»® °®±½»ó ¬¸» ³¿·² ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °®±¾´»³ ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¼«®» ø»» ½¸¿°¬»® ìòêòï eײ½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½ó ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ô ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ½·¼»²¬ º¿´´ ±² ©»¬ ¹®±«²¼uòô °¿¹» ìê ®±«²¼ ¬¸»®» ©»®» ²±²»ò ײ ±²» µ²±©² ½¿» ìòëË»® ·²¬»®ª·»© îòï ر© ¼·¼ §±« ³¿²¿¹» ¬¸» «²««¿´ ³»¬¸±¼ ±º ¸¿²¼ó ´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Ú·®¬ Ø¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ·²¬»®ª·»© µ»»°·²¹ ¾¿´¿²½»ïôë Ù»²»®¿´´§ ·¬ ½¿² ¾» ²±¬»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¿µ»¼ ͬ±°°·²¹ïôè °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ½±«´¼ ©»´´ ͬ»»®·²¹îô𠸿²¼´» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ø¯«»¬·±² îòïô ³»¼·¿² ø³¿®µ º®±³ ï eª»®§ ¹±±¼u ¬± ê e°±±®u÷ ³¿®µ ïòè÷ò Ѳ´§ ®¿®»´§ ¼·¼ ¬¸»§ º·²¼ ¬¸» ¸¿²ó Ú·¹«®» íëæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² îòï ¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ø¯«»¬·±² îòî ³»¼·¿² ³¿®µ îòç ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ô îòî É»®» ¬¸»®» ·¬«¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó îòì ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼÷ò ß´³±¬ ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·ó ©¿§ô ©¸·½¸ §±« º±«²¼ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ á Ú·®¬Í»½±²¼ °¿²¬ ³¿¼» ¾»¬¬»® ¿»³»²¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» »²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ °¸¿»ô ¿º¬»®©¿®¼ ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ Í°»»¼îôìïôè ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ²± ´±²¹»® ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ¬±°±¹®¿°¸§îôéîôé ¹®±«²¼ ½±²¼·¬·±² íôçìôë ¾» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ò Ѳ» »¨½»°¬·±² ©¿ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ±² ®·¼·²¹ ·¬«¿¬·±² îôìîôð ©»¬ô ´·°°»®§ ±® ´±±» ¹®±«²¼ ¬¸¿¬ · ¿²¼ ݱ³¾·²¿¬·±² ±º ¼·ºº»®»²¬ º¿½¬±®íôéîôè ©¿ ±º¬»² ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ¾» ¼·ºº·½«´¬ò ׬ ½¿² ø³¿®µ ï eª»®§ ®¿®»´§u ¬± ê eª»®§ ±º¬»²u÷ ¾» ¿«³»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» »¨°»®·»²½» ·² ¬¸®»» Ú·¹«®» íêæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² îòî ìì ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ¾®±µ» ¿ ¿ ®»«´¬ ±º ¿ º¿´´ô ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º Ü»½»³¾»® ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ±²½» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½±«´¼ ²±¬ ¾» ¬¿®¬»¼ò³»²¬·±²»¼ ¿ ¾»¬¬»® ´·¹¸¬·²¹ »¯«·°³»²¬ò Þ»ó ·¼» ¬¸» ®»¿® ®»º´»½¬±® ¼»´·ª»®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ³¿²«ó ß³±²¹ ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¬¸» °¿®ó º¿½¬«®»® ¬¸»§ ©·¸»¼ ¿ »¿®½¸ ´·¹¸¬ò Ú«®¬¸»®ó ¬·½·°¿²¬ ³·»¼ ¿²¼ ³±¬ º®»¯«»²¬´§ ³»²ó ³±®» ¬¸»§ ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¿ ¬»»®·²¹ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¬·±²»¼ ¬¸» ´¿½µ ±º ¿² ¿½±«¬·½ ·¹²¿´ ¼»ª·½» ±² ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼»ô ¬±±ô ¿ ®»¿®óª·»© ³·®®±® ¿²¼ ±® ¿ ·³·´¿® ·¹²¿´´·²¹ »¯«·°³»²¬ò ̸» ¼»ó ¿ ¬®¿·´»® ½±«°´·²¹ò ̸» °¿®µ·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿º»´§ ª·½» ©¿ ¿·¼ ¬± ¾» ± ²±·»´» ¬¸¿¬ ·¬ ¬¿®ó ´±½µ·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ø·² ¬¸» ½±²¬»¨¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬´»¼ ¬¸» °¿»®ó¾§ò ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿´± »®ª·½»÷ ©»®» ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¬± ¬¿µ» ¬±± ´±²¹ô ³»²¬·±²»¼ »ª»®¿´ ¬·³» ¿ ¾»¬¬»® ¬¿²¼ ¿²¼ ¾» ½±³°´·½¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¬¸» °¿®µ·²¹ó¬¿²¼ ©¿ ¿ °®·²¹ «°»²·±²ò ײ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ¸»´¼ ·² ½´¿·º·»¼ ¿ «²¬¿¾´»ò ײ¬»®¿½¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿½» íòï ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± §±«® ¿½¬«¿´ »¨°»®·»²½» ¸±© ¼± §±« ¿» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½á ̸»®» ©»®» ±³» ½±²º´·½¬ ·¬«¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» Ú·®¬Í»½±²¼ ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ô ·² ·²¬»®ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© ³±¬ ½¿» °»±°´» ¹±¬ ±²´§ ¬¿®¬´»¼ °®±¾ó Ó¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§ïôíïôë ß½½»´»®¿¬·±² °±¬»²¬·¿´ïôìïôì ¿¾´§ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» «²««¿´ ·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§ïôèîôï ·²¿«¼·¾´» ¿°°®±¿½¸ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Þ»²¼ó³¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§îôïîôð ͬ»»®·²¹ïôêïôé Ó±«²¬·²¹ °±¬»²¬·¿´ïôëïôç×®®·¬¿¬·±²ô ²»¿®ó¿½½·¼»²¬ ±® ¬±«½¸³»²¬ Ì®¿½µ ¸±´¼·²¹îôîîôí ¸¿°°»²»¼ º¿® ´» º®»¯«»²¬ò Ì©± ±º ¬¸» «²ó ο²¹»ïôìïôë ¼»® ìòêòï eײ½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬u ³»²ó ͬ¿¾´» ®·¼·²¹ °±·¬·±²ïôëïôè ¬·±²»¼ ·²½·¼»²¬ ©»®» ¸»®» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ø³¿®µ º®±³ ï eª»®§ ¹±±¼u ¬± ê e°±±®u÷ ¿½½·¼»²¬ò Ò»¿®ó¿½½·¼»²¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬±«½¸ó Ú·¹«®» íéæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² íòï ³»²¬ñ½®¿¸» ®»º»®»¼ ¬± ±¾¶»½¬ «½¸ ¿ ¼±±®º®¿³»ô ½«°¾±¿®¼ ±® ®¿·´·²¹ò íòî Ü·¼ §±« ¸¿ª» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»á Ú·®¬Í»½±²¼ ßµ»¼ º±® ¬¸»·® »¨°»®·»²½» ·² ¬¸» ¬»¬ °»®·ó ·²¬»®ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© §»ðûíðû ±¼ ³¿²§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±²·¼»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ²±ïððûéðû «²«·¬¿¾´» º±® ¾»·²¹ «»¼ ±² ³¿·² ¬®¿ºº·½ Ú·¹«®» íèæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² íòî ®±¿¼å ¬®¿½µ ·² ¿ ¦±²» ©·¬¸ °»»¼ ´·³·¬ ¬± íð µ³ñ¸ ±º ´·³·¬»¼ «·¬ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» °»»¼ ´·³·¬ ìòï É»®» ¬¸»®» ½±²º´·½¬ ·¬«¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ · ±º¬»² ²»¹´»½¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ª» ¬± °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬á ½±³°»¬» ©·¬¸ ³±¬±® ½¿® ¿²¼ ´±®®·»ò Ú·®¬Í»½±²¼ ·²¬»®ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© ß´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±²·¼»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ͬ¿®¬´·²¹¿¾±«¬ ëôî ¿¾±«¬ éôí ¬·³»ñ®·¼»®¬·³»ñ®·¼»® ®»´¿¬·ª»´§ ©»´´ «·¬»¼ º±® ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ º±® ¾·ó ×®®·¬¿¬·±² ©¸»² ³»»¬·²¹ ¿¾±«¬ îôé ¿¾±«¬ éôë ½§½´» ¿²¼ °»¼»¬®·¿² «½¸ ¿ ¾·½§½´» ¬·³»ñ®·¼»®¬·³»ñ®·¼»® ¬®¿½µô ·¼»©¿´µô °»¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ¿²¼ Ò»¿®ó¿½½·¼»²¬¿¾±«¬ ïôé ¿¾±«¬ íôë ¬·³»ñ®·¼»®¬·³»ñ®·¼»® ¬®¿ºº·½ ½¿´³»¼ ¿®»¿ ¸±©»ª»® ©¿´µ ·² ¿ Ý®¿¸»¿¾±«¬ ðôì ¿¾±«¬ ïôé ´·³·¬»¼ ©¿§ô ¾»½¿«» ±º «²»ª»² °¿ª»³»²¬ ¬·³»ñ®·¼»®¬·³»ñ®·¼»® ß½½·¼»²¬¿¾±«¬ ðôð ¿¾±«¬ ðôî ±® ®±±¬ô ©¸·½¸ ³¿µ» ®·¼·²¹ «²½±³º±®¬¿¾´» ¬·³»ñ®·¼»®¬·³»ñ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ®»¯«·®» ³«½¸ ¿¬¬»²¬·±²ò Ñ® ¼¿²¹»®±« ø®»¬®±°»½¬·ª»´§ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ³»³±®§ô »²¬®¿²½»ô ¬¸®±«¹¸ ©¸·½¸ ½¿® ±® ¾·½§½´» ®±«¹¸´§ ¯«¿²¬·º·»¼÷ ½±³» ±«¬ «¼¼»²´§ô ¸±«» »²¬®¿²½» ¿²¼ Ú·¹«®» íçæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ìòï ²±¬½¸»ô ©¸»®» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¸¿®¼´§ ¹»¬ ìòî ɸ·½¸ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ¿®» «·¬»¼ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿½½±®ó ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ½«®¾¬±²»ò ¼·²¹ ¬± §±«® »¨°»®·»²½»á Ú·®¬ ·²¬»®óÍ»½±²¼ ײ ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ½¿® ¼®·ª»® ±® ¾·ó ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© α¿¼ ¿®»¿ô ·²²»® ½·¬§ ø«° ¬± ëð ìôêìô뽧½´·¬ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¼± ²±¬ µ³ñ¸÷ ½±²·¼»® ¿ °»»¼ ´·³·¬ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ²»½ó íðóµ³ó¦±²» ø«° ¬± íð µ³ñ¸÷îôëîôè »¿®§ô ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ °»¼»¬®·¿² Ì®¿ºº·½ ½¿´³»¼ ¿®»¿ ø«° ¬± é µ³ñ¸÷ïôëïôê Þ·½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ø±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼÷ïôíïôê ¬¸®»» ±º »´»ª»² ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ Þ·½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ø¿´± ³·¨»¼ ±²»÷ïôíïôê ½±²·¼»® ¿ °»»¼ ´·³·¬ ¬± êóé µ³ñ¸ ø¾´¿½µ É¿´µô ·¼»©¿´µîôîïôè µ»§÷ ®»¿±²¿¾´»ô »ª»² ±º »´»ª»² ¿ °»»¼ л¼»¬®·¿² °®»½·²½¬ ïôêïôî ´·³·¬ ¬± ïîóïí µ³ñ¸ ¿¬ ³±¬ ø§»´´±© µ»§÷ ¿²¼ ø³¿®µ º®±³ ï eª»®§ ©»´´u ¬± ê e°±±®u÷ ±²» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©¿²¬ ²± °»»¼ ´·³·¬ ¿¬ ¿´´ò Ú·¹«®» ìðæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ìòî ìë Í¿º»¬§ º»»´·²¹ ¿²¼ ¼¿²¹»® °±¬»²¬·¿´°¿²¬ ³»²¬·±²»¼ ¬¸» ¿³» °®±¾´»³ ·² ¬¸» »½±²¼ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ò Ò±²» ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °»®±² º»»´ «²ó ¿º» ©¸»² ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ¼»¬®¿½¬·±² η¼·²¹ µ·´´ ¿²¼ »´ºó¿»³»²¬ º®±³ ´»¿¼·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ±¾»®ª·²¹ ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ±® º®±³ ¬¸» »»²¬·¿´ ¿½¬·ª·¬§ ¾§ »¿½¸ Ú·ª» ±º »´»ª»² ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °»®±² ¿·¼ ±²» ±º ¬¸» ±¬¸»® ¬¿µ ±½½«®®»¼ ®¿®»´§ò ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» º»»´·²¹ ±º ®·¼·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿ ´·¬ó ¬´» ¾·¬ ·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸¿¬ ±º ©¿´µ·²¹ ±® ®·¼·²¹ ¿ Ѳ ¬¸» ¾¿· ±º ¬¸»·® ®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ¾·½§½´»å ·¨ ±º »´»ª»² ¿·¼ ·¬ ©¿ ²±¬ ½±³ó ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ »¬·³¿¬» ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²½» ±º °¿®¿¾´»ò ¼¿²¹»®±« ·¬«¿¬·±² ¬± ¾» ´±©ô ¬¸» ¼¿²¹»® °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ¬¸»» ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ·º ¬¸»§ ¸¿°ó ̸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²©»®»¼ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ °»²ô ¬± ¾» ®¿¬¸»® ´±©ò ߺ¬»® ¬¸®»» ©»»µ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»© ±² ¿² ¿ª»®¿¹» ©·¬¸ e°»®ó íêû ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °»®±² ½±²·¼»®»¼ ½»°¬·¾´§u ø¿ª»®¿¹» ³¿®µ íòì÷ ©¸»² ¿µ»¼ º±® ¿ °®±¬»½¬·ª» ¸»´³»¬ ²»½»¿®§ô ¿º¬»® ¬¸®»» ¬¸»·® ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ »¬·³¿¬·±²ô ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸»·® ®·¼ó ³±²¬¸ êðûò ìðû ±º ¬¸»³ ¸±©»ª»® ¬¸·²µ ·²¹ µ·´´ ©·´´ ·³°®±ª» «²¬·´ ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬¸» ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ ¼»°»²¼ ±² ¬«¼§ò ɸ»² ¿µ»¼ ¿¹¿·² ¿º¬»® ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ ¬¸» °»»¼ ©¸»² ®·¼·²¹ ¿¬ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ ¬¸»§ ¬¿¬»¼ ¿¹¿·² ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»·® ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ¸¿¼ ²± ¸»´³»¬ · ²»½»¿®§ò °»®½»°¬·¾´§ ·³°®±ª»¼ ±² ¿² ¿ª»®¿¹» øíòï÷ò ߬±²·¸·²¹´§ ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿ ®¿²¹» ¾»¬©»»² ï Û·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» »´»ª»² ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °¿®¬·½·ó ¿²¼ êò °¿²¬ ¬¿¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ®±«²¼ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»© ¬± ¸¿ª» °¸§·½¿´ °®±¾´»³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸»·® º»»¬ ¿ºó Ì»² ±º »´»ª»² ·²¬»®ª·»©»¼ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬»® ¿ ´±²¹ ®·¼» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ¬¸»§ ³»²ó ½±²·¼»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬± ¾» ¸»´°º«´ ·² »ª»®§ ¬·±²»¼ º»»´·²¹ ±º ¼»¿º²»ô ²«³¾ º»»¬ ¿²¼ ¼¿§ °®¿½¬·½» ø»» ½¸¿°¬»® ìòç eÛ¨°»®·»²½» °¿·²ô °®±¾¿¾´§ ½¿«»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ´±²¹ ³±¬·±²ó ±º «¬·´·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¬ б´·½» ¿²¼ ´» ¬¿²¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ´¿½µ·²¹ Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½»uô °¿¹» ìç÷ò ̸» °¿®¬·½·ó °®·²¹ «°»²·±²ò Ю¿½¬·½¿´´§ ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·ó °¿²¬ ¿»»¼ ¬¸» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ ®·¼·²¹ º«² ±² ¿² ¿ª»®¿¹» ©·¬¸ ïòï ø±² ¿ ½¿´» º®±³ ï ª»®§ ¹®»¿¬ º«² ¬± ê ²± º«² ¿¬ ¿´´÷ò ëòí ر© ±º¬»² ¸¿°°»² ¼¿²¹»®±« ·¬«¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ìòêØ¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ Í»¹©¿§ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± §±«® »¨°»®·»²½»á Ú·®¬ ·²¬»®óÍ»½±²¼ ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© Þ¿·½¿´´§ ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ëôîìôé ª»®§ »¿§ ¿²¼ ·²¬«·¬·ª»ô ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ «²ó øÓ¿®µ º®±³ ï eª»®§ ±º¬»²u ¬± ê eª»®§ ®¿®»u÷ ¼»®¬±±¼ ©·¬¸·² ¿ ª»®§ ¸±®¬ ¬·³» ¸±© ¬± Ú·¹«®» ìïæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±²ô ëòí «» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Ò»ª»®¬¸»´» ¬¸»®» ©»®» ¿ ²«³¾»® ±º ·²½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ±¬¸»® °±·²¬ô ©¸·½¸ ëòì ر© ³«½¸ · ¬¸» ¼¿²¹»® °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ¬¸»» ·¬«¿ó ´·³·¬»¼ ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ¬·±²á Ú·®¬ ·²¬»®óÍ»½±²¼ ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© ìôðìôí ìòêòïײ½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬ ø³¿®µ º®±³ ï eª»®§ ³«½¸u ¬± ê eª»®§ ´±©u÷ Û°»½·¿´´§ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ¬¸®»» ©»»µ ±º ¬¸» °·ó Ú·¹«®» ìîæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ëòì ´±¬ ¬«¼§ »ª»®¿´ ³·²±® ·²½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°°»²»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ©»®» ¼«» ¬± º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ êòï ܱ §±« ¾»´·»ª» ¬¸¿¬ §±« ½¿²ñ½±«´¼ º«®¬¸»® ·³°®±ª» §±«® ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ ±² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «²¬·´ ¬¸» »²¼ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ©»®» ¬·´´ ´»¿®²·²¹ ¸±© ¬± ¸¿²¼´» ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¬«¼§á ©¿§ò Ó·²±® ¿¾®¿·±² ¸¿°°»²»¼ ¾§ ¬±«½¸ó Ú·®¬ ·²¬»®óÍ»½±²¼ ·²¹ ¼±±®ô ©¿´´ô ½«°¾±¿®¼ ¿²¼ ± ±²ô ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© íôìíôï »°»½·¿´´§ ©¸»² ®·¼·²¹ ·² ²¿®®±© ¿®»¿ ¿ ·¬ · ¬¸» ½¿» ·² ¾«·´¼·²¹ ±® ±² ²¿®®±© °¿¬¸ ø³¿®µ º®±³ ï eª»®§ ¬®±²¹´§u ¬± ê e²±¬ ¿¬ ¿´´u÷ ¿²¼ ¼±±®©¿§ò ̸· ³¿§ ¾» ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» º¿½¬ Ú·¹«®» ìíæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² êòï ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ½±²½»²¬®¿¬·±² »ºº±®¬ · ½±²·¼»®¿¾´§ êòí Ø¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾»»² ¿ ¸»´° ¬± §±« ·² §±«® °»®±ó¸·¹¸»® ½¿«»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» °®±¾¿¾·´·¬§ ¬± ½±´´·¼» ²¿´ »ª»®§ ¼¿§ °®¿½¬·½»á ©·¬¸ ¬¸·²¹ ±® °»®±²ò Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© Ú·®¬ ·²¬»®óÍ»½±²¼ ¿´³±¬ ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿¹®»»¼ ¬¸¿¬ »ª»®§±²» ª·»©·²¬»®ª·»© §»çïûçìû ¸¿¼ ³¿´´»® ¾¿¹¿¬»´´» ·²½·¼»²¬ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ²±çûêû ¬¸®»» ©»»µò Ú·¹«®» ììæ ®»«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² êòí ìê Þ»·¼» ¬¸»» »·¹¸¬ ¹®»¿¬»® ·²½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°ó¬¸¿¬ °±·²¬ ¬¸» »´»½¬®±²·½ ½¿² ²± ´±²¹»® ¾¿´ó °»²»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ±² ¿²½» ¬¸» ¬·´¬ò Þ»½¿«» ·² «½¸ ¿ ½¿» ¬¸» ª±·½» ®»½±®¼»®ô ½±³³«²·½¿¬»¼ ª·¿ ¸±¬´·²» ®·¼»® ´±±» ½±²¬®±´ ±ª»® ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ · ¿²¼ »¨°´¿·²»¼ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»©ò ²±¬ ·² ¬¸» °±·¬·±² ¬± ¹¿·² ½±²¬®±´ ¿¹¿·²ô ¬¸» «²·¬ ½«¬ ±ºº ¿ ¿º»¬§ ³»¿«®»ô ¬± ¿ª±·¼ «²ó ½±²¬®±´´»¼ ³±ª»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Ú¿´´ ¼«®·²¹ ¬»¬ ®·¼·²¹ ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ Þ§ ¬¸» ¯«·½µ ¿²¼ »¨¬®»³» Ü«®·²¹ º·®¬ ®·¼·²¹ ¬»¬ ¿¬ ¬¸» Ì»½¸²·½¿´ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ³±ª»³»²¬ ¬¸» «²·¬ ´±¬ ·² ¼«» ˲·ª»®·¬§ ±º Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² øÌË ÕÔ÷ ¿ ®·¼ó ½±«®» ¬¸» ¹®·° º·®¬ô ¬¸»² »¨½»»¼»¼ ¬¸» ¬·´¬ »® ¬±°°»¼ ±² ´±±» ¹®·¬ ¹®±«²¼ò ̸»®»¾§ ´·³·¬ ¿²¼ ¿ ¿ ½±²»¯«»²½» ½«¬ ±ººò ײ ¬¸» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ´±¬ ¹®·°ô ¬¸» ®·¼»® ½±²¬®±´ ¿²¼ ¿º»¬§ ª·¼»± ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» ¬®¿·²·²¹ ³¿²«¿´ ½¿³» ¬± º¿´´ò Ì®§·²¹ ¬± µ»»° ¾¿´¿²½» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ݱ³°¿²§ »¨°´¿·² ¬¸» °¸§·½¿´ ®·¼»® ¶«³°»¼ ±ºº ¿²¼ ¸·¬ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·°ò ´·³·¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ©¸·½¸ ±¾ª·±«´§ ¸¿¼ ̸» °´¿¬·½ ³¿¬»®·¿´ ¾®±µ»ò Þ»·¼» ¬¸» ¼¿³ó ¾»»² ±ª»®»¬·³¿¬»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò ¿¹» ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¹±¬ ±³» ¾´«» ³¿®µò Ú¿´´ ±² ©»¬ ¹®±«²¼ ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ ײ ¬¸· ½¿» ¬¸» ¹®·° ±º ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ¸¿ ¾»»² ³·¶«¼¹»¼ò ̸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®±¼» ±² ¿² «²ó °¿ª»¼ ©¿§ «°¸·´´ô ¬¸» ¹®¿¼·»²¬ ©¿ ¾»¬©»»² ïðû ¿²¼ îðûò ׬ ¸¿¼ ®¿·²»¼ ¬¸» ¿³» ¼¿§ Ú¿´´ ¼«®·²¹ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ©¿ ©»¬ò ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ̸» ¼»ª·½» ©¿ ¬¿²¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼»® Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ¬®·»¼ ¬± ¬¿®¬ º®±³ ¬¿²¼¬·´´ «°¸·´´ ±² ³«¼¼§ ±²» ®·¼»® ¬±°°»¼ ¾§ ´»¿²·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ¹®±«²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ©¿ ½±ª»®»¼ ©·¬¸ º±´·¿¹»ò ̸» ª»®§ ¬®±²¹´§ò ر©»ª»® ¬¸» ¾¿´¿²½» ¬»»®·²¹ ©¸»»´ ¬¿®¬»¼ ®±¬¿¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿º¬»® ¿ ©¸·´» »»³»¼ ²±¬ ¬± ©±®µ ó ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ´±¬ ¿´³±¬ ¬¸» ©¸»»´ º±«²¼ ¹®·° ±² ±²» ·¼»ò ̸· ²± °»»¼ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ½±«²¬»®¿½¬·²¹ º±®½» ´»¿¼ ¬± ¿ ¶»®µ§ ïèðp󮱬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ®·¼»® º»´´ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ò ̸» «²·¬ ½±²¬·²«»¼ ¿®±«²¼ ¬¸» »½±²¼ ©¸»»´ô ©¸·½¸ ©¿ ¬·´´ ¹±·²¹ º±® ¿¾±«¬ ¬»² ³»¬»® «²¬·´ ¿ ´±°» ®±¬¿¬·²¹ò ̸»®»¾§ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ½¿³» ¬± º¿´´ ¿²¼ ¬±°°»¼ ·¬ò ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©»²¬ ±³» ³»¬»® ¼±©²¸·´´ò ̸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ¾±«²½»¼ ±ºº ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ô ®±» Þ¿»¼ ±² ¬¸» ®»°±®¬ ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿²¼ ±² ¿¹¿·² ¿²¼ ¸·¬ ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ±² ¬¸» ±¬¸»® ·¼»ò ¬¸» ª·¼»± ®»½±®¼·²¹ ·¬ ©¿ «²½´»¿® ©¸»¬¸ó ̸»®»¾§ ¿ °·»½» ±º ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ¾®±µ»ô »® ¿ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ º¿·´«®» ±® ¿ º¿´» «» ½¿«»¼ ¬¸» »´»³»²¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ®»°´¿½»¼ò Ò± ·²¶«®·» ¬¸» ¿½½·¼»²¬ò ײ ½±±°»®¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿°°»²»¼ò ݱ³°¿²§ Ô´½ò ¬¸» »´»½¬®±²·½ »ª»²¬ ´±¹ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©¿ »ª¿´«¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¬±¹»¬¸»® ©·¬¸ ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ ײ ¬¸· ½¿» ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿ ¬¸» ª·¼»± °·½¬«®» ¿²¿´§»¼ò ̸» »ª»²¬ ´±¹ º¿´» »¬·³¿¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸» º·®³ ¹®·° ±º ®»½±®¼ ¬¸» ´¿¬ ·¨ »¨½»°¬·±²¿´ ·²½·¼»²¬ò ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¿²¿´§· ¬¸» ¿½½·¼»²¬ ¸¿°ó °»²»¼ ¾»½¿«» ¾»º±®» ¬¸» º¿´´ ·² ¿´´ °®±¾¿¾·´ó Ú¿´´ ¿¬ ¿ ½«®¾ ¬±²» ·¬§ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ´»¿²»¼ ª»®§ ¬®±²¹´§ º±®©¿®¼ ¬± ¹¿·² °»»¼ ¿²¼ ½¿³» °¿¬ ¬¸» °»»¼ ´·³·¬»®ô ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ©¿²¬»¼ ¬± ¹»¬ ±ª»® ¿ ©¸·½¸ ·² «½¸ ¿ ½¿» °«¸» ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿ ´·¬¬´» ½«®¾ ¬±²» ®·¹¸¬ «° º®±³ ¾»´±© ¾«¬ ¬¸» ½«®¾ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ò ߬ ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ ´·²» ¬¸» ¬¿´´ ¿²¼ ¬±²» ©¿ »·¬¸»® ¬±± ¸·¹¸ ±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿°ó ¬®±²¹ ®·¼»® ¬®·»¼ ¬± ¬±° ¬®±²¹´§ ¾§ ¶»®µó°®±¿½¸»¼ ·¬ ¬±± ´±©´§ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½±«´¼ ·´§ ¿²¼ ¯«·½µ´§ º´·²¹·²¹ ¾¿½µò ̸» ´±¹ ¸±© ²±¬ ¹»¬ ±ª»® ¬¸» ¼·ºº»®»²½» ·² »´»ª¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ·² ¬¸· ³±³»²¬ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ »´»½¬®±²·½ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ½¿³» ¬± º¿´´ò ̸»®» ©»®» ²»·¬¸»® ¬»»®»¼ ¬¸» ©¸»»´ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ô ©¸·½¸ ¾§ ¼¿³¿¹» ²±® ·²¶«®·»ò ¬¸» º±®½» ±º ¬¸» ·³°«´» ´±¬ ¹®·° ¿²¼ ¬¸» ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ ̸» ®·¼»® º¿´»´§ »¬·³¿¬»¼ ®·¼»® ¬·´´ º«®¬¸»® º´«²¹ ¾¿½µò ̸» ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ¬¸» ¸»·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» ½«®¾¬±²» ¿²¼ ¸· ¿¾·´·¬§ ¬± °»»¼ ±º ¬¸» ¬©± ©¸»»´ ®»½±®¼»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¹»¬ ±ª»® ¬¸» ½«®¾¬±²» ©·¬¸ º«´´ °»»¼ ¿²¼ °®±¬±½±´ «°°±®¬ ¬¸» ¬¸»·ò ̸» °®±¬±½±´ ©·¬¸±«¬ ¼·³±«²¬·²¹ò ¸±©»¼ô ¬±±ô ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ³±ª»¼ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ °¿¬ ¬¸» ¬·´¬ ´·³·¬ ±º êðpô ¿²¼ ¿º¬»® ìé Ú¿´´ ©¸·´» ®·¼·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ ª»®§ º¿¬ Ú¿´´ ¿¬ ¬»° ɸ»² ¼»³±²¬®¿¬·±² ¬¸» ¼§²¿³·½ ®·¼·²¹ ̸» ¼®·ª»® ¬®·»¼ ¬± ½´·³¾ «° ¿ ¬»° ©·¬¸ ½¿°¿½·¬§ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬± ¿ ÌÊ ¬»¿³ ¬¸» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ©»¬ ´»¿ª» ±² ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®±¼» ¯«·½µ´§ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ô ¬¸» ¿«ó¹®±«²¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¹®·° ©¿ ¾¿¼ò ׬ ©¿ ²±¬ ¬±³¿¬·½ ¿´¿®³ §¬»³ ·²¼«½»¼ ¬¸» ª·¾®¿¬·²¹ ¿¾´» ¬± ¬®¿²½»²¼ ¬¸» ¬»° ¿²¼ ©¿ ¬±°°»¼ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ̸» ®·¼»® ¾»½¿³» ·®®·¬¿¬»¼ ¿²¼ ¿¾®«°¬´§ ¿¬ ¬» ½«®¾ò ̸» ·²¸»®»²¬ µ·²»¬·½ »²ó ´±¬ ½±²¬®±´ ±ª»® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ º»´´ ¼±©²ò »®¹§ ³¿¼ ¬¸» ¼®·ª»® º±® º¿´´·²¹ ±ª»® ¬¸» ¸¿²ó ̸»®» ©»®» ²»·¬¸»® ¼¿³¿¹» ²±® ·²¶«®·»ò ¼´»¾¿® ¬¸» ¼®·ª»® ³¿²¿¹»¼ ¬± ·²¬»®½»°¬ ¬¸» º¿´´ò Ò± ¼¿³¿¹» ±® ·²¶«®·» ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ®»ó ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ É·¬¸±«¬ «ºº·½·»²¬ ª·»© ¿²¼ ½±®¼»¼ò ©·¬¸±«¬ ²»½»·¬§ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ®·¼·²¹ ¾¿½µó ©¿®¼ ¬±± º¿¬ô ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» · ¼»·¹²»¼ ¬± ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ · ²±¬ ¿¾´» ¬± ½±®²»® ¿²¼ ¹± º±®©¿®¼ ·²¬»¿¼ò ½´·³¾ «° ¬»° ±ª»® ¿¾±«¬ ïð ½³ò ̱ ¼± ± ·¬ ²»»¼ ¿ ½»®¬¿·² ¿³±«²¬ ±º ·³°»¬« ¿²¼ ¹®·°ò ̸· º¿´´ ®»«´¬ ·² ¬¸» ¿¬¬»³°¬ ¬± ¬®¿²ó Ú¿´´ ±º ¿ ¾·½§½´·¬ ½»²¼ ¿ ¬± ¸·¹¸ ¬»° ©·¬¸ ¬± ´» ¹®·°ò ß ¾·½§½´·¬ ©¿²¬»¼ ¬± ±ª»®¬¿µ» ¬¸» ¯«·½µó ´§ ¹±·²¹ Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¿ °¿®µô ¬¸» ¾·½§½´·¬ Ù»²»®¿´ ½±²»¯«»²½» ±º ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²¬ ¬®±²¹´§ ©±®µ»¼ ¬¸» °»¼¿´ ¿²¼ ¸·º¬»¼ ¬±ó ©¿®¼ ¬¸» ´»º¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¹¸¬ ·¼»ò Þ»½¿«» ͱ³» °¸§·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¸» ©¿²¬»¼ ¬± °¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬±± ½´±»´§ô °¸§·½¿´ »¨¬®»³» ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´»¾¿® ±º ¬¸» ¾·½§½´» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬»»®ó«»® ³·¹¸¬ »¨°»®·»²½»ô ¿®» ¿ «²««¿´ ¿ ·²¹ ¹®·° ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ³»¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¾·½§½´·¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» · º±® ½¿® ¼®·ª»® ¿²¼ ¾·½§½´·¬ò º»´´ ¼±©²ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ¬±°°»¼ò ̸»®» ͱ³» »¨¬®»³» ·¬«¿¬·±² ½¿² ²»ª»® ¾» »¨ó ©»®» ²»·¬¸»® ¼¿³¿¹» ²±® ·²¶«®·» ±º ¬¸» °»®·»²½»¼ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¼»ª·½»ò ß ©¿ »»² Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»®å ¬¸» ¾·½§½´·¬ ½¿² ½±²¬·²«» ¸· ·² ¬¸» ·²½·¼»²½» ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ·² ®·¼» ¿º¬»® ¿ ©¸·´» ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±«°´» ±º ¾´«» Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®²ô ¬¸» «»® ±ª»®»¬·³¿¬» ¿¬ ³¿®µò¬¸» ¿³» ¬·³»ô ¬± ©¸¿¬ »¨¬»²¬ ¬¸» »´»½¬®±²ó ·½ ½¿² ·²¬»®º»®» ©·¬¸ ½±®®»½¬·±² ·² »¨¬®»³» ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ Ü¿²¹»®±« ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ±º ·¬«¿¬·±²ò ß ¾¿·½ ¼·ºº»®»²½» ®»°®»»²¬ ¬¸» ¬¸» ¾·½§½´·¬ò ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ¹®·° ·² ½¿® ¿²¼ ¾·½§½´» ¹®·° · ²»½»¿®§ º±® ¬®¿½¬·±²ô ·² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·¬ · ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ²»½»¿®§ º±® µ»»°·²¹ ¬¸» Ú¿´´ ¿º¬»® »³»®¹»²½§ ½«¬ ±ºº ¾¿´¿²½»ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¾¿´ó Þ§ «·²¹ ¿ Í»¹©¿§ ¼«®·²¹ ¬©± ¸·º¬ ¬¸» ¿²½» · »ºº»½¬»¼ ª·¿ °±·¬·±² ¾¿´¿²½·²¹ ¾§ ¿½½«³«´¿¬±® ©¿ »³°¬§ ¿º¬»® ¬¸» »½±²¼ ¬¸» ³±¬±® ¿²¼ ©¸»»´ò ׺ ¬¸»®» · ²± ¹®·°ô ¸·º¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½«¬ ±ººò Þ»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ¬¸» ½¿® ¼®·ª»® ½¿²²±¬ µ»»° ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ µ·¼ô ²±·§ ¬®¿ºº·½ ½±²¼·¬·±² ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¸»¿® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ´±±» ·¬ ¾¿´ó ¬¸» ¿´¿®³ ·¹²¿´ ±º ¬¸» »³»®¹»²½§ ½«¬ ±ºº ¿²½» ¿²¼ º¿´´ò ²±® ¼·¼ ¸» º»»´ ¬¸» ©¿®²·²¹ ª·¾®¿¬·±² ©¸·´» ̸» ±¾´·¹¿¬±®§ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ½¿®®·»¼ ±«¬ ¾§ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ±² «²»ª»² ¬»®®¿·²ò ̸» »³»®¹»²½§ ½«¬ ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® »¨°´¿·² ¬¸» °¸§·½¿´ ´·³·¬ ±º ±ºº ½¿«»¼ ¿² ·²ª±´«²¬¿®§ ¿²¼ «²»¨°»½¬»¼ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»«´¬·²¹ ®·µ »ª»®¿´ u¬»° ¼±©² ©¸·½¸ º±®¬«²¿¬»´§ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ´»¿¼ ¬·³» »°»½·¿´´§ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¿²¼¿®¼ ¬± º«®¬¸»® ½±²»¯«»²½» ²±® ·²¶«®·»ò ̸»®» ·¬«¿¬·±² «½¸ ¿ ¬¸» °¿·²¹ ±ª»® ¬»°ô ©»®» ²»·¬¸»® ¼¿³¿¹» ²±® ·²¶«®·»ò ®·¼·²¹ ¿¬ ¿ ´±°» ¿²¼ ½¸¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼ò ײ ײ¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±²æ ̸» ¿´¿®³ ·¹²¿´ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ó ¬¸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ·²¬®«½¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¿º»¬§ º·´³ ª·½» ¾»º±®» ¿² »³»®¹»²½§ ½«¬ ±ºº ¿®» ½´»¿®´§ ®»º»®»²½» · ³¿¼» ¬± ¬¸»» ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ¬±±ò ¿²¼ ©»´´ ¿«¼·¾´»ô ¾«¬ ·¬ · ²±¬ ·³°®±¾¿¾´» ̸»» ´·³·¬ »»³ ¬± ¾» «ºº·½·»²¬´§ ³»²ó ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»§ ¿®» ²±¬ ®»¿´·¦»¼ ·² °»½·¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬·±²»¼ô ¾«¬ ±¾ª·±«´§ ½¿²²±¬ ®»°´¿½» ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±²ô »°»½·¿´´§ ·º ¬¸» ©¸±´» ¿¬¬»²¬·±² °»®±²¿´ ®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½»ò ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»® · ¼·®»½¬»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ½±²¼·ó Þ»·¼» ¬¸» °¸§·½¿´ ´·³·¬ ¬¸» °±©»® ±º ¬¸» ¬·±²ò ¬©± ïòë µÉ ¼®·ª»² ³±¬±® ¿®» ±º¬»² «²¼»®»ó ¬·³¿¬»¼ ¿ ¸±©»¼ ¬¸» ·¬«¿¬·±² ¿¬ ¬¸» ½«®¾ó ¬±²» ±® ¬¸» ¬¿®¬ «°¸·´´ ±² ©»¬ ¹®±«²¼ò ׺ ¬¸» »´»½¬®±²·½ ¬»»® ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¬®±²¹ ìè ¬¸» ³±¬±® ¾§ ¿ ¬®±²¹ ¬·´¬ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ¬¸· ߬ ´±© ¬»³°»®¿¬«®» ¿²¼ ¬®±²¹ ©·²¼ ¬¸» ½¿² ®»«´¬ ·² ¬®±²¹ ¿²¼ ¶»®µ§ ³±ª»³»²¬ô ¾±¼§ ¯«·½µ´§ ¹»¬ ½±´¼ ¾»½¿«» ±º ´¿½µ·²¹ ©¸·½¸ ½¿² ¬¸®±© ¬¸» ®·¼»® ±ººò³±¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼»® · º®»»¦·²¹ò ײ ¬¸» ´¿¬ ¼¿§ ±º ¿«¬«³² ±³» ±º ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ̸»®» ¿´± »¨·¬ ¿ ½»®¬¿·² ®·µ º±® ·²¶«®·» ¬¿®¬»¼ ¬± ©»¿® ´±²¹ «²¼»®©»¿® ©¸»² ®·¼·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬ ·º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½±²¬·²«» ¬± ¹± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ɸ»² ·¬ · ®¿·²·²¹ ¬¸» ´·³·¬¿¬·±² ±² º±® ±³» ³»¬»® ¿²¼ º±® »¨¿³°´» ¹»¬ ¿®» ·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸±» º±® ¾·½§½´» ¬¸» ®·¼»® ·²¬± ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ º´±© ±® ·º ·¬ ®¿·» «° ©¸·´» ¹±ó ¾»½±³» ©»¬ ¾§ ¬¸» ®¿·² ¿²¼ ¬± ±³» »¨ó ·²¹ ±²ô ¸·¬ ¬¸» ¹®±«²¼ ¿¹¿·² ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»¾§ ¬»²¬ ¾§ ¬¸» °´¿¸ ©¿¬»®ò Ë·²¹ ¿² «³¾®»´´¿ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ¸·¬ ¿ °¿»®ó¾§ò · ¿´³±¬ ²±¬ °±·¾´»ò É·¬¸ ²±© ¿²¼ ·½» ¬¸» ¹®·° · ± ¾¿¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ®·µ ±º ¿½½·¼»²¬ Þ¿·½¿´´§ ¿´´ ±º ¬¸» ¸±©² ³¿¶±® ·²½·¼»²¬ ·²½®»¿» ©¸»² «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ø»» ®»°®»»²¬ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ º¿«´¬ ±® º¿´» »¬·³¿ó ½¸¿°¬»® ìòêòï eײ½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬uô ¬·±² ±º ¬¸» «»®ò ̸»» ®·µ ½±«´¼ ¾» ®»ó °¿¹» ìëô ±² ¬¸» ·³°±®¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ¹®·° º±® ¼«½»¼ ¾§ ³¿´´ ¿´¬»®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»æ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§÷ò ̸» ¿´¿®³ ·¹²¿´ ¾»º±®» »³»®¹»²½§ ½«¬ó ¬·²¹ ±ºº ½±«´¼ ¾» ³¿¼» ¾»¬¬»® °»®½»°¬·ó ìòêòíͬ»»®·²¹ ¾´» ײ ½±²¬®¿¬ ¬± ¬¸» ·²¬«·¬·ª·³ ±º ®·¼·²¹ô ¿½ó ̸» ¹±·²¹ ±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿º¬»® ½«¬¬·²¹ ±ºº ½»´»®¿¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬¸» °®±½» ±º ¬»»®ó ½±«´¼ ¾» ®»¼«½»¼ ¾§ ¿² ¿«¬±³¿¬·½ô °®±ó ·²¹ ²»»¼ ¿½½«¬±³·²¹ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¬©·¬ °±¬»²ó ¹®»·ª» ¾®¿µ» ³»½¸¿²·³ ¬·±³»¬»® ±² ¬¸» ´»º¬ ¿®³ ±º ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·°ô ׺ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½«¬ ·¬»´º ±ºº ¼«» ¬± ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ·² ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ò ׬ ¸¿ ¾»»² ±¾»®ª»¼ ¿²¼ ®»¿±² ·¬ ½¿² ¿º¬»®©¿®¼ ¾» ®»¬¿®¬»¼ ´·µ» ®»°±®¬»¼ »ª»®¿´ ¬·³» ¬¸¿¬ ·²»¨°»®·»²½»¼ ²±®³¿´ ·² ±³» ·¬«¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¾» «»¼ ®·¼»® º¿´»´§ ¸¿²¼´» ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ©¸»² ¾»ó ¿¹¿·² ó ½®·¬·½¿´ ½±²¼·¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ·²¹ «²¼»® ¬®» º±® »¨¿³°´» ©¸»² ¹»¬¬·²¹ ½¿² ± ¾» ±ª»®´±±µ»¼ô ½±²¼·¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ ¿²¼ ¬¸»² ¹± ·²¬± ¬¸» ±°°±ó ½±«´¼ ´»¿¼ ¬± ¿½½·¼»²¬ò Þ§ ¿ ¬·³» ´·³·¬ ·¬» ¼·®»½¬·±²ò ̸» ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ´±½µ º±® ¬¸» ®»¬¿®¬ ¬¸» «»® ½±«´¼ ¾» ·²ó ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ´»º¬ ¸¿²¼ · ¿´± °±·¾´»ô ¿ ¸±®¬ º±®³»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸»®» ©¿ ¿ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °®±¾´»³ ½¸¿²¹» ¿ ·¬ · ²»½»¿®§ ¼«®·²¹ ¿² ¿½¬·ª·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¸» ¸±«´¼ ®·¼» ©·¬¸ °»½·¿´ ½¿®» ±² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ´·µ» ±°»²·²¹ ¿ ¼±±®ô °«¸·²¹ ¿²¼ ¿¬¬»²¬·±²ò ¬¸» ´·º¬ ¾«¬¬±² ¿²¼ ± ±² · º±® ´»º¬ ¸¿²¼»¼ °»®±² ±²´§ °±·¾´» ©¸·´» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¬¿²¼·²¹ò ìòêòîÔ·³·¬¿¬·±² ¬± «» Ì»¬ ®·¼»® ¿²¼ °¿»®ó¾§ ¿µ»¼ ¿¹¿·² ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿²²±¬ ±°¬·³¿´´§ ¾» «»¼ ·² ¿²¼ ¿¹¿·² ©¸§ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ½¿²²±¬ ¾» ¿´´ ½¿»ô ·¬ ¸¿²¼´·²¹ · ´·³·¬»¼ ·² ½¿» ±º ¬«®²»¼ º±® ¬»»®·²¹ ¿²¼ ©¸§ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¼»ó ´±²¹ ®·¼» ¾§ ¬¸» °¸§·½¿´ ¼·½±³º±®¬ ±º ª·½» · ¿ª¿·´¿¾´» ±²´§ ±² ¬¸» ´»º¬ ·¼»ò Ú±® º«ó ¬¸» «»® ¿²¼ ·² ½¿» ±º ¾¿¼ ©»¿¬¸»®ò ¬«®» ª»®·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «½¸ ·³°®±ª»ó ³»²¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ½±²·¼»®»¼ò и§·½¿´ ¼·½±³º±®¬ Û°»½·¿´´§ ¼«®·²¹ ´±²¹»® ®·¼» ø±ª»® ïòë «° ìòéÌ»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¬± «®÷ ¬¸» ´±²¹ ³±¬·±²´» ¬¿²¼·²¹ ±² ¿²¼ »¯«·°³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ ´»¿¼ ·² ±³» ½¿» ¬± º»»´·²¹ Í»¹©¿§ ±º ²«³¾²»ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ©¸±´» «²»ª»²ó ²» ±º ¬¸» ¬»®®¿·² · ±²´§ «°»²¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ °®±¾´»³ ¿²¼ ·³ó ¬©± °²»«³¿¬·½ ©¸»»´ ¿²¼ · ±¬¸»®©·» ¼·ó °®±ª»³»²¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ©¿ »»² ·² ¿ ½±«°´» ®»½¬´§ º±®©¿®¼»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò ±º ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ò Þ¿¼ ©»¿¬¸»® Ô·¹¸¬·²¹ ß´´ ®·¼»® ¬¿¬»¼ ·² ·²¬»®ª·»© ¿²¼ ¼·½«ó ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ª» »ª»®¿´ ¬·³» ¾»»² ·±² ¬¸¿¬ ·² ¾¿¼ ©»¿¬¸»® ´·µ» ½±´¼ô ©·²¼ô «»¼ ·² ¿«¬«³² ·² ¬¸» »ª»²·²¹ ¸±«® ¿²¼ ®¿·²ô ²±© ±® ·½» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ±²´§ ´·³·¬ó ¬¸»² ±³» ¸±®¬½±³·²¹ ·² ¬¸» ¿½¬·ª» ¿²¼ »¼´§ ¬± ²±¬ ¿¬ ¿´´ «¿¾´»ò ìç °¿·ª» ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·» ¾»½¿³» ±¾ª·±«ò ¸·¹¸»® ³¿ ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»º±®» ¿ ¸·¹¸»® µ·²»¬·½ ̸» «²·¬ ©»®» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ±²´§ ±²» ¾·ó»²»®¹§ ·º ®«²²·²¹ò ̸» °´¿¬º±®³ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó ½§½´» ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ ¿ ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ ©¿ ³··²¹ô ¾«¬ ©¿§ · °±·¬·±²»¼ ±² ¬¸» ¸»·¹¸¬ ±º ¬¸» ¸·²ó ©±«´¼ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¼»·®¿¾´» º±® ´·¹¸¬·²¹ ¬¸» ¾±²» ¿²¼ ¸¿ ¯«·¬» ¸¿®° ³»¬¿´ »¼¹»ò ©¿§ ¿²¼ º±® ¾»·²¹ ¾»¬¬»® ª··¾´» ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»ó˲¼»® ¬¸»» ½·®½«³¬¿²½» ¬¸» º·¨¿¬·±² ±º º±®» «½¸ ¿ ´·¹¸¬ ©¿ ³·»¼ò ̸» °®±¾´»³ ¿ ®«¾¾»® ®±´´ ¬± ¾±¬¸ ·¼» ±º ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» «» ±º ¾·½§½´» °´«¹ó ±® ½´·°ó´·¹¸¬ · »»³ ¿¼ª·¿¾´» ¿ ½®¿¸ °®±¬»½¬·±²ò ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ±ºº»® ¬¸» ±²´§ °´¿½» º±® º·¨·²¹ ¬¸» ´·¹¸¬ò Ü«®·²¹ ¿ ®·¼» ¬¸» ¬·´¬ ±º ¬¸» ìòèλ¿½¬·±² ±º ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° ½±²¬·²«±«´§ ¿´¬»® ¿²¼ ¬¸»®»ó °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º±®» ¬¸» ·´´«³·²¿¬»¼ ¿®»¿ ±º ¬¸» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ò ̸· ½¿² »¿·´§ ¾´·²¼ ¿°°®±¿½¸·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®ó ¬·½·°¿²¬ò ̸» ¬»»®·²¹ ¹®·° · ±²´§ ·² ¿ ª»®§ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿ ª»®§ ²»© ¿²¼ «²««¿´ ´·³·¬»¼ ©¿§ «·¬»¼ º±® º·¨·²¹ ¿ ®»¿® ®»º´»½¬±®ô ¼»ª·½» ·² ¬¸» ¬±©²½¿°»ò Ò¿¬«®¿´´§ ¬¸» ¬®¿ºó ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¬¿²¼·²¹ ±² ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ º·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ®»¿½¬ ¬± Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ·² ¿ °¿®¬´§ ½±ª»® ¬¸» ´·¹¸¬ò ̸» ©¸»»´ ¿®» ±² ¼·ºº»®»²¬ ©¿§ ¬¸¿² ¬¸» ¼± ¬± ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®ó ¾±¬¸ ·¼» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ®»º´»½¬±® º±·´ô ¾«¬ ¬·½·°¿²¬ ´·µ» ¾·½§½´·¬ ±® °»¼»¬®·¿²ò ±²´§ ¿ ³¿´´ ¬®·°» ±² ¾±¬¸ »¼¹» ±º ¬¸» ̸· ´»¼ ¬± ¬¸» º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ©¸±´» °·ó °´¿¬º±®³ ®»º´»½¬ º±®©¿®¼ ¿²¼ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ò ´±¬ ¬«¼§ô ©¸»²»ª»® ¬¸» °±´·½»³»² ¬±°°»¼ô ·¬ ¼·¼ ²±¬ ¬¿µ» ´±²¹ ¾»º±®» ³¿²§ °¿»®ó¾§ ß´¿®³ ¼»ª·½» ¹¿¬¸»®»¼ò ײ ¬¸» º·®¬ ´·²» ¬¸»§ ©»®» ½«®·±« ¬± ´»¿®² ¿¾±«¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ·¬ º«²½¬·±²·²¹ ̸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ·²¬»²¬·±²¿´´§ ¼·¼ ²±¬ °®·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®»¿±² º±® ·¬ «» ¾§ ¬¸» °±ó »¯«·° ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ ¿² ¿´¿®³ ¼»ª·½»ô ´·½»ò ¾»½¿«» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® ¸±«´¼ ¾»¸¿ª» ·² ¿ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± «²¿²·³±« ¬¿¬»³»²¬ °±·ó °±´·¬» ¿²¼ ¬¸±«¹¸¬º«´ ³¿²²»® ¿²¼ ²±¬ »³°¬§ ¬·ª» ®»¿½¬·±² ©»®» ³±¬ ½±³³±²ô ¬¸» ®»¿½ó ¬¸» ©¿§ ¾§ ·¹²¿´´·²¹ò ײ °®¿½¬·½» ¸±©»ª»® ¬·±² ¿´©¿§ ¼»°»²¼»¼ ±² ¬¸» °±·¬·±² ¿²¼ ·¬ ¾»½¿³» ½´»¿®ô ¬¸¿¬ ¿² ¿´¿®³ ¼»ª·½» ½¿² ¬¸» ·²¼·ª·¼«¿´ °»®½»°¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¾» ²»½»¿®§ º±® ¼¿²¹»® ·¹²¿´´·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸¿¬ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ò Û°»½·¿´´§ ·² ¬¸» º·®¬ ©»»µ ³¿²§ °¿»®ó¾§ ¹±¬ ¬¿®¬´»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ±³» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ º»´¬ »¨°±»¼ ¿²¼ ·²»ó ©¿§ «²»¨°»½¬»¼ ¿²¼ ²±·»´» ¿°°®±¿½¸ò ½«®» ¿²¼ ¬¸· ©¿ ·²½®»¿»¼ ¾§ ±³» °®» ®»°±®¬ ±² ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ½±³³»²¬¿®·» ±º η¼·²¹ ¬®¿·¹¸¬ ±² ½±´´»¿¹«»ò ͱ³» °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ½®·¬·½·¦»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»ó ß ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ·²¬»®ª·»© ¸±©»¼ ª·½» ´±±» ¯«·¬» º¿¬ ¬¸»·® ¬§®» °®»«®»ò ½´»¿®´§ ¬¸¿¬ ¾±¬¸ ·¼» ¹±¬ «»¼ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹ó ̸» ¹»²»®¿´´§ ´±© ¬§®» °®»«®» ª»®§ ¯«·½µ´§ ©¿§ô ±² ¬¸» ·¼» ±º ¬¸» ½·¬·¦»² ©¸± ¾»½¿³» ´»¿¼ ¬± °®»«®» ·²¬¿¾·´·¬·» ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» º¿³·´·¿® ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¾§ ¿ ª¿¬ °®» ¬©± ©¸»»´ ¿²¼ ½±²»¯«»²¬´§ ·²¼«½» ¿ ´¿¬ó ½¿³°¿·¹² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¼¿·´§ °®»»²½» ±º ¬¸» »®¿´ °·² ¼«®·²¹ ¹±·²¹ ¬®¿·¹¸¬ ±²ò «²·¬ ·² ¬¸» ¬±©²½¿°»ò ̸· ©¿ ¿´± ¬®«» º±® ¬¸» ·¼» ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ô ©¸± ¿ ©»´´ ¹±¬ «»¼ ¬± ¬¸»·® «²·¬ ¿²¼ ¾»½¿³» ¿ºó Ú¿«´¬ ·²¼·½¿¬·±² »® ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ײ»½«®·¬·» ª¿²ó ̸» ·²¼·½¿¬·±² °±·¾·´·¬·» ±º ¬¸» ¼·°´¿§ ·¸»¼ ·² º¿ª±«® ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» ¿®» ´·³·¬»¼ô ±³» º¿«´¬ ·²¼·½¿¬·±² ¿®» ¿´³±¬ ·² ¬¸» °®¿½¬·½¿´ »®ª·½»ò ½®§°¬·½ ¿²¼ ²±¬ «²¼»®¬¿²¼¿¾´» ¼«®·²¹ ¬¸» ®·¼» ¿²¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ·²¬®«½¬·±² ¾±±µò б·¾´§ ìòçÛ¨°»®·»²½» ±º ¬¸» «¬·´·¦¿ó ¬¸» ¿½±«¬·½ ¿²¼ ¬¿½¬·´» ©¿®²·²¹ ·² ½¿» ±º ¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿¬ Ð±ó »³»®¹»²½§ ½«¬ ±ºº ¸±«´¼ ¾» ½¸¿²¹»¼ ø»» ½¸¿°¬»® ìòêòï eײ½·¼»²¬ ¿²¼ ¿½½·¼»²¬uô ´·½» ¿²¼ Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» °¿¹» ìë÷ò ̸» »¨°»®·»²½» ·² «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼«®ó ·²¹ ¬¸» ¬¸®»»ó³±²¬¸ó°·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©»®» ª»®§ Ý®¿¸ °®±¬»½¬·±² °±·¬·ª» ¿ ¼·½«·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °¿®¬·½·°¿¬»¼ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ®«² ³¿·²´§ ¾»¬©»»² °»¼»ó ±ºº·½»®ô ®»°±®¬ ¼«®·²¹ ³»»¬·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬®·¿² ¿²¼ ¾·½§½´·¬ ¾«¬ ¸¿ ¿ ½±²·¼»®¿¾´» ¬©± ·²¬»®ª·»© ®±«²¼ ¸±©»¼ò ëð ëÏ«»¬·±² ̸» °±´·½»³»² »°»½·¿´´§ ¬®»»¼ ¬¸»·® ¸·¹¸»® º´»¨·¾·´·¬§ ¿²¼ ³±¾·´·¬§ô ©¸·½¸ ·² ½±³ó °¿®·±² ¬± ¬¸» °¿¬®±´ ¼«¬§ ±² º±±¬ ¿´´±© É·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¯«»¬·±² °«¬ º±®©¿®¼ ¬¸»³ ¬± «°»®ª·» ¿ îòë ¬± í ¬·³» ´¿®¹»® °¿ó ¿¬ ¬¸» ¾»¹·²²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¸» ¿²ó ¬®±´´·²¹ ¿®»¿ò ̸»·® ¿½¬·±² ®¿²¹» ¸¿ ¾»½±³» ©»® ¿®» ¬¸» º±´´±©·²¹æ ©·¼»®å ·² »²·¾´» ¿®»¿ ¬¸»§ ¿®» °®»»²¬ ·² ¿ ¸·¹¸»® º®»¯«»²½§ò Þ§ ¬¸» °»»¼ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ó ëòïòïÏ«»¬·±² ±² ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ª·½» ¬¸» °±´·½»³»² ¿®» º¿¬»®ô ©¸·½¸ ³»¿² º¿¬»® ¿¬ ¬¸» °´¿½» ±º ³··±² ¿²¼ º¿¬»® ·² ܱ» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» ²»»¼ ¬®¿½µ·²¹ ¿ º«¹·¬·ª»ò ײ ¬¸» °·´±¬ °»®·±¼ô ¿½ó ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊó ½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¬¿¬»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» °¿¬®±´´·²¹ ÆÑ÷ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ©¸»»´ô ¬»»®·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ¿²¼ °±´·½» ¬»² ¬± º·º¬»»² ¿®®»¬ ©»®» ¼«» ¬± ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ §¬»³á «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ©±«´¼ ±¬¸»®©·» ²±¬ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² °±·¾´»ò ̸» ¸·¹¸»® ¬¿²¼·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ ¬¸» ©¸»»´ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ±² ¬¸» °´¿¬º±®³ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©¿ °±·¬·ª»´§ ¬»»®·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ¿®» «ºº·½·»²¬ ¿²¼ ®»°®»»²¬ ³»²¬·±²»¼ º±® ¬¸» ³··±² ±º °±´·½» ¿²¼ Ó«ó ²± °®±¾´»³ò ̸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» ¬¸» ±ºº·½·¿´ ¸¿¼ ¿ ¾»¬¬»® ª·»© øͬÊÑ÷ ¼»³¿²¼ ¬©± ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¿²¼ ©»®» ³±®» °®»»²¬ò §¬»³ º±® ¿´´ ³±¬±®½¿® ¿²¼ ¾·½§½´»ò ̸» ײ ½±²¬®¿¬ ¬± ±¬¸»® °±´·½» ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²ó Í»¹©¿§ °±»» ¿² »´»½¬®±²·½ ¬»»®»¼ °±®¬¿¬·±² ´·µ» °±´·½» ½¿®ô ¾·½§½´» ±® Ýïó ¹»²»®¿¬±® ¾®¿µ»ô ·¬ ¬»»®·²¹ »´»½¬®±²·½ô ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¬¸» ¿½½»°¬¿²½» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» °±©»® ±«®½» ¿²¼ ¬±°°·²¹ ³±¬±® ¿®» ´¿·¼ · ¯«·¬» ¹±±¼ ·² °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿®»¿ô »°»½·¿´´§ ±«¬ ®»¼«²¼¿²¬´§ ¿²¼ ·² ½¿» ±º ¬¸» º¿·´«®» ±º ·² «½¸ ¿®»¿ ¬¸¿¬ ½¿² ¸¿®¼´§ ¾» ®»¿½¸»¼ ¾§ ±²» ¬»»®·²¹ «²·¬ ¬¸» ±¬¸»® ½¿² ·²¼»°»²¼ó ±¬¸»® ³»¿² ±® ±²´§ ±² º±±¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿ »²¬´§ ·²º´«»²½» ¾±¬¸ ³±¬±®ò ׬ · ©·¬¸·² ³¿¼» »®ª·½» »¿·»®ò ¬¸» ·²¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ®¿²¹» ±º ¬¸» ´»¹·´¿¬±® ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿¬±® ¾®¿µ» · ®»½±¹²·¦»¼ ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®»°±®¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¿ ¾®¿µ·²¹ §¬»³ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¬©± ®»¼«²¼¿²¬ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ª»®§ ©»´´ «·¬»¼ §¬»³ ¿ ¬©± »°¿®¿¬» ¿²¼ ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ º±® »ª»®§ ¼¿§ ³··±² ±º ¬¸» °±´·½» ¿²¼ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ §¬»³ò Ú±® ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» «½¸ Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½»ò ¿ °¿»²¹»® ½¿®ô ´·¹¸¬ ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´» ¿²¼ »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ¬¸» ´»¹·´¿¬±® ¼»³¿²¼ ìòïðÌ®¿²º»®¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» ¿ ³·²·³«³ º«´´ ¼»´¿§ ±º ëòð³ñn ®»°ò °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ®»«´¬ íôë³ñn º±® ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¾®¿µ» »¯«·°³»²¬ò Þ¿»¼ ±² ¸· °»½·¿´ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¬¸» ¬±°ó °·²¹ °»®º±®³¿²½» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ±²´§ Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¬¸» «²·¬ ¸¿ª» ¾»»² ¾» ¿»»¼ ·² ½±³¾·²¿¬·±² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·ó «»¼ ®»¹«´¿®´§ ¿²¼ ·²¬»²·ª»´§ ¿´³±¬ »ª»ó ½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò ̸»®»¾§ ³»ó ®§ ¼¿§ ¿²¼ º±® ³¿²§ ¸±«® · ¿ ´¿®¹» ½·¬§ ¼·¿² ª¿´«» ±º ±ª»® íòëô ®»°ò ±ª»® ëòð³ñn ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ·² ¿ ³»¼·«³ó·¦»¼ ¬±©²ò ײ ¬¸· ¿®» ®»¿½¸»¼ô ¸±©»ª»® ¬¸» ¼»ª·¿¬·±² ®¿²¹» · ¬·³»ô ¿´´ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ «»¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ª»®§ ¸·¹¸ º±® ³±®» ¬¸¿² ¸¿´º ±º ¬¸» ³»¿ó ·²¬»¹®¿´ °¿®¬ ±º ¬¸»·® ±ºº·½·¿´ ¼«¬·» ·² ¿´´ ¿®·ó «®»¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬ ¿ ¼»´¿§ ±º íòë³ñn ©¿ ·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ ·¬«¿¬·±²ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®«´» ²±¬ ®»¿½¸»¼ò ±º ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» »¨»³°¬·±² °»®³·¬ò ر© ½¿² ©» ¸¿²¼´» ¬¸» ´¿½µ ±º ¿ »¿¬ º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»®á ̸»®»º±®» ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ½¿² ¾» ´±±µ»¼ ¿¬ ¿ ¿ ³±¼»´ô ©¸·½¸ · ¬®¿²º»®ó ̸» ´¿½µ ±º ¿ »¿¬ º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¼±» ²±¬ ¿¾´» ¬± ¼¿·´§ «»ò ˲¼»® ¬¸»» ½±²¼·¬·±² °®»»²¬ ¿ ´»¹¿´ °®±¾´»³ô ¾«¬ ¾»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ¿´´±© ½±²½´«·±² ¸±© ¬¸» ¼»ó ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ®»¿±² ¬¸» ¿¬¬¿½¸³»²¬ ±º ¿ »¿¬ ª·½» º·¬ ·²¬± ¬¸» ¹»²»®¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ ·¬«¿¬·±² ±º · ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¿´¬¸±«¹¸ ¼»·®¿¾´» º±® ´±²¹»® ®·¼» ¬¸» °«¾´·½ °¿½» ©¸»² «»¼ ¿°°®±°®·¿¬»´§ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¬®¿·² ±º ¬¸» ´»¹ ¿²¼ º»»¬ ¿²¼ «·¬¿¾´§ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ®«²²·²¹ «²²»½»ó ©¸·´» ¬¿²¼·²¹ò ¿®§ ®·µò ر© ³«½¸ ·¹²¿´´·²¹ ó ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ »¯«·°ó ³»²¬ · ²»½»¿®§á ëï ̸» ¿³±«²¬ ±º ·¹²¿´´·²¹ó ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ ëòïòîÏ«»¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¿º»¬§ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¼»°»²¼ ±² ¬¸» µ·²¼ ±º ®»¹·¬®¿ó ر© º¿¬ ½¿² ±²» ´»¿®² ¬± ®·¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬·±²ò ׬ · ½´»¿® ¬¸¿¬ ¿ ·¹²¿´´·²¹ó ¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬ó ¿º»´§ô ©¸·½¸ µ²±©´»¼¹» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ·¬ ·²¹ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿®» ®»¯«·®»¼ ¿²¼ ²»½»¿®§ò ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ¿²¼ ·¬ «» ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½» ̸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¸±«´¼ ¿¬ ´»¿¬ ¾» ·³·´¿® ¿®» ²»½»¿®§á ¬± ¬¸±» º±® ¾·½§½´»ò Ú±® ¾·½§½´» ¿ ©¸·¬» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ · ®»¯«·®»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ º«´´ ¾»¿³ ¿²¼ ̸» ®·¼·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¾» ´»¿®²»¼ ©·¬¸±«¬ ¼»º·²»¼ ´«³·²±« °±©»® ¿²¼ ¿²µ´»ô ª»®§ ¯«·½µ´§ô ©·¬¸·² ¿¾±«¬ ±²» ¸±«®ô ¬¸» º«®¬¸»®³±®» ¿ ®»¼ ´·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ¬©± ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ô ³¿²«¿´ ¿²¼ ¿º»¬§ ª·¼»± ¹·ª» ¿ º·®¬ ·³°®»ó ±²» ·² ¬¸» º®±²¬ ¿²¼ ±²» ¿¬ ¬¸» ¾¿½µ ¿®» ·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿º»¬§ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ò ̱ ²»½»¿®§ò ̸» ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬§ ¸±«´¼ ©±®µ ®·¼» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿º»´§ ·² ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ·¬ ²»»¼ »ª»² ©¸»² ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» · ¬¿²¼·²¹ò ¿¾±ª» ¿´´ ®·¼·²¹ µ·´´ô »¨°»®·»²½» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» °»½·¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ¿²¼ °¸§·½¿´ ´·³·¬ ±º ײ ©¸·½¸ º±®³ ½¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ®»¹·ó ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Ѳ´§ ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ µ²±©´ó ¬»®»¼ô ¸±© ³«¬ ·¬ ¾» ¼»¿´¬ ©·¬¸ ½±²½»®²·²¹ »¼¹» ±º ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ ®«´» ¿®» ²»½»¿®§ º±® ¿² ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ¸¿ª» ¿ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬»ô ®·¼»® «·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»ò ´·½»²½»ô ¿²¼ ·²«®¿²½» ¿²¼ ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´ó ³»¬á ر© ¹®»¿¬ · ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ¬¸» ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ ̸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ©·¬¸·² ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ®«´» · °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ¿²¼ ±¾¶»½¬ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»á ¼·ºº·½«´¬ô ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿ ¿ ³±º¿ ±® »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ½±«´¼ ¾» °±·¾´» ¾«¬ ¬¸» Í»¹ó Ò¿¬«®¿´´§ ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¼»°»²¼ ©¿§ ²»»¼»¼ ±³» ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¬®±²¹´§ ±² ¬¸» ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ¿²¼ ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±² ¿¼¿°¬¿¬·±²ò ̸»² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿¼ ¬± ½±®ó ±º ¬¸» ®·¼»®ò Þ¿·½¿´´§ ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º »¿½¸ ©·¬¸ ±² ½§½´» ©¿´µ · ·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸¿¬ ±²» ±º ¾·½§ó ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ²«³¾»® °´¿¬»ô ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô ·²ó ½´»ô ±² °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ·¬ · ³¿´´»® «®¿²½» ¿²¼ ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ò ¬¸¿² ¬¸¿¬ ±º ¾·½§½´» ¾«¬ ¸·¹¸»® ¬¸¿² ¬¸¿¬ ±º °»¼»¬®·¿²ò Þ§ ¬¸» ·²¬«·¬·ª» ¬»»®·²¹ ¬¸» ß´¬»®²¿¬·ª»´§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±«´¼ ¾» ®»¹·ó °»»¼ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¾» ¿¼¿°¬»¼ ª»®§ ¬»®»¼ ¿ ª»¸·½´» ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±²ó¾¿»¼ »¿·´§ò ̸» ¼»ª·½» · ª»®§ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾´»ô ·¬ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ê µ³ñ¸ô ·² ¬¸· ½¿» ·¬ ³«¬ º´±±® °¿½» · ³¿´´ ¬¸»®»º±®» ±²» ½¿² »¿·´§ ¾» ¬»½¸²·½¿´´§ »½«®»¼ ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ½¿²ó ¹»¬ ±«¬ ±º ¬¸» ©¿§ ¿²¼ ¿ª±·¼ ½±²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ²±¬ ®«² º¿¬»®ò ±¾¶»½¬ ¿²¼ °»®±² ·² ¬¸» °«¾´·½ °¿½»ò Ý¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ·² ¬¸» º®¿³» ɸ»®» ½¿² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®«² ³±¬ ¿º»´§ º±® ±º ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ®«´» ±® ¿®» ¿´¬»®¿¬·±² ¿´´ ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ·¬ ½±²ó ±® ¿³»²¼³»²¬ ²»½»¿®§á º´·½¬ °±¬»²¬·¿´ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ Ç»ô «²¼»® ½»®¬¿·² ½±²¼·¬·±²ô »» ¬¸» ¿²¼ ¬± ·¬ ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«®á ¯«»¬·±² ¾»º±®»ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» »¨°»®·»²½» ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ É·¬¸ ¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ½¸¿²¹» ±º ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ¬«¼§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿² ¿º»´§ ®«² ±² ¿´´ ½§ó ¾¿· ±²» ½±«´¼ ·³¿¹·²» ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´ ®»¹·ó ½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿å ±² ¬®¿¬·±² ³±¼¿´·¬·»æ ©·¬¸ ¿² »¨»³°¬·±² °®»ó ¾±¬¸ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» º·¬ ª»®§ ©»´´ ·²¬± ¬¸» ¬®¿ºó ½®·°¬·±² ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»¹·¬»®»¼ º·½ §¬»³ò Ѳ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿®»¿ ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¿ ³±º¿ ±² ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ »ª»²¬«¿´´§ ±² ©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ²±¬ ®«² º¿¬»® ¬¸¿² ¿¬ ¿ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ô ©·¬¸ ¿² ¿´¬»®¿¬·±² ±º °»»¼ô ±² ²¿®®±© ·¼»©¿´µ °»½·¿´ ½±²·¼ó ¬¸» ©»·¹¸¬ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ¬¸» ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ »®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»® · ²»½»¿®§ò »¨»³°¬·±² °®»½®·°¬·±² ¿ ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ × ¬¸» »¬ «° ±º ¿ ³·²·³«³ ¿¹» º±® ¬¸» «ó ¾·½§½´»ô ©·¬¸ ¿ ½¸¿²¹» ±º y ïê øî÷ ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¿¹» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®»¿±²¿¾´» ¿²¼ ²»½»ó ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¿ ¿®§á e°»½·¿´ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬u ±® ¿ ¿ »°¿ó ®¿¬» ²»© ¬§°» ±º ¼»ª·½»ô ©¸·½¸ ¬¸»² ¸¿¼ ¬± Ô·¬¬´» ½¸·´¼®»² ©·´´ ¸¿ª» °¸§·½¿´ ¼·ºº·½«´¬·» ¾» ·²¬»¹®¿¬»¼ ·²¬± ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿ó ·² ¬»»®·²¹ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò Þ»½¿«» ¬¸» ¬»»®ó ¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ò ·²¹ · ¾¿´¿²½» ¾¿»¼ ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¼»ó ³¿²¼ ¿ ³·²·³«³ ©»·¹¸¬ ±º ìë µ¹ º±® ¿ ¿º» ¬»»®·²¹ò ß¾±ª» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸¿ ²±¬ ¹·ª»² ¿²§ ¸·²¬ ©¸§ ¿² ¿¹» ¿¼¿°¬»¼ ´·³·¬¿ó ëî ¬·±² º±® ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ëòïòí Ï«»¬·±² ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ·³ó ®»¿±²¿¾´»ò ׺ ¿ °»®±² ¸¿ ¬¸» ³»²¬¿´ ¿²¼ °±®¬¿²½» °¸§·½¿´ ³¿¬«®·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ²»½»¿®§ µ²±©´ó Ú±® ©¸·½¸ «¿¹» ¿²¼ ©¸·½¸ «»® ¹®±«° · »¼¹» ¬± ¬¿µ» ®»°±²·¾´§ °¿®¬ ·² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬¸»®» ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·²¬»®»¬·²¹á · ²± ®»¿±²ô ©¸§ ¬¸· °»®±² ¸±«´¼ ²±¬ «» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ײ Ù»®³¿²§ ½¸·´¼®»² ±º ¿² Ù»²»®¿´´§ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ·²¬»®»¬·²¹ º±® ¿¹» ±º ï𠧻¿® ½¿² º«´´§ °¿®¬·½·°¿¬» ·² ²±®ó ¿²§¾±¼§ ©¸± ®»¹«´¿®´§ ³±ª» ·² ¼·¬¿²½» ³¿´ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿²¼ ¸¿ª» ¿¬ ¬¸¿¬ ¿¹» ®»½»·ª»¼ »´ó ¿®»¿ ¾»¬©»»² ½´¿·½ ©¿´µ·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½» »³»²¬¿®§ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬®¿·²·²¹ ·² ½¸±±´ô ¿ ¿ ®«´»ò ¿²¼ ½¿® ¼·¬¿²½»ò ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ½±«´¼ ¾» ±º É·¬¸ ¿² ¿¹» ±º ïì §»¿® ¾±§ ¿²¼ ¹·®´ ¸¿ª» ·²¬»®»¬ ²±¬ ±²´§ º±® ¸»¿´¬¸§ °»±°´»ô ¾«¬ ¿´± ¿ ³»¼·¿² ¾±¼§ ©»·¹¸¬ ±º ±ª»® ìë µ¹ò ̸»®»ó º±® ³±¾·´·¬§ ¸¿²¼·½¿°°»¼ò º±®» ½¸·´¼®»² «²¼»® ïì §»¿® ±º ¿¹» ¸±«´¼ ²±¬ ®·¼» ¿ Í»¹©¿§ò Ú±® ³±º¿ º±® »¨¿³°´» ɸ·½¸ °±·²¬ ±º ª·»© ·² ½·¬§ ¿²¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ °±´·ó ¿ ³·²·³«³ ¿¹» ±º ïë §»¿® · ®»¯«·®»¼ô ·² ¬·½ ½±«´¼ ¿®·» ©¸»² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · «»¼ ±² ±³» ½±«²¬®·» ®»°ò ËÍ º»¼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» ¬¸» ¿ ´¿®¹»® ½¿´»á «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · °»®³·¬¬»¼ º±® ¿² ¿¹» ̸» ³±®» Í»¹©¿§ ·² «»ô ¬¸» ¬®±²¹»® · ±º ïê §»¿®ò ײ Ù»®³¿²§ô ¿² ¿¹» ´·³·¬ º±® ¬¸» ¬¸» ²»»¼ ¬± º·²¼ ¿² ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ »»³ ®»¿±²¿¾´»ò º±®³ô ©¸·½¸ ¿´´±© ¿ ©·¼»® «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹ó ©¿§ ©·¬¸±«¬ ¬±± ³«½¸ ½±²º´·½¬ ©·¬¸ ±¬¸»® ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ò Þ§ ¿ °»®³·¬ ¬± «» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºó º·½ ¿®»¿ ¬¸» «¿¹» ¿®»¿ º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ ¸·¹¸ò ׺ Í»¹©¿§ ¿®» «»¼ »¨¬»²·ª»´§ ±²» ¸¿ ¬± ½±²·¼»® ¬¸¿¬ º«®¬¸»® ¿¼¿°¬»¼ ®«´» ´·µ» º±® »¨¿³°´» ·¹²ó °±¬·²¹ ¿®» ²»½»¿®§ò ×××ò λ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ëë êλ¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¿ ¿ °»»¼±³»¬»®ò Ú«®¬¸»®³±®» ¿ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ °®±ª» ¸¿¼ ¬± ¿» ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ »¯«·°³»²¬ ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®»¯«·®»ó ³»²¬ò Ú±® ¬¸» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿² ·³°±®ó ¬¿²¬ ¾¿· º±® ¬¸» ¼»½··±² · ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ݸ¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º Í»¹©¿§ º·¬ ©»´´ ·²¬± ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¬®«½¬«®» ©·¬¸ ¿ »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬®¿ºº·½ º´±© ¿²¼ ·¬ ½±²º´·½¬ °±¬»²ó ¬·¿´ò Ú±® ¬¸¿¬ °«®°±» ¬¸» ®±¿¼ °»®º±®³¿²½»ô ɱ«´¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ¿ »´»½ó ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬¸» ¸¿²ó ¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ²± ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ²± ®·¼·²¹ ¼´·²¹ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ´»¿®²·²¹ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿²ó ´·½»²½» ¿²¼ ²± ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ ¼´·²¹ ¸¿ª» ¬± ¾» ¬¿µ»² ·²¬± ½±²·¼»®¿¬·±²ò ©»®» ²»½»¿®§ò Þ«¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ²»»¼»¼ ·²ó «®¿²½» ¿²¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¸¿¼ êòïᬻ²¬·¿´ ©¿§ ¬± ¾» ¿°°®±°®·¿¬» º±® ¬¸» «» ¾§ °¸§·½¿´´§ º»»¾´» ±® ¸¿²¼·½¿°°»¼ °»±°´»ò ±º ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ß »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ Þ¿·½¿´´§ ±²» ¸¿ ¬± ¿µ ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» Í»¹ó ¹»²»®¿´´§ ±²´§ °»®³·¬¬»¼ ¬± ®±¿¼ ¿²¼ ©¿§ ½¿² ¾» ½¿¬»¹±®·¦»¼ º±® ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ·²¬± ³«¬ ²±¬ ¹± ¾»§±²¼ ¬¸» ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ¬¿²¼¿®¼ ±® ©¸»¬¸»® ·¬ ±º ïëµ³ñ¸ò ß²§ ±¬¸»® ¼»ª·¿¬·±² ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ¼±» ²±¬ º·¬ ·²¬± ¬¸» ®«´» ¾»½¿«» ±º ·¬ °»ó ¿¹®»»¼ ±² ·² ¿ °»½·¿´ »¨»³°¬·±² °®»½®·°ó ½·¿´ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ò ײ ¬¸¿¬ ½¿» ¬·±²ò ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ °®»½®·°¬·±² ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ³±¼·º·»¼ ̸» ¬¸»² ²»½»¿®§ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ³±¼·º·½¿ó ±® ¿³»²¼»¼ º±® ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ¬·±² ©»®»æ ¿² ¿´¿®³ ·¹²¿´ô ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ Ѳ» »¨¿³°´» º±® ¿ °±·¾´» ³±¼·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·» ¿²¼ ³·®®±®ò ̸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»ó ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ °®»½®·°¬·±² · ¬¸» »¨»³°¬·±² ª·½» ³«¬ ¸¿ª» ¿ ³»¼·¿² º«´´ ¼»´¿§ ±º íôë³ñ °®»½®·°¬·±² º±® ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ô ©¸·½¸ ¼»½®·¾» n ¿²¼ ·¬ ³«¬ ¾» ¬»½¸²·½¿´´§ °®±ª»¼ ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¬·½ ±º ¾·½§½´» ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ »¯«·°³»²¬ ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¿«¨·´·¿®§ ³±¬±®ô ± ½¿´´»¼ ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ô ¿²¼ ´»¹¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ò »¨»³°¬·±² ±º ½»®¬¿·² ®«´» ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºó º·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÑ÷ ¿²¼ ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·ó ¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ò ݸ¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ø´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿÷ Ú±® ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸»®» ¿®» ³±®» ¿´¬»®²¿¬·ª» ©·¬¸·² ¿²¼ ±«¬·¼» ±º ׺ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ³±ó ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² º®¿³»ô ©¸·½¸ ®»¯«·®» ¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ¬¸»®» ©»®» ²± ²»»¼ º±® »·¬¸»® ±³» ³±¼·º·½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ¿ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ô ®·¼·²¹ ´·½»²» ±® ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ³±®» ¹»²»®±« ·²¬»®°®»¬¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ò Þ«¬ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ®»¯«·®»¼ ·²ó ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±² ¿ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±² «®¿²½»ò ©¸·½¸ · ²±¬ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ·² ¬¸» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±® ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ´»¹¿´ ¿´¬»®¿¬·±²ò ß ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸¿¼ ¬± «» ¾·ó ½§½´» ¬®¿½µô ©¸»®» ¿ «¿¹» ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² »¨ó ·¬ô ±¬¸»®©·» ·¬ ½¿² «» ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿½µò ݸ¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ³±º¿ ر©»ª»® ¬¸» ©»·¹¸¬ ´·³·¬ ¬± íð µ¹ ±º ¬¸» ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ »¨»³°¬·±² °®»½®·°¬·±² ¸¿¼ ¬± ɱ«´¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¾» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ¾» ¿¼¿°¬»¼ò ³±º¿ô ¬¸» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ¿²¼ ¬¸» ±¾´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ¸¿ª» ¿ ®·¼·²¹ ´·½»²½» ©»®» «²²»½»¿®§ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ¼®¿º¬ ±º ¬¸» ¾·½§½´»ó Ò»ª»®¬¸»´» ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ²»»¼»¼ ·²«®¿²½» »¯«·°³»²¬ó°®»½®·°¬·±² ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ ¿²¼ ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¸¿¼ ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ò ·¬ ¬±¬¿´ °»®º±®³¿²½» ±º íµÉ ¿²¼ ¬¸» »¨½´«ó ·ª» ¿²¼ ²±¬ ¿·¬·²¹ ³±¬±® ©±«´¼ ²±¬ ¾» ¿ ̸» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´»ò ̸» ¼®¿º¬ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ³±º¿ ©±«´¼ ®»¬®·½¬ ·¬ «» ¬± °»¼»¬®·¿² ½¸¿²¹»¼ ¿²¼ ¿³»²¼»¼ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ò ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ô ¿²§ ±¬¸»® «» ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ¿¹®»»¼ ±² ·² ¿ °»½·¿´ »¨»³°¬·±² °®»½®·°¬·±²ò ̸» ¬¸»² ²»½»¿®§ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ³±¼·º·ó ½¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ©»®»æ ¿² ¿´¿®³ ·¹²¿´ô ̸» ¬¸»² ²»½»¿®§ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ³±¼·º·ó ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·»ô ³·®®±® ¿ ½¿¬·±² ©»®»æ ¿² ¿´¿®³ ·¹²¿´ô ½±®®»°±²¼ó ©»´´ ¿ ¿ °»»¼±³»¬»®ò ׬ ³«¬ ¾» ¬»½¸²·½¿´ó ·²¹ ´·¹¸¬·²¹ º¿½·´·¬·»ô ¾´·²µ»®ô ³·®®±® ¿ ©»´´ ëê êòîλ½±³³»²¼¿¬·±² º±® ´§ °®±ª»¼ ©¸»¬¸»® ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ »¯«·°³»²¬ ½±®®»°±²¼ ¬± ¬¸» ´»¹¿´ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ò ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ݸ¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ̸» Ù»®³¿² ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ¼»º·²» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¿²¼ °®»®»¯«··¬» º±® ³»¿² ¿ °»½·¿´ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ³»¿² ±º ¬®¿²°±®¬¿¬·±²ô ¬¸»·® ¿·¹²»¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ׺ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ °»ó ¿²¼ ¬¸»·® ®±¿¼ ¾»¸¿ª·±«® ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½» ½·¿´ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ³»¿² ¬¸· ©±«´¼ ¿§ ¬¸¿¬ ²± ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬§°» ±º ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ²±¬ ¿½½±®¼ó ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ô ²± ®·¼·²¹ °»®³·¬ ²± ·²«®¿²½» ·²¹ ¬± ¿°°´·½¿¬·±²ò ̸» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¿²¼ ²± ¸»´³»¬ ©»®» ²»½»¿®§ò ²»© ¿²¼ ·²²±ª¿¬·ª» ¼»ª·½» · ½±®®»°±²¼ó ·²¹´§ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ô ©¸·½¸ ¼± ³»»¬ ¬¸» »¨·¬·²¹ ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ¿ °»½·¿´ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ³»¿² ½¸»³» ±²´§ °¿®¬´§ ±® ²±¬ ¿¬ ¿´´ò ©±«´¼ ¾» ®»¬®·½¬»¼ ¬± °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®ó »¿ ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ¿¼¿°¬»¼ °»»¼ò ß´´ ¿¬¬»³°¬ ¬± ¼»º·²» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸·² »¨·¬·²¹ ½¿¬»¹±®·»ô º±® »¨¿³°´» ³±º¿ ±® Þ»½¿«» ±º ·¬ ³±¬±®·¦¿¬·±² ·¬ ¼±» ²±¬ »´»½¬®·½ ©¸»»´ ½¸¿·® ©·´´ ¬¸»®»º±®» ´»¿¼ ¬± ¬¸» ½±«²¬ ¿ ³±¬±®½¿® ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ®±¿¼ º¿½¬ô ¬¸¿¬ ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¬± ¾» ³»¬ ¿®» ¬»½¸ó ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ¿²¼ ²·½¿´´§ ¼·ºº·½«´¬ ¬± º«´º·´ ±® ¿®» «²®»¿±²¿¾´» ¬¸»®»º±®» ½¿²²±¬ ¾» ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ °»ó ©·¬¸ ®»°»½¬ ¬± ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ «»ò ׬ ½±«´¼ ½·¿´ ¬®¿²°±®¬ ³»¿²ô yïêøî÷ ͬÊÆÑ ¸¿¼ ¬± ¸¿°°»² ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©±«´¼ ¾» ½´¿ó ¾» ³±¼·º·»¼ ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹´§ò ·º·»¼ ¬± ¿ ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ·² ©¸·½¸ ·¬ ¼±» ²±¬ º·¬ °®±°»®´§ ¿²¼ ·² ©¸·½¸ ¬¸» ½±²º´·½¬ ¿²¼ ײ ¬¸· ½¿» ²± ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ½¸¿²¹» ±º ¼¿²¹»® °±¬»²¬·¿´ · ª»®§ ¸·¹¸ º±® ¬¸» ®·¼»® ¿ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿²¼ ²± ¬»½¸²·½¿´ ¿»³»²¬ ±º ©»´´ ¿ º±® ±¬¸»® ®±¿¼ «»®ò Ñ® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ §¬»³ ©»®» ²»½»¿®§ò ½¿²²±¬ «» ·¬ °»½·º·½ ¿¼ª¿²¬¿¹» º±® »¨ó ¿³°´» ·º ·¬ ©¿ ®»¹·¬»®»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ³¿¨·³«³ ݸ¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿ ³±¬±® °»»¼ ±º êµ³ñ¸ò ½¿® ©·¬¸ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º êµ³ñ¸ ̱ º«´º·´ ¿´´ ¬¸»» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¿²¼ ¬± ®»ó º´»½¬ ¬¸» ®»«´¬ ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ©» ®»½±³ó ɱ«´¼ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ³±ó ³»²¼ ·²¬»¹®¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ¿ »´»½¬®·½ ¬±®½¿® ©·¬¸ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ °»®±²¿´ ¿·¬·ª» ³±¾·´·¬§ ¼»ª·½»ô ¿ ³±ó °»»¼ ±º ê µ³ñ¸å ¬¸· ©±«´¼ ³»¿² ¬¸¿¬ ²± ¬±®½¿® ±º °»½·¿´ ¬§°»ô ·²¬± ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ô ²± ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô ²± ·²«®¿²½» ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ò ¿²¼ ²± ¸»´³»¬ ©»®» ²»½»¿®§ò Þ«¬ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸»² ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ½±®®»ó êòîòïÌ®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ °±²¼·²¹´§ ¬»½¸²·½¿´´§ ³±¼·º·»¼å ·¬ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¬¸¿¬ ¬¸» ¼»´·ª»®§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¾´¿½µ µ»§ ±²´§ ©¿ ß ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸±©»¼ ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» «ºº·½·»²¬ò Í»¹©¿§ · ¾»¬ º±® ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ ·² °»ó ¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ò Ø»®» ·¬ º·¬ ©»´´ ¾»ó ½¿«» ±º ·¬ ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º îð µ³ñ¸ ¿²¼ ݸ¿®¿½¬»®·¦¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·¬ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§ò Ø»®»ô ¹®»¿¬ ½±²º´·½¬ ¿®» ¿ ³±¬±® ½¿® ±º °»½·¿´ ¬§°» ²±¬ ¬± ¾» »¨°»½¬»¼ò Ѳ ®±¿¼ ¬¸» °»»¼ ¼·ºó ׺ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©¿ ½¸¿®¿½¬»®·¦»¼ ¿ ³±¬±® º»®»²½» ¾»¬©»»² ¬¸» ¬®¿ºº·½ °¿®¬·½·°¿²¬ · ½¿® ±º °»½·¿´ ¬§°» »ò¹ò ¿ e»´»½¬®·½ ³±¾·´·¬§ ³«½¸ ¸·¹¸»®ô ¿ ©»´´ ¿ ¬¸» ¼¿²¹»® °±¬»²¬·¿´ ¿·¬¿²½»u ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ±º ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ô º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ®·¼»®ò ®·¼»® ´·½»²½»ô ·²«®¿²½»ô ±¾´·¹¿¬±®§ ¸»´³»¬ ̸»®»º±®» ©» ®»½±³³»²¼ ¬± ´·³·¬ ¬¸» «» ¿²¼ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ½±«´¼ ¾» ¸¿°»¼ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ©·¬¸ ¿¼¿°¬»¼ °»»¼ô ·ò»ò ¿¬ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ²»»¼ ¿²¼ ©·¬¸ ®»°»½¬ ¬± ¬¸» ¿ ©¿´µ·²¹ °»»¼ô ¬± ©¿´µô ·¼»©¿´µ ¿²¼ °»½·¿´·¬·» ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ò ¬®¿ºº·½ ½¿´³»¼ ¿®»¿ ¿²¼ ¿¼¼·¬·±²¿´´§ ¿´´±© ß ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ ª»¸·½´» ¬§°» ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ±² ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ©¸»² »¨·¬ó ¿¼¼»¼ ¬± ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«´¿ó »²¬ô ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ³¿¨·³«³ ¬·±² øͬÊÆÑ÷ ±® ¸¿¼ ¬± ¾» ¿¹®»»¼ ±² ¿ ¿² °»»¼ ±º îðµ³ñ¸ò ̸» ¼·ºº»®»²¬ µ»§ ¿´´±© ¿ ¿´¬»®²¿¬·ª» ¬± ¿² »¨·¬·²¹ ¬§°» ±º ª»¸·½´» ·² ¿ ¼·®»½¬»¼ ¿¼¿°¬¿¬·±² ±º °»»¼ ¿²¼ ®»¼«½¬·±² ½±®®»°±²¼·²¹ »¨»³°¬·±² °®»½®·°¬·±²ò ±º °»»¼ò ëé êòîòîÓ·²·³«³ ¿¹»¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿®» ¼·½«»¼ô ß ¬¸» °·´±¬ ¬«¼§ ¸±©»¼ ¿¾±ª» ¿´´ ¬¸» ®·¼·²¹ ̸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¼»³¿²¼ º±® ¿ ¿º» °®¿½¬·½» ¿²¼ »¨°»®·»²½» ·²½®»¿» ¬¸» ¿º»¬§ ¬»»®·²¹ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿ ³·²·³«³ ©»·¹¸¬ ±º ·² ¸¿²¼´·²¹ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ò ìëµ¹ô ©¸·½¸ · ®»¿½¸»¼ ©·¬¸ ïì §»¿® ±² ¿² ¿ª»®¿¹»ò ß´± ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ¿º» ¾»¸¿ªó êòîòêѾ´·¹¿¬·±² ¬± ©»¿® ¿ ¸»´³»¬ ·±«® ·² ¬®¿ºº·½ ©» ®»½±³³»²¼ º±® ¬¸» «» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Ù»®³¿²§ ¿ ³·²·³«³ ¿¹» ±º Ú¿´´·²¹ ¬± ¬¸» ·¼» · ³±®» «²´·µ»´§ ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ï맻¿®ô ¿ ·¬ · ®»¯«·®»¼ º±® ³±º¿ «° ¬± Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸¿² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¾·½§½´»ò Ú¿´´ ±ª»® ¬¸» îëµ³ñ¸ °»»¼ò ¸¿²¼´»¾¿® ¿ ·¬ ¸¿°°»² ©·¬¸ ¾·½§½´» ¿®» »¨¬®»³»´§ »´¼±³ô ¾«¬ º¿´´·²¹ ¾¿½µ©¿®¼ êòîòíײ«®¿²½»¸¿°°»² ³±®» ±º¬»²ò êðû ±º ¬¸» °·´±¬ °¿®ó ¬·½·°¿²¬ ½±²·¼»®»¼ ¿ ¸»´³»¬ ²»½»¿®§ ¿ºó Û°»½·¿´´§ ©¸»² ³±¬±®½¿® ¿®» ¿ºº»½¬»¼ ¬»® ¬¸®»» ³±²¬¸ô ¿¬ ´»¿¬ º±® ¸·¹¸»® °»»¼ò ׺ »ª»² ¾¿¹¿¬»´´» ¿½½·¼»²¬ ½¿² »¿·´§ ¾»ó ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ¿´´±©»¼ ¬± ®«² ±² ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ½±³» ª»®§ »¨°»²·ª»ò Þ§ ¬¸» ¸·¹¸ ©»·¹¸¬ ±º ¿²¼ ·² °»¼»¬®·¿² ¿®»¿ô ¬¸» ¿½½·¼»²¬ ®·µ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿²¼ ·¬ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ½±²·¼»®ó º¿´´ º®±³ ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸» ®·µ ±º ¿¾´» µ·²»¬·½ ·³°«´» ¿®» ®»¿½¸»¼ô ©¸·½¸ ·² ¾·½§½´» ±® »ª»² ´»ò ¬¸» ½¿» ±º ¿½½·¼»²¬ ½¿² ½¿«» ¼¿³¿¹» ¬± ̸»®»º±®» ©» º¿ª±«® ¿ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ô ©¸·½¸ · ±¾¶»½¬ ¿²¼ °»®±²ò ß´± ©·¬¸ ®»¹¿®¼ ¬± ¬¸» ·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸¿¬ ±²» º±® ¾·½§½´·¬ò ¬¸» ©»¿®·²¹ ¸·¹¸ ¿½¯«··¬·±² °®·½» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¬¸» ±¾ó ±º ¿ ¸»´³»¬ ¸±«´¼ ¾» ®»½±³³»²¼»¼ô ¾«¬ ´·¹¿¬±®§ ¿·¹²³»²¬ ±º ¿ ´·¿¾·´·¬§ ·²«®¿²½» ²±¬ ¾» ½±³°«´±®§ò ½¿² ¾» ®»¿±²¿¾´»ò ̸» ´¿© ®»¹«´¿¬·²¹ ¬¸» ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®ó êòîòéÌ»½¸²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¿²½» ¼»³¿²¼ ¿ ½±³°«´±®§ ·²«®¿²½» º±® ¿´´ ³±¬±®½¿® ©·¬¸ ¿ ½±²¬®«½¬·±² ¾¿»¼ ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ³¿¨·³«³ °»»¼ ±º ³±®» ¬¸¿² êµ³ñ¸òô ©¸·½¸ ·³°´·» º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ¬±±ò ß² ¿´¬»®¿¬·±² ±º Þ®¿µ» ¬¸· ´¿© ¼±» ²±¬ »»³ ²»½»¿®§ò ß½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ±«® ±°·²·±² ¬¸» ¬©± ®»¼«²ó ¼¿²¬ ¬»½¸²·½¿´ §¬»³ô ©¸·½¸ ¿´± ¬»»® êòîòìÒ«³¾»® °´¿¬» ¬¸» ¬±°°·²¹ °®±½» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ô ½¿² ¾» ®»¹¿®¼»¼ ¿ ¬©± ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬ ¾®¿µ» ·² ¬¸» ̸» °®±ª··±² ±º ¿² ±ºº·½·¿´ ²«³¾»® °´¿¬» »²» ±º ¬¸» ®±¿¼ ¬®¿ºº·½ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±² ®»¹«ó º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¼±» ²±¬ »»³ ¬± ¾» ²»½»ó ´¿¬·±²ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸»§ ¿®» ·²¼»°»²¼»²¬´§ ±º ¿®§ô ·³·´¿® ¬± ¬¸» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² º±® ³¿´´ ³±ó »¿½¸ ±¬¸»® ·² ¬¸» °±·¬·±² ¬± ¬±° ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¬±® ½§½´»ô ´·¹¸¬ ³±º¿ ¿²¼ ³±¬±®·¦»¼ ©¸»»´ ¯«·½µ´§ò ½¸¿·® ©» ®»½±³³»²¼ ¿² ·²¬»¹®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·²¬± ¬¸» »¨»³°¬·±² ½¿¬¿´±¹«» ±º Þ»½¿«» ¬¸» ®»¿´·¬·½¿´´§ ¿¬¬¿·²¿¾´» ¾®¿µó yïèøî÷ͬÊÆÑô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ©¸·½¸ ¬¸»» ª»ó ·²¹ °»®º±®³¿²½» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ½¿²²±¬ ¾» ¸·½´» ¼± ²±¬ ²»»¼ ®»¹·¬®¿¬·±²ò ¿»»¼ ¾§ ¿ °«®» ±¾»®ª¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» ¬»½¸ó ²·½¿´ »¯«·°³»²¬ ¾«¬ ±²´§ ·² ¼»°»²¼»²½» ±º ß² ·²«®¿²½» °´¿¬» ¸¿ ¬± ¾» º·¨»¼ô ¬± ¬¸» ®·¼»®ô ¬¸» ±¾´·¹¿¬±®§ ¼»º·²·¬·±² ±º ¿ ³·²·ó ¿ª±·¼ ¸¿®° »¼¹» ±²» ¸±«´¼ ½±²·¼»®ô ·º ³«³ º«´´ ¼»´¿§ · ²±¬ ®»¿±²¿¾´»ô ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬¸» °´¿¬» ½¿² ¾» ¿¬¬¿½¸»¼ ¿ º±·´ò ¬± ±«® ±°·²·±²ò ß´®»¿¼§ ¿ ®·¼·²¹ »¨°»®·»²½» ±º ¬»² ¸±«® ®»«´¬»¼ ·² ¬¸» ¬«¼§ ·² ª»®§ êòîòëη¼·²¹ °»®³·¬ ¹±±¼ ª¿´«» ·² çëû ±º ¬¸» ½¿»ô ¾«¬ ©·¬¸ ¼»´¿§ ±º ³±®» ¬¸¿² ëòð³ñnò Þ»½¿«» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ²±¬ ¾» «»¼ ±² °«¾´·½ ®±¿¼ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± ±«® ®»½±³³»²ó Ô·¹¸¬·²¹ ¼¿¬·±² ø©·¬¸ ¬¸» »¨»³°¬·±² ±º ¬®¿ºº·½ ½¿´³»¼ ¦±²»÷ô ¿ ®·¼·²¹ °»®³·¬ ¿½½±®¼·²¹ ¬± yì ±º Þ»½¿«» ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ±²´§ ®«² ±² ¬¸» ¼®·ª»® ´·½»²½» ®»¹«´¿¬·±² · ´»¹¿´´§ ²±¬ ½§½´» ¬®¿½µ ¿²¼ °»¼»¬®·¿² ¬®¿ºº·½ ¿®»¿ ©» ²»½»¿®§ò Ü«®·²¹ ¬¸» ¬®¿·²·²¹ ¿²¼ ·² ¬¸» ®»½±³³»²¼ ¬± ±®·»²¬¿¬» ¬¸» ®»¯«·®»³»²¬ ¿º»¬§ ª·¼»± ±º ¬¸» ³¿²«º¿½¬«®»® ¿´´ °¸§·ó º±® ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ô ®»¿® ´·¹¸¬ ¿²¼ ®»º´»½¬±® ±² ½¿´ ´·³·¬ ¿²¼ ¿´´ ±¬¸»® ¿°»½¬ ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¸±» ±º ¾·½§½´»ô ¿²¼ ¾§ ¬¸» º¿½¬ ¬¸¿¬ º·¨»¼ ëè ®»º´»½¬±® ½¿² ¾» °±©»®»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ¿½½«³«ó ´¿¬±® ±º ¬¸» ¼»ª·½»ô ¬¸»®» · ¬¸» ¿³» ·¬«ó ¿¬·±² ½±²½»®²·²¹ ¬¿²¼ ´·¹¸¬ º«²½¬·±² ¿ ©·´´ ¾» ¼»³¿²¼»¼ ¾§ ¬¸» ¾·½§½´» »¯«·°³»²¬ ®»¹«´¿¬·±²ò ̸» ª¿®·¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ·´´«³·²¿¬·±² ¿²µ´» ±º ¬¸» ¸»¿¼´·¹¸¬ ¾§ ¬¸» ³±¾·´» ½¸¿· ¿®» ¿½½»°¬»¼ ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ¾»·²¹ ª··¾´» ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ · ³±¬ ·³°±®¬¿²¬ò Í·¹²¿´´·²¹ ¼»ª·½» ̸» Í»¹©¿§ ¸±«´¼ ¾» »¯«·°°»¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ¾»´´ò λ¿®óª·»© ³·®®±® Þ»½¿«» ±º ¬¸» ¹±±¼ ³¿²±»«ª®¿¾·´·¬§ ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ¿ ®»¿® ³·®®±® ¼±» ²±¬ »»³ ²»½»¿®§ô ¾»½¿«» ¬¸» ®·¼»® ½¿² ¬«®² ©·¬¸ ¬¸» ¼»ª·½» ¿¬ ¿²§ ¬·³»ò Í°»»¼±³»¬»® ß °»»¼±³»¬»® · ²±¬ ²»½»¿®§ò ×Êò ß²²»¨ êï êòíÍ«®ª»§ ±º º·¹«®» Ú·¹«®» ïæ ß ®»°®»»²¬¿¬·ª» ±º ¬¸» Ó«²·½·°¿´ Ѻº·½» ±º Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòí Ú·¹«®» îæ Ì·³»ó¬¿¾» º±® ¬¸» °®±¶»½¬ eÍ»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½»u òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòê Ú·¹«®» íæ Í»´»½¬»¼ ³±¬±®ó¿·¬»¼ ¾·½§½´» ¿²¼ ½±³°¿®¿¾´» ª»¸·½´»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïï Ú·¹«®» ìæ Í»´»½¬»¼ ³±¬±® ½±±¬»® ¿²¼ ½±³°¿®¿¾´» ª»¸·½´»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïï Ú·¹«®» ëæ Í»´»½¬»¼ ³¿´´ ³±¬±® ½§½´» ¿²¼ ·³·´¿® ª»¸·½´»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïî Ú·¹«®» êæ Í»´»½¬»¼ ¯«¿¼òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïî Ú·¹«®» éæ Í»´»½¬»¼ ½¿¾·² ½±±¬»® ¿²¼ ·³·´¿® ª»¸·½´»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïî Ú·¹«®» èæ Í«®ª»§ ±º °±·¾´» ´»¹¿´ ½´¿·º·½¿¬·±² º±® ³±¬±® ª»¸·½´»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïê Ú·¹«®» çæ λ¹«´¿¬·±² º±® ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² ËÍ󺻼»®¿´ ¬¿¬»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïé Ú·¹«®» ïðæ Í«®ª»§ ±º ¬¸» ·²¼·ª·«¿´ ®»¹«´¿¬·±² ·² ¬¸» ËÍ󺻼»®¿´ ¬¿¬» òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïè Ú·¹«®» ïïæ λ¹«´¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» Í»¹©¿§ ·² Û«®±°»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòïç Ú·¹«®» ïîæ Í«®ª»§ ±º ¬»¬ °»®±²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîï Ú·¹«®» ïíæ Ý·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² ïô ®·¼·²¹ ´¿´±³òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîí Ú·¹«®» ïìæ Ý·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² îô ¹±·²¹ ¿®±«²¼ ¾»²¼ ©·¬¸ ¿ ²±¬½¸ ¾»¸·²¼ ±¾¬®«½¬»¼ ª·»©òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîì Ú·¹«®» ïëæ Ý·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² íô Ѿ¬¿½´» ±² ¬¸» ®±¿¼©¿§ô ¹¿¬¸»®·²¹ ±º °»±°´» òòòòòòòòòòòòîì Ú·¹«®» ïêæ Ý·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² ìæ Ñ°»²·²¹ ±º ¼±±®òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîì Ú·¹«®» ïéæ Ý·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² ëæ ݸ¿²¹·²¹ ¹®±«²¼òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîë Ú·¹«®» ïèæ Ý·®½«·¬ ¬¿¬·±² êæ ݱ³¾·²¿¬·±² »¨»®½·»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîë Ú·¹«®» ïçæ Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîë Ú·¹«®» îðæ Ü»³±²¬®¿¬·±² ±º ¬¸» °®±½» ±º ¾®¿µ·²¹òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîë Ú·¹«®» îïæ Ì»¬ »¬ «° ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîê Ú·¹«®» îîæ Ý¿³»®¿ °±·¬·±² ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîè Ú·¹«®» îíæ Ý¿³»®¿ °±·¬·±² ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîè Ú·¹«®» îìæ ݱ²º´·½¬ °§®¿³·¼òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòîç Ú·¹«®» îëæ λ«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ½±³°¿®¿¬·ª» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíê Ú·¹«®» îêæ Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ³»¿«®» °»»¼òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíé Ú·¹«®» îéæ λ«´¬ ±º ¬¸» ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíé Ú·¹«®» îèæ Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ³»¿«®»¼ ¾®¿µ·²¹ ¼»´¿§òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíé Ú·¹«®» îçæ Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ¬·³» ¬± ¬¿²¼¬·´´òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíè Ú·¹«®» íðæ Þ®¿µ·²¹ ¬»¬æ ¬±°°·²¹ ¼·¬¿²½»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíè Ú·¹«®» íïæ Û¨¿³°´» ±º ¿² ·²¬»®¿½¬·±² »¯«»²½»òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòíç Ú·¹«®» íîæ Ю±¬±½±´ ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ¿²¿´§· ·² Ò»«²µ·®½¸»²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìð Ú·¹«®» ííæ Ю±¬±½±´ ±º ¬¸» ª·¼»± ¿²¿´§· ·² Í¿¿®¾®$½µ»²òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìï Ú·¹«®» íìæ Í«®ª»§ ±º ·²½·¼»²¬ ¼±½«³»²¬»¼ ±² ¬¸» ª±·½» ®»½±®¼»®òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìî Ú·¹«®» íëæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² îòïòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìí Ú·¹«®» íêæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² îòîòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìí Ú·¹«®» íéæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² íòï òòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìì Ú·¹«®» íèæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² íòîòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìì Ú·¹«®» íçæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ìòïòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìì Ú·¹«®» ìðæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ìòîòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìì Ú·¹«®» ìïæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ëòíòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìë Ú·¹«®» ìîæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ëòìòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìë Ú·¹«®» ìíæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ëòíòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìë Ú·¹«®» ììæ λ«´¬ ±º ·²¬»®ª·»©ô ¯«»¬·±² ëòíòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòòìë êî êí Ù®$²» λ·¸» øÜ·» Þ<²¼» ïóéô çóïíô ïè «²¼ îí ·²¼ ª»®¹®·ºº»²÷ ïòÕ·²¼»®ª»®µ»¸®«²º<´´» ïïòÞ·´¿²¦ ¦« Ì»³°± íð Û¨°»®¬·» $¾»® ·² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ¼·» ß«©·®µ«²¹»² ¿«º ͬ<¼¬»¾¿« Õ¿®·² ͱ¼¬µ» øïçèí÷ «²¼ Ê»®µ»¸® 묻® Ó$´´»®ô Ú®¿²µ ͽ¸´»·½¸»®óÖ»¬»®ô îòÆ»·¬®»·¸»² ¼» Õ®¿º¬º¿¸®¦»«¹ó Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°° øïçèç÷ ª»®µ»¸® ¿² ¬®¿¬»¹·½¸»² Ô·²·»² ·² Ù®±A¬<¼¬»² ïîòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Í»¾¿¬·¿² Ú´»½µô Ö$®¹»² Ù*¬¬½¸»ô ͬ®¿A»²®¿«³¹»¬¿´¬«²¹ Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°° øïçèì÷ Ø¿®¿´¼ Ø»·²¦ô Ø·´´» ª±² Í»¹¹»®²ô Õ¿®´ó Ø»·²¦ ͽ¸©»·¹ô Õ´¿« Ó¿²²ô ʱ´µ»® íòÊ»®µ»¸®µ±²¦»°¬ ˲·ª»®·¬<¬ Ú±«¯«»¬ô α² É·»¼»²¸±»º¬ô ʱ´µ»® Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² Þ*¸² øïççð÷ Ò±®¾»®¬ Ü·»²»®ô Ö$®¹»² Ù*¬¬½¸» øïçèë÷ ïíòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Ü·» ²»«» Þ¿¸² ìòͬ®¿A»²°´¿²«²¹ ª±® Ù»®·½¸¬ Ù«²¬¸»® Û´´©¿²¹»®ô ѵ¿® ͬ¿´¼»®ô Ñ®¬«³º¿¸®«²¹ Û´¬ª·´´»ñÉ¿´´«º ·³ Ö±¿½¸·³ Õ®*¸ô É·´¸»´³ ɱ´¬»®ô ݸ®·¬·ó Ê»®©¿´¬«²¹¹»®·½¸¬ª»®º¿¸®»² ¿² Ù´*½µ²»®ô ɱ´º¹¿²¹ п¬½¸µ» øïççð÷ ʱ´µ»® Þ*¸²ô Ò±®¾»®¬ Ü·»²»® øïçèë÷ ïìòJÐÒÊóØ¿´¬»¬»´´»² ³·¬ Õ¿° Ê»®ó ëòÊ»®¹´»·½¸ Ѿ«ñÜ·»»´¾« µ»¸®¿¾´¿«º «²¼ Ê»®µ»¸®·½¸»®¸»·¬ ̸±³¿ Ü·¬¬»³»® øïçèë÷ ¿² ͬ®¿A»²¾¿¸²¸¿´¬»¬»´´»² ̸±³¿ Ü·¬¬»³»® øïççð÷ô ïð Û«®± êòßµ¬«»´´» Ú®¿¹»² ¼» Ê»®µ»¸®©»»²æ Jºº»²¬´·½¸»® ïëòÊ»®µ»¸®´·½¸» ß«©·®µ«²¹»² ¼»® л®±²»²²¿¸ª»®µ»¸® Í°»®®«²¹ ª±² Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»¸®¬®¿A»² Î$¼·¹»® Õ$½¸´»®ô Ú®·»¼»³¿²² É»¸®ô Ü¿ Þ»·°·»´ ˲¬»®³¿·²¾®$½µ» É·´´· Ø$´»®ô α´º Ó±²¸»·³ô 묻® ·² Ú®¿²µº«®¬ ¿³ Ó¿·² Õ·®½¸¸±ººô 묻® Ø<½µ»´³¿²²ô ɱ´º¹¿²¹ ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ø«°º»® øïççï÷ô ïð Û«®± п¬½¸µ» øïçèé÷ ïêòÛ·²¿¬¦¾»®»·½¸» ¼» Û²¬©«®º°®·²ó éòÛ·²¿¬¦¾»®»·½¸» $¾»®¾®»·¬»® ª±² ¦·° e©»·½¸» Ì®»²²«²¹u ¿² ·²²»®*®¬´·ó е© ¦©»·¬®»·º·¹ô ª±² Ôµ© »·²¬®»·º·¹ ½¸»² Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»¸®¬®¿A»² ¾»º¿¸®¾¿®»® ó Ú¿¸®¬®»·º»² ¿«º ¬<¼¬·ó Õ¿®´óØ»·²¦ ͽ¸©»·¹ øïççï÷ô ïð Û«®± ½¸»² Ø¿«°¬¬®¿A»² Ö$®¹»² Ù*¬¬½¸» øïçèé÷ ïéòͬ<¼¬·½¸» ͬ®¿A»²µ®»«¦» ·² ¦©»· Û¾»²»² ³·¬ Û½µ¾»¾¿««²¹»² »·² èòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ ͬ¿¼¬¬®¿A»²¬«²²»´ ¬<¼¬»¾¿«´·½¸» Û´»³»²¬ ¼» ïçò ʱ´µ»® Ø¿¸²ô É·´º®·»¼ Í·»¹»²»®ô ß´»¨ Ö¿¸®¸«²¼»®¬ Ø¿»®¬»®ô Õ´¿« Þ»²¼»®ô 묻® É¿¹²»® Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°° øïççï÷ô ïð Û«®± øïçèè÷ôïð Û«®± ïèòк´¿¬»® «²¼ Ô<®³ô »´¿¬·½¸»® çòßµ¦»°¬¿²¦ ª±² Ì·»º¹¿®¿¹»² Ï«»®½¸²·¬¬ô ©»·½¸» Ì®»²²«²¹ Û·²º´«A ª±² Ú«²µ¬·±² «²¼ Ù»¬¿´¬ ¿³ Þ»·°·»´ ¼»® Ü»·¼»¸»·³»® Ù¿¾®·»´» Õ´»·² øïçèè÷ Ñ®¬¼«®½¸º¿¸®¬ Ë©» Ú®¿²¦®»¾ô Ó¿®¬·² Ø¿¿¹ô Þ·®¹·¬¬ ïðòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Õ±½¸ô Õ¿®´óØ»·²¦ ͽ¸©»·¹ô Ë´®·½¸ Ê·´´·²ó Jºº»²¬´·½¸»® л®±²»²²¿¸ª»®µ»¸® ¹»® øïççï÷ ˼± Í°¿®³¿²²ô α¾»®¬ ͽ¸²$´´ô Û¼»´ó ¬®¿«¼ ͬ®¿«¾»ô Ú®·»¼¸»´³ Þ´»²²»³¿²²ô ïçòÍ·½¸»®¸»·¬ ¬<¼¬·½¸»® Ø¿«°¬ª»®ó Ë©» Õ*¸´»® øïçèç÷ µ»¸®¬®¿A»² ³·¬ ª·»® ±¼»® ³»¸® ½¸³¿´»² Ú¿¸®¬®»·º»² Ù¿¾®·»´» Õ´»·²ô Õ¿®´óØ»·²¦ ͽ¸©»·¹ øïççï÷ôïð Û«®± êì îðòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ ÝßÌÍ íðòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Æ«® ݱ³°«¬»®óß·¼»¼ Ì®¿ºº·½ ͧ¬»³Ë³»¬¦«²¹ ª±² Ê»®µ»¸®°®±¶»µ¬»² Õ´¿« É»·²°¿½¸ô É¿´¬»® Æ·³¼¿¸´ô Ö$®¹ Ó·½¸¿»´ Þ»®¹¸±´¬»®ô Ó·½¸¿»´ Þ±µ»³»§ó Í°¿®³¿²²ô Ö$®¹»² Øò Õ´*½µ²»®ô É»®²»® »®ô 绬 ØòÔò Þ±ª§ô 묻® ر¬¦ øïççì÷ α¬¸»²¹¿¬¬»® øïççï÷ô ïð Û«®±ïð Û«®± îïòÓ±¼»´´ª±®¸¿¾»² Ú´<½¸»²¸¿º¬» Ê»®óíïòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ µ»¸®¾»®«¸·¹«²¹ Ï«»®½¸²·¬¬¾»óλ²¿·¿²½» ¼»® ͬ®¿A»²¾¿¸² ®·½¸¬ ¦«® Ó¿A²¿¸³»²¼±µ«³»²¬¿¬·±²Ø»·²®·½¸ Þ®<²¼´·ô Ù»®¬ Ù±¬¬½¸¿´µô Ü·»ó Ö«´·¿²» Õ®¿«» øïççï÷ô ïð Û«®±¬»® Ô«¼©·¹ô Ù»±®¹» Ó«´´»®ô É·´´· Ø$ó ´»®ô ß¼±´º Ó$´´»®óØ»´´³¿²²ô Ö»¿² ͽ¸·´¬¦ô îîòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Ù$¬»®ª»®µ»¸® 묻® Ø<½µ»´³¿²² øïççë÷ô ïð Û«®± Ù»®¼óߨ»´ ߸®»²ô Ù»®¼ É$®¼»³¿²²ô 묻® ͬ«®³ô Ü·»¬»® Ô<°°´»ô Ú±´µ»®¬ Õ·»ó íîòÔ»·¬«²¹º<¸·¹µ»·¬ ·²²»®*®¬´·½¸»® °»ô Þ·®¹·¬ Ô»±²¸¿®¼óÉ»¾»® øïççï÷Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»¸®¬®¿A»² ·³ ³±¬±®··»®ó ïð Û«®±¬»² ײ¼·ª·¼«¿´ª»®µ»¸® ¾»· ª»®½¸·»¼»ó ²»² Ù»½¸©·²¼·¹µ»·¬»² îíòïð Ö¿¸®» Ú¿½¸¹»¾·»¬ Ê»®µ»¸®©»»² Ú®¿²µ ͽ¸´»·½¸»®óÖ»¬»® øïççë÷ô ïð Û«®± ʱ®¬®<¹» ¿³ îëò ѵ¬±¾»® ïççï Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°°ô Ö$®¹»² Ù*¬¬½¸»ô α´º ííòÓ±¼»´´ª±®¸¿¾»² ß²²»½µ»ô Õ¿®´óØ»·²¦ ͽ¸©»·¹ô Ö«´·¿²» ͬ¿¼¬ª»®¬®<¹´·½¸» Õº¦óÙ»½¸©·²¼·¹ó Õ®¿«»ô Õ´¿« Æ©»·¾®$½µ»² øïççï÷µ»·¬»² Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®² ο´º Ø«¾»®óÛ®´»®ô Í·¾§´´» Õ´»·² øïççë÷ô îìòÕ±²¦»°¬» º´<½¸»²¸¿º¬»® Ê»®µ»¸®¾»ó ïð Û«®± ®«¸·¹«²¹ ·² ïê ͬ<¼¬»² 묻® Ó$´´»®ô Ú®¿²µ ͽ¸´»·½¸»®óÖ»¬»®ô íìòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ п®µ»² ·² ¼»® ͬ¿¼¬ Ó¿®·»óп½¿´» ͽ¸³·¼¬ô Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò Ø»·²¦ 묻® ß°°»´ô ο´º Ø«¾»®óÛ®´»®ô ̱°° øïççî÷ô ïð Û«®±Í·´ª·¿ Õ*®²¬¹»²ô Ø¿²óË´®·½¸ Þ¿²²»®¬ øïççê÷ôïð Û«®± îëòÍ·½¸»®¸»·¬ ¦©»·¬®»·º·¹»® ¿²¹»¾¿«¬»® Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»¸®¬®¿A»² ³·¬ ½¸³¿´»² íëòÒ±¬©»²¼·¹»® ß«¬±ª»®µ»¸® Ú¿¸®¾¿¸²»²·² ¼»® ͬ¿¼¬ Ó¿®¬·² Ø¿¿¹ô ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ø«°º»® øïççî÷Ó¿®¬·² Ø¿¿¹ øïççê÷ô ïð Û«®± ïð Û«®± íêòÓ±¾·´·¬<¬ ª±² Ú®¿«»² îêòÞ»·°·»´¿³³´«²¹ п®µ´»·¬§¬»³»·³ ´<²¼´·½¸»² ο«³ Í·´ª·¿ Õ*®²¬¹»² øïççí÷ô ïð Û«®±Í·´ª·¿ Õ*®²¬¹»² øïççê÷ô ïð Û«®± îéòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Ê»®µ»¸®µ±²¦»°¬» íéòÊ»®µ»¸®·½¸»®¸»·¬¿®¾»·¬ ³·¬ Ê·¼»±ó µ´»·²»® «²¼ ³·¬¬´»®»® Ù®±A¬<¼¬»¾·´¼ª»®¿®¾»·¬«²¹ñÌ®¿ºº·½ Í¿º»¬§ ɱ®µ Ü·»¬»® ß°»´ô Ò±®¾»®¬ Ù*¾»´ô Þ»®²¸¿®¼ ©·¬¸ Ê·¼»± Ю±½»·²¹ Öò Ü»«¾·¹ô Õ´¿« Þ*»´¬ô Õ¿®´ Ûò Ü»®»ô ݸ®·¬»® ا¼7²ô ʱ´µ»® Ó»»©»ô É·´´· Ø¿² Ö«´ Ö¿½±¾»²ô 묻® Ø<½µ»´³¿²²ô Ø$´»®ô ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ø«°º»®ô ο·²»® Ü·»ô É·²º®·»¼ Ü«½µ»®¬ô Ó¿®¬·² Û½µ½¸´¿¹»® Þ»®²¼ η½µ»®ô ʱ´µ»® Ϋ¼±´°¸ øïççê÷ øïççí÷ôïð Û«®±ïð Û«®± îèòÊ·¼»±¾·´¼ª»®¿®¾»·¬«²¹ ·² ¼»® Ê»®óíèòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Ú®»·¦»·¬³±¾·´·¬<¬ µ»¸®¿²¿´§»Ø»·²¦ Ø¿«¬¦·²¹»®ô 묻® Õ·®½¸¸±ººô Î$¼·ó É·´º®·»¼ Û²µ»´³¿²²ô Õ¿®´ Ù®$²»®ô Ó¿·ó¹»® Õ$½¸´»®ô ɱ´º¹¿²¹ Ø»·¬³»·»®ô Ø»·²¦ Þ®·¬¬ Ø»®´«²¼ô Ò»·´ ر±»ô ݸ®·¬±°¸ Õ´»©»ô Ú»´·¦·¬¿ α³»·Aóͬ®¿½µ» øïççé÷ô Ø«°º»®ô Ò·»´ Ñò Ö(®¹»²»²ô Ó·½¸¿»´ ïð Û«®± Õ·´¹»®ô Ù«²²¿® 묻®»²ô Ó¿®½»´ Í°®·²¹ô íçòÓ±¾·´·¬<¬¾»¸·²¼»®¬» Ó»²½¸»² ·³ Ó¿¨ É»¹³¿²² øïççí÷ô ïð Û«®± Ê»®µ»¸® Ú±®½¸«²¹»®¹»¾²·» «²¼ îçòÉ·®µ«²¹»² ª±² Ê»®µ»¸®³¿²¿¹»óд¿²«²¹»³°º»¸´«²¹»² ³»²¬ §¬»³¿²¿´§¬·½¸ «²¬»®«½¸¬ß²¼®»¿ ο«ô Ø·²®·½¸ Þ*»®ô ܱ³·²·µ Û¾»®¸¿®¼ Þ·»¾»®ô Ó¿®¬·² Ø¿¿¹ô ݸ®·óÕ*²·¹¸¿«ô ̸±³¿ з½µ»´ øÚ¿½¸¹»¾·»¬ ¬±°¸ Ø«°º»®ô Ë´®·µ» Ø«©»®ô 묻® Ê»®µ»¸®©»»²÷ô ̸±³¿ Þ®»¼»²¾®*ó ͬ«®³ô Ø¿®¬³«¬ ̱°° øïççë÷ô ïð Û«®±µ»®ô Ý´¿«¼·¿ Ü»¹®»´´ô Ó·½¸¿»´ Ø»·´³¿²²ô êë ß²¼®»¿ α´´ô Þ·®¹·¬ ͽ¸¿²¦ô Ù$²¬¸»® ìíòÊ·Ê߬®¿ºº·½ô É¿²¹»®ô ß´»¨¿²¼»® É·´³ øÊ»®µ»¸®ó Ê·¼»±Ê»®µ»¸®ß²¿´§» ·² ¼»® Ю¿¨· ½´«¾ Ü»«¬½¸´¿²¼÷ øïççé÷ô ïð Û«®±É±´º¹¿²¹ Öò Þ»®¹»®ô Ë´®·µ» Ø«©»®ô Ó¿®·¿ Þ«¬¦ô Ë´®·½¸ Ü«²µ»´ô Ó¿¬¬¸·¿ Õ*´´»ô ìðòݱ³°«¬»®¹»¬$¬¦¬» Ê·¼»±¾·´¼ó η½± ͬ»§»®ô Õ´¿« Æ©»·¾®$½µ»²ô ݸ®·ó ª»®¿®¾»·¬«²¹ ¦«® Ê»®µ»¸®·½¸»®ó ¬·¿² Õ±®¼¿ô ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ø«°º»®ô ʱ´µ»® ¸»·¬¿®¾»·¬ ¿³ Þ»·°·»´ ª±² Ú«Aó Ϋ¼±´°¸ øïççè÷ô ïð Û«®± ¹<²¹»®¯«»®«²¹»² ¿² ¬<¼¬·½¸»² Ø¿«°¬ª»®µ»¸®¬®¿A»²ììòÉ·®µ«²¹©»·» º´<½¸»²¼»½µ»²¼»® ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ø«°º»® øïççè÷ô ïð Û«®±Ð¿®µ®¿«³¾»©·®¬½¸¿º¬«²¹ «²¼ ·¸®» É·®µó¿³µ»·¬ ¦«® λ¼«¦·»®«²¹ ¼» ìïòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ ³±¬±®··»®¬»² ײ¼·ª·¼«¿´ª»®µ»¸® Í·½¸»®¸»·¬ ·³ *ºº»²¬´·½¸»² ο«³ ο´º Ø«¾»®óÛ®´»® øïççè÷ô ïð Û«®± Ö±¿½¸·³ Ö<¹»®ô Ö¿µ±¾ α¼»³»®ô Ö«´·¿²» Õ®¿«»ô É·´¸»´³ Æ»·»®ô Õ´¿« ìëòλ¹·±²¿´¾¿¸²ô ͬ¿¼¬ó «²¼ ͬ®¿ó α²²»¾»®¹»® øïççè÷ô ïð Û«®±A»²¾¿¸² ·³ ͧ¬»³ª»®¾«²¼ ó ª±³ Õ¿®´®«¸»® Ó±¼»´´ ¦«³ ìîòÓ±¾·´·¬<¬ ·² ¼»² Ó»¬®±°±´»² ¼» îïò Õ¿·»®´¿«¬»®»® Ó±¼»´´ Ö¿¸®¸«²¼»®¬ Û®·½ Ù·´¹±®» øïççç÷ô ïð Û«®± ߨ»´ Õ«¸²ô Ö¿µ±¾ Ó¿«®»®ô α¾»®¬ Ý»®ª»®±ô Ù$²¬¸»® Û§³¿»´ô Û®²¬ Ë´®·½¸ ìêòλ¿µ¬·ª·»®«²¹ ª±² Æ©»·¹¬®»½µ»² ª±² É»·¦<½µ»®ô Í¿µ·¿ Í¿»²ô Õ«²·ó¼»® Û·»²¾¿¸² ·³ ´<²¼´·½¸»² ο«³ ¾»®¬ ͽ¸³·¼¬ô Ó¿¨ ª¿² ¼»² Þ»®¹ô Õ´¿« ʱ´µ»® Õ²*¼´»® øïççç÷ Ì*°º»® øïççè÷ô ïð Û«®±ïð Û«®± êê ìéòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Þ¿¸²¸*º»ëïòͬ¿¼¬Þ¿¸²Ù»¬¿´¬«²¹ Ù»±®¹ Í°»½µô É»®²»® ͽ¸®»·²»®ô Ú®¿²µ ͬ<¼¬»¾¿«´·½¸»² Ù»¬¿´¬«²¹ Þ*¸³»ô Û´³¿® ͽ¸$¬¦ô Õ¿®·² ß®²¼¬ô ٻ󪱲 ͬ¿¼¬¾¿¸²§¬»³»² ±®¹ Ø«²¼¬ô ß®³·² É¿¹²»®ô Ü·»¬»® Þ´¿»ô ͬ»°¸¿² Þ»·»® øîððî÷ô ïë Û«®± Ø¿®¿´¼ Ø»·²¦ øïççç÷ ëîòÜ·» α´´» ¼»® Ù»½¸©·²¼·µ»·¬ ¾»· ïð Û«®± °»µ¬¿µ«´<®»² ˲º<´´»² ·³ ͬ®¿A»²ó ìèòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æª»®µ»¸® Õ*²²»² Æ»·¬«²¹¾»®·½¸¬» Ó±¾·´·¬<¬ «²¼ Ò¿½¸¸¿´¬·¹µ»·¬¦«® Ê»®µ»¸®·½¸»®¸»·¬ ¾»·¬®¿¹»²á ˼± Öò Þ»½µ»®ô Ø»¼©·¹ Ê»®®±²ô Ù«²¬¸»® ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ó»²¦»´ øîððî÷ô ïì Û«®± Û´´©¿²¹»®ô Ø¿²óÜ·»¬»® Ú»»®ô ݸ®·¬·²» ëíòÊ»®µ»¸® ¿µ¬«»´´æ Þ¿«¸¿®¼¬ øîððï÷ô ïí Û«®± Ó±¾·´·¬<¬ «²¼ Õ±³³«²·µ¿¬·±² ìçòÕ±³¾·²·»®¬» Ó±¾·´¬<¬æ Ü·®µ Æ«³µ»´´»®ô Ù»®¼ Þ¿¸³ô ݸ®·¬»® Ý¿®Í¸¿®·²¹ ³·¬ JÐÒÊ Ø§¼»²ô ر®¬ ͬ®±¾»´ô Ë´®·½¸ Õ´·³µ» ܱµ«³»²¬¿¬·±² »·²» ɱ®µ¸±°øîððî÷ôïë Û«®± Ë´®·µ» Ø«©»® øîððï÷ô ïë Û«®± ëìòÕ±´´±¯·«³ ͬ®¿A»²¾¿« ëðò³±¾·´ ú ¾¿®®·»®»º®»·Ü±µ«³»²¬¿¬·±² ¼» Õ±´´±¯«·«³ ·³ ·² ͬ¿¼¬ õ Ê»®µ»¸®Ü»«¬½¸»² ͬ®¿A»²³«»«³ Ù»®³»®ó ܱµ«³»²¬¿¬·±² ¼»® Ì¿¹«²¹¸»·³ Õ«®¬ ß½µ»®³¿²²ô Þ¿ Ì®»ºº»®ô Ë®«´¿ Ö*®¹ Ò¿¹»´ô Ù«²¬®¿³ Õ±¸´»®ô Õ¿®´óÉ·´ó Ú«ô Ø¿®¬³«¬ λ·²¾»®¹óͽ¸$´´»®ô ߲󸻴³ Ú¿¾»®ô Ò±®¾»®¬ Õ«®¬¸ Ó·½¸¿»´ ¼®»¿ ο« øîððî÷ô ïè Û«®±Õ±½¸ô η½¸¿®¼ Ô«¬¦ øîððî÷ô ïë Û«®± êé ëëòÕ±³¾·²·»®¬» Ó±¾·´·¬<¬ ¹»¬¿´¬»²æ Ü·» êîòÊ»®µ»¸® «²¼ ̱«®·³« ·² »²·¾´»² ͽ¸²·¬¬¬»´´» JÐÒÊ ó Ý¿®Í¸¿®·²¹Ò¿¬«®®<«³»² Ë´®·µ» Ø«©»® øîððí÷ô ïë Û«®±Ü±µ«³»²¬¿¬·±²»·²»® Ì¿¹«²¹ λ·²¸¿®¼ Ù®»¾»ô ͬ»°¸¿² Æ·³³»®ó ëêòÓ±¼»´´·»®«²¹ ª±² ͬ*®«²¹»² ¼» ³¿²²ô ر®¬ ͽ¸«³¿½¸»®ô Ê»®±²·µ¿ Ê»®µ»¸®¿¾´¿«º ¼«®½¸ Û·²ó «²¼ ر´¦»®ô ݸ®·¬·¿²» Þ®¿²¼»²¾«®¹ô Ø¿®¬ó ß«°¿®µ»² ¿³ Ú¿¸®¾¿¸²®¿²¼ ³«¬ ͬ®«²¦ô ɱ´º¹¿²¹ Ø»·²¦»ô Ù»®²±¬ Ö¿² η»´ øîððí÷ô ïë Û«®± ͬ»·²¾»®¹ô É»®²»® ͽ¸®»·²»®ô Í7¾¿¬·»² Ó±®»´´»ô Ó¿¬¸·¿ Ø»®®³¿²² øîððì÷ô ëéòײ¬»¹®¿¬·±² ª±² Íó «²¼ îë Û«®± ËóÞ¿¸²óͧ¬»³»² Þ»®²¸¿®¼ Ó¿·»® øîððí÷ô îè Û«®± êíòײ¬»´´·¹»²¬ Í°»»¼ ß¼¿°¬¿¬·±² Û¨°»®¬»²¬¿¬»³»²¬ ëèò³±¾·´ ú ¾¿®®·»®»º®»·æ ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ó»²¦»´ô ß²²»¬¬» Í°»´´»®¾»®¹ô °´¿²»²ô ¾¿«»²ô ²¿½¸®$¬»² Ø»·²»® Û®µ»ô ʱ´µ»® Ó»»©»ô É»®²»® ܱµ«³»²¬¿¬·±² ¼»® ¾»·¼»² Ì¿¹«²¹»² Õ*°°»´ô Õ¿· ̱¾·¿ô ß²¼®¿ Ê¿®¸»ó ß²¼®»¿ ο«ô Ù«²²¿® Ø»·°°ô Ë®«´¿ ´§·ô Ó¿¹²« ض<´³¼¿¸´ô Ø¿²Ó¿®µ»®ô Ú«ô Þ»®²¸¿®¼ Ý´¿«ô Ø»·²®·½¸ Ó±µó ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ø«Aô Ö±¿½¸·³ Ú»´¼¹»ô Õ´¿« µ»²¸¿«°¬ô Ü·®µ Þ®<«»®ô Ö$®¹ Î$»¹¹»® Þ®¿²¼»²¾«®¹ô Ø»·²»® Ó$´´»®óÓ»®¾¿½¸ô øîððí÷ô îë Û«®± Ô±¬¸¿® Õ¿«º³¿²² øîððì÷ô îîôëð Û«®± ëçòÔ<®³½¸«¬¦ «²¼ ¹»¬¿´¬»®·½¸» êìòÞ¿·½ ݱ²¼·¬·±² º±® ¬¸» ׳°´»³»²ó ײ¬»¹®¿¬·±² ¸±½¸¾»´¿¬»¬»® ͬ®¿A»² ¬¿¬·±² ±º Í°»»¼ ß¼¿°¬¿¬·±² Ì»½¸²±´±ó ¼«®½¸ Û·²¸¿««²¹ ¹·» ·² Ù»®³¿²§ з¿ Ô±¸²» øîððí÷ô ïè Û«®± ݸ®·¬±°¸ Ó»²¦»´ øîððì÷ô îî Û«®± êðò Ê··±²»² º$® ͬ¿¼¬ «²¼ Ê»®µ»¸® êëòJºº»²¬´·½¸»® Ò¿½¸¬ª»®µ»¸® Õ«®¬ ß½µ»®³¿²²ô ̸±³¿ Í·»ª»®¬ô ·² Ù®±A¬¿¼¬®»¹·±²»² Ø¿®¬³«¬ Øò ̱°°ô Ë©» Õ*¸´»®ô Ù·»´¿ ß²¼®» Ü¿®³±½¸©¿´ øîððë÷ô îî Û«®± ͬ»¬»ô Ö«´·¿²» Õ®¿«»ô Í·´ª·¿ Õ*®²¬¹»²ô 묻® Õ·®½¸¸±ººô Õ´¿« Þ»½µ³¿²²ô êêòÍóÞ¿¸² д¿²«²¹ ú Þ»¬®·»¾ Ö±¿½¸·³ Õ®*¸ô Õ¿®´¸»·²¦ Ö¿½±¾·¬¦ô Ö*®¹ ܱµ«³»²¬¿¬·±² »·²»® Ì¿¹«²¹ Ò¿¹»´ô α¾»®¬ ͽ¸²$´´ô Ù»®¼ Í¿³³»®ô Ö±¿½¸·³ Õ®*¸ô Ù»±®¹» λ§ô Ó·½¸¿»´ ɱ´º¹¿²¹ Þ»®¹»®ô 묻® Ó$´´»® øîððî÷ô Ø»·´³¿²²ô Ö±5´ Ú±®¬¸±ºº»®ô ݸ®·¬·¿² ïê Û«®± ͽ¸·²¼´»®ô É»®²»® ͽ¸®»·²»® øîððê÷ô îî Û«®± êïòͬ®¿A»²¾¿¸²»² ·² Ú«A¹<²¹»®¦±²»² Ê»®¬®<¹´·½¸µ»·¬ «²¼ Ù»¬¿´¬«²¹ êéòÍ»¹©¿§ ·² °«¾´·½ °¿½» Ó¿®¬·² ͽ¸³·¼¬ øîððì÷ô îð Û«®± ß²¼®» Ü¿®³±½¸©¿´ øîððê÷ô íð Û«®±